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Alexander Tsiaras: Conception to birth -- visualized
亚历山大·席亚拉：自受孕至出生——可视化
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图像制作家亚历山大·席亚拉分享一个强大的可视化的医学数据, 展现人类胎儿自受孕至分娩发育过程。（视频含有医学图片）
Alexander Tsiaras - Medical image maker
Using art and technology, Alexander Tsiaras visualizes the unseen human body. Full bio
Using art and technology, Alexander Tsiaras visualizes the unseen human body. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I was offered a position as associate professor of medicine
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我曾被耶鲁大学的医学系
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and chief of scientific visualization
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提供了
00:21
at Yale University
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一个副教授和
00:23
in the department of medicine.
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科学可视化主任的职位
00:25
And my job was to write many of the algorithms and code
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我的工作是为美国国家航天局NASA写
00:28
for NASA to do virtual surgery
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帮助NASA做虚拟手术用的程序和算法
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in preparation for the astronauts going into deep spaceflight,
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虚拟手术用于为深空宇航飞行做准备的宇航员
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so they could be kept in robotic pods.
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好把他们封在机器人一样的外壳里
00:35
One of the fascinating things about what we were actually working on
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我们工作中很吸引人的一件事就是
00:37
is that we were seeing, using new kinds of scanning technologies,
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我们能利用最新的扫描科到
00:40
things that had just never been seen before --
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看到从前根本无法看到的东西 ——
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I mean, not only in disease management,
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我意思是，不只是病菌和疾病有关系的
00:44
but also things that allowed us to see things about the body
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还可以看到
00:48
that just made you marvel.
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令人惊叹的人体
00:51
I remember one of the first times we were looking at collagen.
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我记得有一次我们在研究胶原蛋白
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And your entire body, everything --
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整个人体，所有的东西
00:56
your hair, skin, bone, nails --
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你的头发、皮肤、骨头、指甲 ……
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everything is made of collagen.
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所有的东西都是胶原蛋白组成的。
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And it's a kind of rope-like structure
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它是有绳子一样的结构
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that twirls and swirls like this.
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像这样拧来拧去的
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And the only place that collagen changes its structure
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而胶原蛋白唯一改变结构的地方
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is in the cornea of your eye.
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就在眼角膜里。
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In your eye,
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在眼睛里
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it becomes a grid formation,
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它会变成一个网格结构
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and therefore, it becomes transparent, as opposed to opaque.
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而因此它就变透明了，而不是（犹如指甲般）半透明。
01:17
So perfectly organized a structure,
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组织的如此完美的一个结构，
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it was hard not to attribute divinity to it.
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很难不把这说成是神威所致
01:22
Because we kept on seeing this over and over and over again
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因为我们会一遍又一遍的不断看到这个（变化），
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in different parts of the body.
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在身体各个不同的位置。
01:27
One of the opportunities I had
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我曾经有个机会
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was one person was working on a really interesting
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和另一位为美国国家卫生研究院
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micromagnetic resonance imaging machine with the NIH.
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研究微型磁共振成像机的人共事
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And what we were going to do
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我们要做的是
01:37
was scan a new project
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利用这些新科技
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on the development of the fetus from conception to birth
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为一个关于胎儿发育的
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using these kinds of new technologies.
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新项目做扫描
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So I wrote the algorithms in code,
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我还是写我的算法和程序
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and he built the hardware -- Paul Lauterbur --
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而他，保罗·劳特伯尔，则负责硬件
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then went onto win the Nobel Prize for inventing the MRI.
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他的磁共振成像后来赢得了诺贝尔奖
01:51
I got the data.
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我有那些数据
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And I'm going to show you a sample of the piece,
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我这就给大家看这研究的一个样片
01:55
"From Conception to Birth."
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“从受孕至出生”
01:57
(Music)
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♫♪音乐♫
02:03
Video text: "From Conception to Birth"
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“从受孕至出生”
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Oocyte
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卵母细胞
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Sperm
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精子
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Egg Inseminated
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卵子被受精
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24 Hours: Baby's first division
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第24个小时：婴儿“第一个分裂”
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The fertilized ovum divides a few hours after fusion ...
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受精卵融合几个小时后开始分裂
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And divides anew every 12 to 15 hours.
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差不多12至15小时分裂一次
02:41
Early Embryo
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胚胎早期
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Yolk sack still feeding Baby.
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卵黄依然给予胚胎营养
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25 Days: Heart chamber developing
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第25天：心室正在发育
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32 Days: Arms & hands are developing
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第32天：胳膊和手开始成型
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36 Days: Beginning of the primitive vertabrae
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第36天：原始脊椎出现
03:11
These weeks are the period of the most rapid development of the fetus.
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这几个星期是胚胎发育最快的阶段
03:24
If the fetus continues to grow at this speed for the entire nine months,
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假设胎儿九个月都在以这个速度生长……
03:27
it would be 1.5 tons at birth.
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它将会以1.5吨的重量出生
03:31
45 Days
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第45天
03:39
Embryo's heart is beating twice as fast as the mother's.
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胎儿的心速是母亲的一倍
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51 Days
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第51天
03:49
52 Days: Developing retina, nose and fingers
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第52天：发育中的视网膜，鼻子和手指
04:03
The fetus' continual movement in the womb
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胎儿在子宫中不断地活动
04:08
is necessary for muscular and skeletal growth.
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有必要帮助肌肉及骨骼的生长
04:25
12 Weeks: Indifferent penis --
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第12周：性别未分化的阴茎
04:27
girl or boy yet to be determined
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男孩女孩无法分辨
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8 Months
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八个月
05:01
Delivery: the expulsion stage
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分娩：生产阶段
05:43
The moment of birth
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生命的奇迹
05:52
(Applause)
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掌声
05:56
Alexander Tsiaras: Thank you.
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感谢大家
05:58
But as you can see,
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由此可见
06:00
when you actually start working on this data,
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当你开始处理这些数据的时候
06:02
it's pretty spectacular.
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其实是很壮观的
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And as we kept on scanning more and more,
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当我们继续扫描
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working on this project,
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做这个项目的时候
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looking at these two simple cells
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看到这两个很简单的细胞
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that have this kind of unbelievable machinery
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拥有这种难以置信的机械构造
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that will become the magic of you.
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而这最终会变成一个人
06:15
And as we kept on working on this data,
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当我们继续加工这数据
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looking at small clusters of the body,
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看着身体的这些小小的部分
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these little pieces of tissue
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这一小团组织
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that were a trophoblast coming off of a blastocyst,
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从怀胎分化出来的滋养细胞群
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all of a sudden burrowing itself into the side of the uterus,
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转眼嵌入了子宫壁
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saying, "I'm here to stay."
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与子宫开始沟通
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All of a sudden having conversation and communications
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与雌激素和孕酮沟通
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with the estrogens, the progesterones,
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说：我要留下
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saying, "I'm here to stay, plant me,"
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说：我要留在这，养育我
06:36
building this incredible trilinear fetus
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逐渐成为这个三胚层胚胎
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that becomes, within 44 days,
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在44天左右
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something that you can recognize,
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胚胎便可以辨认
06:43
and then at nine weeks
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并在九周内
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is really kind of a little human being.
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基本就变成一个小人
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The marvel of this information:
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这信息令人超凡之处在于
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How do we actually have this biological mechanism
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人体内原有的
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inside our body
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生物机制是如何
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to actually see this information?
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读出这些信息的？
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I'm going to show you something pretty unique.
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给你们看个很别致的东西
06:57
Here's a human heart at 25 [weeks].
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这是25周大胚胎的心脏
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It's just basically two strands.
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只有两根血管
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And like this magnificent origami,
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而就像一个壮观的折纸手工
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cells are developing
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在胚胎四周大时，细胞
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at one million cells per second at four weeks,
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会以每秒上千万的速度生长
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as it's just folding on itself.
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就像折纸一样折叠自己
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Within five weeks, you can start to see the early atrium and the early ventricles.
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五周大的胚胎，可以辨认出心房、心室
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Six weeks, these folds are now beginning
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六周大，这些折叠便开始
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with the papilla on the inside of the heart
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和心脏内的乳头肌一起
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actually being able to pull down
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能够拽下
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each one of those valves in your heart
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心脏内每个瓣膜
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until you get a mature heart --
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直至心脏发育完毕
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and then basically the development of the entire human body.
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——直至全身发育完止
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The magic of the mechanisms
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即便身为数学家的我
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inside each genetic structure
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也要惊叹
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saying exactly where that nerve cell should go --
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这里生物机制的魔法
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the complexity of these mathematical models
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在每个基因结构内
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of how these things are indeed done
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能准确指示每个细胞去哪里的机制
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are beyond human comprehension.
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能解释这一过程的数学模型
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Even though I am a mathematician,
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的复杂性
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I look at this with marvel
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远远超过人类的理解
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of how do these instruction sets
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我迷惑这些指令
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not make these mistakes
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在我们形成的时候
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as they build what is us?
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如何不出错？
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It's a mystery, it's magic, it's divinity.
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真神秘，简直不可思议
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Then you start to take a look at adult life.
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然后看看成人的生命
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Take a look at this little tuft of capillaries.
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看看这一绺毛细血管
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It's just a tiny sub-substructure, microscopic.
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只是一个很小的，微观的结构
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But basically by the time you're nine months and you're given birth,
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但你九个月出生的时候
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you have almost 60,000 miles of vessels
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你体内已拥有
08:08
inside your body.
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近六万英里（近九万六千公里）的血管
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I mean, and only one mile is visible.
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只有一英里是可见的
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59,999 miles
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其他的59,999英里
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that are basically bringing nutrients and taking waste away.
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输送营养带走废物的血管
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The complexity of building that within a single system
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在一个独立系统内达到这种复杂程度
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is, again, beyond any comprehension
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重申一遍，是超乎理解的
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or any existing mathematics today.
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超过现有任何的科学的可能性
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And that instruction set,
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从大脑到人体每个部位的
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from the brain to every other part of the body --
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复杂指令 看看这折叠有多复杂
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look at the complexity of the folding.
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而身体从哪里得到
08:30
Where does this intelligence
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知道哪里折叠可以获得更多
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of knowing that a fold can actually hold more information,
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储存容量的智慧
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so as you actually watch the baby's brain grow --
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这也正是我们现在正在做的研究之一
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and this is one of the things that we're doing right now.
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要从婴儿出生开始
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We're actually doing the launch of two new studies
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每六个月一次，知道六岁为止
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of actually scanning babies' brains from the moment they're born.
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扫描婴儿的大脑
08:44
Every six months until they're six years old --
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大约要扫描250名小孩
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we're going to be doing actually to about 250 children --
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观察他们脑回和脑沟具体如何发展
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watching exactly how the gyri and the sulci of the brains fold
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观察这个惊人的过程
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to see how this magnificent development
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是如何变成记忆
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actually turns into memories and the marvel that is us.
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如何变成我们
08:57
And it's not just our own existence,
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而着奇迹不仅限于我们个人的存在
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but how does the woman's body understand
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女性的身体是如何知道
09:01
to have genetic structure that not only builds her own,
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基因信息不仅需要制造自己
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but then has the understanding
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还要有足够理解
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that allows her to become
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如何让自己变成
09:08
a walking immunological, cardiovascular system
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一个行走的免疫、心血管系统
09:11
that basically is a mobile system
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一个可移动哺育系统
09:13
that can actually nurture, treat this child with a kind of marvel
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一个可以用超过我们理解能力的奇迹——
09:17
that is beyond, again, our comprehension --
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来招待这个孩子的系统
09:20
the magic that is existence, that is us?
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一个存在奇迹。我们存在的奇迹。
09:23
Thank you.
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谢谢大家。
09:25
(Applause)
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掌声
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Alexander Tsiaras - Medical image makerUsing art and technology, Alexander Tsiaras visualizes the unseen human body.
Why you should listen
Alexander Tsiaras is an artist and technologist whose work explores the unseen human body, developing scientific visualization software to enable him to "paint" the human anatomy using volume data. He's the author of Body Voyage and co-author of Information Architects. Most recently, he is the author of From Conception to Birth: A Life Unfolds and The Architecture and Design of Man and Woman: The Marvel of the Human Body, Revealed.
His latest project is The Visual MD, an online compendium of health visualizations.
Alexander Tsiaras | Speaker | TED.com