TEDxUSC
Doris Kim Sung: Metal that breathes
Doris Kim Sung:可以呼吸的金属
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现代建筑里从地板到天花板都镶嵌着玻璃窗。它可以给我们一个壮观的景色，但是它们也需要消耗很多的能量去降温。Doris Kim Sung 研究的热双金属和智能材料会动态地和感应地调节温度，就好似人的皮肤一样，并且可以为房间遮挡阳光和自我通风。
Doris Kim Sung - Architect
Doris Kim Sung is a biology student turned architect interested in thermo-bimetals, smart materials that respond dynamically to temperature change. Full bio
Doris Kim Sung is a biology student turned architect interested in thermo-bimetals, smart materials that respond dynamically to temperature change. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
I was one of those kids that, every time I got in the car,
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我曾经是这样一个小孩，每当我进入一辆车里，
00:19
I basically had to roll down the window.
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我基本上都要把车窗摇下来，
00:22
It was usually too hot, too stuffy or just too smelly,
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因为通常车里面要么太热，要么太闷，或者是有很浓的味道，
00:27
and my father would not let us use the air conditioner.
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并且我父亲不允许我们用空调。
00:29
He said that it would overheat the engine.
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他说这样会让引擎过热。
00:32
And you might remember, some of you,
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你或者你们中的某些人或许会记得
00:33
how the cars were back then, and it was
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当时的汽车是什么样子的，当时汽车
00:35
a common problem of overheating.
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的通病就是容易过热
00:38
But it was also the signal that capped the use,
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而过热也是一种负额超载
00:42
or overuse, of energy-consuming devices.
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或者是过度使用高耗能的设备的表现
00:46
Things have changed now. We have cars that we take across country.
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而现在这一切都变了。我们可以乘车跨越整个国家
00:49
We blast the air conditioning the entire way,
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我们可以全程开空调
00:52
and we never experience overheating.
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并且我们现在根本不会遇到过热的问题
00:54
So there's no more signal for us to tell us to stop.
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所以现在已经没有告诉我们要停用汽车的信号了
00:57
Great, right? Well, we have similar problems in buildings.
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很好吧 不是么? 我们的建筑其实有相似的问题
01:02
In the past, before air conditioning, we had thick walls.
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在过去有空调之前 我们要砌一层很厚的墙
01:06
The thick walls are great for insulation. It keeps the interior
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厚墙是个很好的隔热材料 它可以保持墙的内部
01:09
very cool during the summertime, and warm during the wintertime,
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冬暖夏凉
01:12
and the small windows were also very good because
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这些小窗子也是个不错的设计
01:15
it limited the amount of temperature transfer
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因为它限制了热量在墙内与
01:17
between the interior and exterior.
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墙外之间传递
01:20
Then in about the 1930s, with the advent of plate glass,
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然后到了大约20世纪30年代 随着平板玻璃的到来
01:23
rolled steel and mass production, we were able
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冷轧钢技术的出现及大规模的生产 我们可以
01:27
to make floor-to-ceiling windows and unobstructed views,
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从天花板到地板都是玻璃 没有任何阻挡视线的东西
01:30
and with that came the irreversible reliance on
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还有我们逐渐依赖的
01:34
mechanical air conditioning to cool our solar-heated spaces.
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机电冷却系统来降低那些晒烫了的房间
01:41
Over time, the buildings got taller and bigger,
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随着时间的推移 房屋越建越高
01:44
our engineering even better, so that the mechanical systems
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我们的工程学应用更好了 所以这些机械系统
01:46
were massive. They require a huge amount of energy.
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被大规模运用 而它们需要大量的能源去运转
01:50
They give off a lot of heat into the atmosphere,
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它们向空气排出大量的热
01:53
and for some of you may understand the heat island effect
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所以你们中的某些人能够理解城市中的热岛效应
01:56
in cities, where the urban areas are much more warm
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就是城市的温度相比相比于附近的郊区和农村
02:00
than the adjacent rural areas,
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的要高的多
02:03
but we also have problems that, when we lose power,
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但是我们仍然有些问题 当我们失去了能源之后
02:06
we can't open a window here, and so
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我们不能开窗 所以
02:09
the buildings are uninhabitable and have to be made vacant
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这些建筑将不再适合居住 所以必须空置出来
02:12
until that air conditioning system can start up again.
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直到空调系统重新启动
02:15
Even worse, with our intention of trying to make buildings
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更差的是 当我们想要让这些建筑
02:19
move towards a net-zero energy state, we can't do it
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变成一个没有能量流入或者流出的状态 我们
02:24
just by making mechanical systems more and more efficient.
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无法通过提高系统运转效率而达到目的
02:27
We need to look for something else, and we've gotten ourselves a little bit into a rut.
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我们需要寻找一些其他的东西 而我们之前有些作茧自缚了
02:30
So what do we do here? How do we pull ourselves and dig us
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所以我们应该这么做呢? 我们怎么才能把自己
02:35
out of this hole that we've dug?
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从自己挖的洞中救出来?
02:37
If we look at biology, and many of you probably don't know,
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如果我们从生物学来看 或许你们当中很多人都不知道
02:40
I was a biology major before I went into architecture,
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在我学建筑之前 我曾经主修生物，
02:44
the human skin is the organ that naturally regulates
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人体皮肤是一个可以自然调控
02:48
the temperature in the body, and it's a fantastic thing.
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身体温度的器官 这点非常神奇
02:52
That's the first line of defense for the body.
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它还是人体第一道防线
02:54
It has pores, it has sweat glands, it has all these things
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它具有小孔 它有汗腺 它让所有这些
02:58
that work together very dynamically and very efficiently,
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高效协作 分工细致的各种小东西
03:01
and so what I propose is that our building skins
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所以我想我们建筑的外表
03:04
should be more similar to human skin,
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应该也跟人体皮肤相似
03:07
and by doing so can be much more dynamic, responsive
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根据不同的地点, 做出更加动态
03:11
and differentiated, depending on where it is.
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反应更加迅速 更加针对性的反馈
03:15
And this gets me back to my research.
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然后再说回我的研究
03:17
What I proposed first doing is looking at a different material palette to do that.
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我提出首先应该寻找一个不同于现在的材料面板去做
03:22
I presently, or currently, work with smart materials,
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我现在正在研究某些智能材料
03:25
and a smart thermo-bimetal.
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和一些只能热双金属
03:26
First of all, I guess we call it smart because it requires
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首先 我想我们称它为智能是因为它
03:29
no controls and it requires no energy,
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不需要控制或者能量
03:32
and that's a very big deal for architecture.
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这个是个建筑学里一件非常大的事情
03:35
What it is, it's a lamination of two different metals together.
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它是什么? 它是由两种不同的金属薄膜组成的薄板
03:38
You can see that here by the different reflection on this side.
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你可以看见这一面不同的反射
03:41
And because it has two different coefficients of expansion,
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因为它有两种不同系数的延展
03:45
when heated, one side will expand faster than the other
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当他被加热的时候 一边会比另一边延展得快
03:48
and result in a curling action.
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然后变成有一个弯曲的效果
03:52
So in early prototypes I built these surfaces to try to see
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所以在早期的原型我建了些曲面来了解
03:55
how the curl would react to temperature and possibly allow
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卷曲会如何对温度作出反应 还有可能
04:00
air to ventilate through the system,
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让空气在系统中循环通风
04:03
and in other prototypes did surfaces where the multiplicity
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在其他原型中我做一种表面
04:06
of having these strips together can try to make
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能够让多块这些东西绑在一起 能够
04:08
bigger movement happen when also heated,
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在受热的情况下有更大的移动出现
04:13
and currently have this installation at the Materials & Applications gallery
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现在我们把这个装置放在Silver Lake（银湖）材料以及应用展览馆里
04:17
in Silver Lake, close by, and it's there until August, if you want to see it.
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非常近 而且它会在那里展览直到八月 你们可以去看一下。
04:20
It's called "Bloom," and the surface is made completely
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它叫做“bloom”，它的表面全是
04:23
out of thermo-bimetal, and its intention is to make this canopy
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热双金属做的 它是让这个遮篷
04:27
that does two things. One, it's a sun-shading device, so that
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做这两件事情：第一 做成一个遮太阳的装置
04:31
when the sun hits the surface, it constricts the amount of sun passing through,
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当太阳光射在它的表面时 它可以限制太阳光通过装置的量
04:35
and in other areas, it's a ventilating system,
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第二 它是一个通风系统
04:38
so that hot, trapped air underneath can actually
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这样被它困在下面的热空气可以
04:40
move through and out when necessary.
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在有需要的时候穿过或者离开这个装置
04:44
You can see here in this time-lapse video that the sun,
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你可以在这个快进的视频中看到
04:48
as it moves across the surface, as well as the shade,
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太阳光和阴影 印在这个材料表面
04:51
each of the tiles moves individually.
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每一片材料 在各自移动
04:54
Keep in mind, with the digital technology that we have today,
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记住 在我们现有的数字科技基础上
04:56
this thing was made out of about 14,000 pieces
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这个材料是由大约1万4千片组成
04:59
and there's no two pieces alike at all. Every single one is different.
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并且没有两块是一样的 每一片都不同
05:04
And the great thing with that is the fact that we can calibrate
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它还有一个巨大的优点 就是我们可以校正
05:06
each one to be very, very specific to its location,
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每一片精确到它最理想的位置
05:10
to the angle of the sun, and also how the thing actually curls.
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它面向太阳的角度 和这个材料是怎么弯曲的都达到最佳
05:15
So this kind of proof of concept project
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所以这种概念项目被证明
05:18
has a lot of implications
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有深远的影响
05:20
to actual future application in architecture,
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对于未来建筑材料的应用
05:24
and in this case, here you see a house,
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还有就是在这件事一样 你看到的房子
05:26
that's for a developer in China,
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这是一名在中国的开发者发明的
05:29
and it's actually a four-story glass box.
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实际上它是一个四层的玻璃盒子
05:31
It's still with that glass box because we still want that visual access,
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因为我们想要看到它的里面 所以它依然是一个玻璃框
05:35
but now it's sheathed with this thermo-bimetal layer,
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但现在它被热双金属层护套保护
05:39
it's a screen that goes around it, and that layer can actually
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一个屏幕环绕 并且那层热双金属层可以
05:42
open and close as that sun moves around on that surface.
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根据太阳移动进行开关
05:46
In addition to that, it can also screen areas for privacy,
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此外，他可以遮挡隐私区域，
05:50
so that it can differentiate from some of the public areas
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这样可以把私人空间和公共空间
05:53
in the space during different times of day.
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在一天不同的时间区别开来
05:55
And what it basically implies is that, in houses now,
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这就说明 就像这个房子
05:58
we don't need drapes or shutters or blinds anymore
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我们不再需要窗帘和百叶窗了
06:02
because we can sheath the building with these things,
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因为我们可以在这栋建筑上挡住一些东西
06:04
as well as control the amount of air conditioning you need inside that building.
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并能管理室内的空气清新的状况
06:10
I'm also looking at trying to develop some building components for the market,
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我一直也在创造一个市场需要的建筑组成元素
06:13
and so here you see a pretty typical
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所以在这里你看到一个典型的
06:15
double-glazed window panel, and in that panel,
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双层玻璃窗
06:20
between those two pieces of glass, that double-glazing,
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在两层玻璃窗之间
06:23
I'm trying to work on making
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我打算做
06:25
a thermo-bimetal pattern system
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一个热双金属式的系统
06:27
so that when the sun hits that outside layer
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这样当太阳光照射到外层时
06:30
and heats that interior cavity, that thermo-bimetal
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它会加热两层玻璃中间的空隙 然后热双金属
06:35
will begin to curl, and what actually will happen then
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就会使其弯曲 然后
06:37
is it'll start to block out the sun
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它会在这栋建筑的某些区域
06:40
in certain areas of the building,
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如果必要的话
06:42
and totally, if necessary.
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挡住所有太阳光
06:44
And so you can imagine, even in this application, that
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你可以想象 在这款应用中，
06:46
in a high-rise building where the panel systems go
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一栋高楼的大板体系
06:49
from floor to floor up to 30, 40 floors, the entire surface
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从一楼一直到三四十楼 整栋建筑的表面
06:54
could be differentiated at different times of day
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可能会在一天的不同时间有不同温度
06:56
depending on how that sun moves across and hits that surface.
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这取决于有太阳光照射的频率
07:01
And these are some later studies that I'm working on
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还有 这些是我现在在做的研究
07:04
right now that are on the boards, where you can see,
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把热双金属应用到 你可以看见
07:06
in the bottom right-hand corner, with the red, it's actually
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在右下角 有一些红色的 它实际上是
07:10
smaller pieces of thermometal, and it's actually going to,
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小片的热双金属 并且它可以
07:12
we're trying to make it move like cilia or eyelashes.
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我们也在想办法让它像细菌的鞭毛或者我们的眼睫毛一样动
07:17
This last project is also of components.
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最后一项也是组成部分中的一个
07:20
The influence -- and if you have noticed, one of my
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如果你注意到的话 我的专长之一就是生物学
07:23
spheres of influence is biology -- is from a grasshopper.
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这个想法源于蚱蜢的身体构造
07:27
And grasshoppers have a different kind of breathing system.
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蚱蜢有一套完全不同的呼吸系统
07:30
They breathe through holes in their sides called spiracles,
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它们通过身体侧面的呼吸孔来呼吸
07:33
and they bring the air through and it moves through their system to cool them down,
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这些呼吸孔让空气进入并且通过系统达到降温的目的
07:37
and so in this project, I'm trying to look at how we can
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所以在这个项目中 我尝试着怎么也把它
07:40
consider that in architecture too, how we can bring
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应用到建筑中去 我们怎样可以
07:42
air through holes in the sides of a building.
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让空气从建筑的侧面进入到建筑内部
07:45
And so you see here some early studies of blocks,
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你可以看到在早期对多层建筑的研究中发现
07:48
where those holes are actually coming through,
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这些孔实际上让空气进入的地方
07:50
and this is before the thermo-bimetal is applied,
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这是在使用热双金属之前
07:54
and this is after the bimetal is applied. Sorry, it's a little
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这是在使用热双金属之后 抱歉
07:57
hard to see, but on the surfaces, you can see these red arrows.
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这个有点难看明白 不过在表面上你可以看见红色的箭头
08:00
On the left, it's when it's cold and the thermo-bimetal
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左边的图显示 当空气是冷的时候 热双金属是平的
08:03
is flat so it will constrict air from passing through the blocks,
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所以它将限制空气从每层中间穿过
08:07
and on the right, the thermo-bimetal curls
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而右图上显示热双金属弯曲
08:09
and allows that air to pass through, so those are two different
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让空气从中穿过 这就是两个
08:12
components that I'm working on, and again,
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我正在做的项目 在这里我再次强调
08:14
it's a completely different thing, because you can imagine
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这是一个跟以往完全不同的东西 因为你可以想象
08:16
that air could potentially be coming through the walls
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空气可以在墙内流动
08:19
instead of opening windows.
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而不是打开窗户
08:22
So I want to leave you with one last impression about
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所以我想在最后再讲一点这个工程
08:25
the project, or this kind of work and using smart materials.
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或者说这类智能材料
08:29
When you're tired of opening and closing those blinds
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当你对开关百叶窗厌烦时
08:32
day after day, when you're on vacation
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尤其是一天又一天的重复 或者是你在度假时
08:35
and there's no one there on the weekends to be turning off and on the controls,
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没有人可以去控制百叶窗的开关
08:39
or when there's a power outage, and you have
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或者在停电时
08:42
no electricity to rely on, these thermo-bimetals
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和你没有可用的电力时 这些热双金属
08:45
will still be working tirelessly, efficiently
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还是会继续高效工作
08:49
and endlessly. Thank you. (Applause)
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直到永远 谢谢！（掌声）
08:52
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Doris Kim Sung - ArchitectDoris Kim Sung is a biology student turned architect interested in thermo-bimetals, smart materials that respond dynamically to temperature change.
Why you should listen
Architect Doris Kim Sung asks: Why can't building materials be more adaptable? Why can't they function more like clothing, or even human skin? Having studied biology at Princeton University intending to go to medical school, Sung applies principles of biology to her work as an assistant professor of architecture at the University of Southern California. She explores architecture as an extension of the body, challenging the notion that buildings ought to be static and climate-controlled. Rather, they should be able to adapt to their environment through self-ventilation. In November 2011, Sung exhibited her art installation "Bloom" in Silver Lake, Los Angeles. The installation is 20 feet tall and made with 14,000 completely unique pieces of thermo-bimetal, a smart material made of two different metals laminated together. This metal is dynamic and responsive, curling as air temperatures rise, resulting in a beautiful sculpture that breathes.
Doris Kim Sung | Speaker | TED.com