TEDxUSC
Doris Kim Sung: Metal that breathes
桃樂絲·金·成: 會呼吸的金屬
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現代建築的落地窗提供了絕美景觀，但需要很多能量來降溫。桃樂絲·金·成研究熱雙金屬，這是一種能像人類皮膚一樣動態反應外界環境變化的智慧材料，可以抵擋陽光，也能夠促進空氣迴圈。
Doris Kim Sung - Architect
Doris Kim Sung is a biology student turned architect interested in thermo-bimetals, smart materials that respond dynamically to temperature change. Full bio
Doris Kim Sung is a biology student turned architect interested in thermo-bimetals, smart materials that respond dynamically to temperature change. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
I was one of those kids that, every time I got in the car,
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小時候，每當我鑽進汽車
00:19
I basically had to roll down the window.
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第一件事就是要搖下車窗
00:22
It was usually too hot, too stuffy or just too smelly,
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車廂裡不是太熱太悶，就是充滿異味
00:27
and my father would not let us use the air conditioner.
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我父親還不允許我們開空調
00:29
He said that it would overheat the engine.
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他說開空調會讓發動機過熱
00:32
And you might remember, some of you,
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你們當中有些人可能還記得
00:33
how the cars were back then, and it was
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以前的汽車什麼樣
00:35
a common problem of overheating.
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那時候發動機過熱是個普遍的問題
00:38
But it was also the signal that capped the use,
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但同時它也是一個信號
00:42
or overuse, of energy-consuming devices.
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表明了耗能設備的使用，或者說過度使用
00:46
Things have changed now. We have cars that we take across country.
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時過境遷。我們現在可以駕車跨越國境
00:49
We blast the air conditioning the entire way,
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空調一直開著
00:52
and we never experience overheating.
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也不會讓發動機過熱
00:54
So there's no more signal for us to tell us to stop.
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於是不再有任何信號告訴我們該停下了
00:57
Great, right? Well, we have similar problems in buildings.
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是不是很棒？我們在建築中遇到了同樣的問題
01:02
In the past, before air conditioning, we had thick walls.
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在沒有空調的過去，建築物有厚厚的牆壁
01:06
The thick walls are great for insulation. It keeps the interior
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厚牆能很好地隔熱
01:09
very cool during the summertime, and warm during the wintertime,
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讓建築內部冬暖夏涼
01:12
and the small windows were also very good because
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小窗戶也非常有用
01:15
it limited the amount of temperature transfer
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它限制了內外部的
01:17
between the interior and exterior.
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溫度轉換
01:20
Then in about the 1930s, with the advent of plate glass,
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後來到了20世紀30年代，隨著平板玻璃、
01:23
rolled steel and mass production, we were able
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軋鋼和批量生產的出現
01:27
to make floor-to-ceiling windows and unobstructed views,
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我們能夠造出落地窗，實現開闊視野
01:30
and with that came the irreversible reliance on
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隨之而來的是一種無法逆轉的依賴
01:34
mechanical air conditioning to cool our solar-heated spaces.
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我們必須對受陽光照射的空間進行機械降溫
01:41
Over time, the buildings got taller and bigger,
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大樓越來越高，規模越來越大
01:44
our engineering even better, so that the mechanical systems
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工程不斷進步，機械系統極其龐大
01:46
were massive. They require a huge amount of energy.
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而且運行這個系統耗能巨大
01:50
They give off a lot of heat into the atmosphere,
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它向大氣排放大量的熱能
01:53
and for some of you may understand the heat island effect
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你們也許知道城市熱島效應
01:56
in cities, where the urban areas are much more warm
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是說市區比周邊的郊區
02:00
than the adjacent rural areas,
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要熱很多
02:03
but we also have problems that, when we lose power,
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但相應會產生問題：萬一斷電了
02:06
we can't open a window here, and so
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所有的窗戶都無法打開
02:09
the buildings are uninhabitable and have to be made vacant
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人們無法呆在裡面，必須撤離
02:12
until that air conditioning system can start up again.
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直到空調系統重新開機才能再次進入
02:15
Even worse, with our intention of trying to make buildings
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更糟的是，由於我們旨在做出
02:19
move towards a net-zero energy state, we can't do it
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零能源建築
02:24
just by making mechanical systems more and more efficient.
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我們無法僅僅通過把機械系統做得更加高效來實現目標
02:27
We need to look for something else, and we've gotten ourselves a little bit into a rut.
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我們需要另闢蹊徑，但卻困住了自己的手腳
02:30
So what do we do here? How do we pull ourselves and dig us
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我們怎麼辦？我們怎麼從自掘的墳墓中
02:35
out of this hole that we've dug?
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拯救自己？
02:37
If we look at biology, and many of you probably don't know,
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也許你們不知道，如果從生物學的角度看問題
02:40
I was a biology major before I went into architecture,
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我在讀建築前曾是生物專業的學生
02:44
the human skin is the organ that naturally regulates
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人類的皮膚是一個能夠自然調節
02:48
the temperature in the body, and it's a fantastic thing.
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體溫的器官，構造精妙絕倫
02:52
That's the first line of defense for the body.
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這是人體防禦的第一道屏障
02:54
It has pores, it has sweat glands, it has all these things
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有毛孔，有汗腺，
02:58
that work together very dynamically and very efficiently,
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所有一切協同做出動態而且高效的反應
03:01
and so what I propose is that our building skins
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所以我提議建築的皮膚
03:04
should be more similar to human skin,
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也應該像人類的皮膚一樣
03:07
and by doing so can be much more dynamic, responsive
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應該更動態，更靈敏
03:11
and differentiated, depending on where it is.
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根據位置的不同而更易區分
03:15
And this gets me back to my research.
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這種想法把我帶回了我的研究
03:17
What I proposed first doing is looking at a different material palette to do that.
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我首先要做的是從其他材料庫中選材
03:22
I presently, or currently, work with smart materials,
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目前我在用智慧材料
03:25
and a smart thermo-bimetal.
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一種熱雙金屬
03:26
First of all, I guess we call it smart because it requires
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之所以叫它“智慧”，我想首先一個原因是
03:29
no controls and it requires no energy,
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它不用控制，也無需耗能
03:32
and that's a very big deal for architecture.
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這在建築學上至關重要
03:35
What it is, it's a lamination of two different metals together.
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它究竟是什麼呢？這是兩種不同金屬材料的疊加
03:38
You can see that here by the different reflection on this side.
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你們可以從兩面的不同反光看出來
03:41
And because it has two different coefficients of expansion,
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由於它在加熱時有兩種不同的膨脹係數
03:45
when heated, one side will expand faster than the other
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一面會比另一面膨脹得更快
03:48
and result in a curling action.
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材料就會發生捲曲
03:52
So in early prototypes I built these surfaces to try to see
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在最早的模型中我做了這些表面
03:55
how the curl would react to temperature and possibly allow
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來檢驗這個曲面如何對溫度產生反應
04:00
air to ventilate through the system,
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這個系統如何能讓空氣迴圈
04:03
and in other prototypes did surfaces where the multiplicity
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在另一些模型中我又做了一些表面
04:06
of having these strips together can try to make
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這些長條所帶來的多樣性
04:08
bigger movement happen when also heated,
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在被加熱時能夠產生更大的運動
04:13
and currently have this installation at the Materials & Applications gallery
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目前這些裝置在銀湖的M&A美術館展出，一直到8月份
04:17
in Silver Lake, close by, and it's there until August, if you want to see it.
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離這裡不遠，你們可以去看看
04:20
It's called "Bloom," and the surface is made completely
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展覽叫做“綻放”，這個表面完全是用
04:23
out of thermo-bimetal, and its intention is to make this canopy
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熱雙金屬做成的，我們想讓這個穹頂
04:27
that does two things. One, it's a sun-shading device, so that
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擁有兩個功能。第一，這是一個遮陽的設施
04:31
when the sun hits the surface, it constricts the amount of sun passing through,
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當陽光照射到表面，它能夠減少穿過材料的陽光
04:35
and in other areas, it's a ventilating system,
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在其他區域，它是一個通風系統
04:38
so that hot, trapped air underneath can actually
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材料下面無法流動的熱空氣可以
04:40
move through and out when necessary.
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在必要時穿過這些材料得到釋放
04:44
You can see here in this time-lapse video that the sun,
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在這個延時錄影中你們能看到
04:48
as it moves across the surface, as well as the shade,
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當太陽東升西落，陽光和陰影相應移動
04:51
each of the tiles moves individually.
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每一片材料也會單獨運動
04:54
Keep in mind, with the digital technology that we have today,
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請記住，運用今天的數位技術
04:56
this thing was made out of about 14,000 pieces
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這個裝置其實是由14,000片材料組成
04:59
and there's no two pieces alike at all. Every single one is different.
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每一片都不盡相同，每一片都是獨特的
05:04
And the great thing with that is the fact that we can calibrate
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這裡有個再美妙不過的事實
05:06
each one to be very, very specific to its location,
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我們可以把每一片材料都非常精准地放到它們自己的位置上
05:10
to the angle of the sun, and also how the thing actually curls.
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對應陽光的照射角度，並且精確控制每一片的曲度
05:15
So this kind of proof of concept project
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這樣概念式的專案
05:18
has a lot of implications
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有許多的啟示
05:20
to actual future application in architecture,
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可以實際運用在未來建築上
05:24
and in this case, here you see a house,
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在這個案例中，你們看到一個房子
05:26
that's for a developer in China,
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這是為中國的一個開發商做的
05:29
and it's actually a four-story glass box.
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實際上這是一個四層樓高的玻璃盒子
05:31
It's still with that glass box because we still want that visual access,
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它依然是個玻璃盒子，因為我們仍然需要有這樣的視覺呈現
05:35
but now it's sheathed with this thermo-bimetal layer,
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但它現在包裹著一層熱雙金屬材料
05:39
it's a screen that goes around it, and that layer can actually
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是一層環繞這個建築的屏障
05:42
open and close as that sun moves around on that surface.
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表層可以根據陽光的移動而開關
05:46
In addition to that, it can also screen areas for privacy,
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此外，它也可以根據隱私的需要來開關
05:50
so that it can differentiate from some of the public areas
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所以在一天中的不同時刻，這個空間中的區域
05:53
in the space during different times of day.
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能跟其他公共區域區分開來
05:55
And what it basically implies is that, in houses now,
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這意味著，在今天的房屋中
05:58
we don't need drapes or shutters or blinds anymore
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我們不再需要窗簾和百葉窗
06:02
because we can sheath the building with these things,
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因為我們可以用這種新材料來遮蔽建築
06:04
as well as control the amount of air conditioning you need inside that building.
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同時也能夠調節室內的溫度
06:10
I'm also looking at trying to develop some building components for the market,
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我也在嘗試開發市場需要的建築元件
06:13
and so here you see a pretty typical
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你們現在看到的是一個很典型的
06:15
double-glazed window panel, and in that panel,
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雙層玻璃窗構件
06:20
between those two pieces of glass, that double-glazing,
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在兩層玻璃中間
06:23
I'm trying to work on making
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我嘗試做出
06:25
a thermo-bimetal pattern system
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一個熱雙金屬構造系統
06:27
so that when the sun hits that outside layer
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在外層收到陽光照射的時候
06:30
and heats that interior cavity, that thermo-bimetal
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中空層受熱
06:35
will begin to curl, and what actually will happen then
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熱雙金屬開始捲曲
06:37
is it'll start to block out the sun
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材料就能抵擋陽光
06:40
in certain areas of the building,
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遮蔽建築的部分區域
06:42
and totally, if necessary.
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或者在需要的時候遮蔽全部區域
06:44
And so you can imagine, even in this application, that
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你們可以想像這種應用
06:46
in a high-rise building where the panel systems go
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在高層建築中
06:49
from floor to floor up to 30, 40 floors, the entire surface
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三四十層樓都安裝這種構件系統
06:54
could be differentiated at different times of day
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整個表面都可以在一天中不同時刻做出區分
06:56
depending on how that sun moves across and hits that surface.
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隨陽光照射角度不同而不同
07:01
And these are some later studies that I'm working on
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這些是我近期的研究
07:04
right now that are on the boards, where you can see,
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你們可以看到現在展示的投影片上
07:06
in the bottom right-hand corner, with the red, it's actually
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在右下角红色的模型
07:10
smaller pieces of thermometal, and it's actually going to,
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其實這是一些小片的熱雙金屬
07:12
we're trying to make it move like cilia or eyelashes.
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我們希望它能模仿睫毛運動
07:17
This last project is also of components.
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最後一個專案也是由零件組成
07:20
The influence -- and if you have noticed, one of my
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你們或許已經注意到我受生物學影響很深
07:23
spheres of influence is biology -- is from a grasshopper.
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——這個造型受到了蚱蜢的影響
07:27
And grasshoppers have a different kind of breathing system.
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蚱蜢有一種獨特的呼吸系統
07:30
They breathe through holes in their sides called spiracles,
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牠們用腹部兩側的通氣孔呼吸
07:33
and they bring the air through and it moves through their system to cool them down,
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空氣流遍全身來降溫
07:37
and so in this project, I'm trying to look at how we can
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在這個專案中，我探討的是
07:40
consider that in architecture too, how we can bring
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如何將其運用於建築中
07:42
air through holes in the sides of a building.
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如何通過建築兩側的呼吸孔來讓空氣流通
07:45
And so you see here some early studies of blocks,
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這是一些早期關於風擋的研究
07:48
where those holes are actually coming through,
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是通氣孔的運用實例
07:50
and this is before the thermo-bimetal is applied,
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這是安裝熱雙金屬前
07:54
and this is after the bimetal is applied. Sorry, it's a little
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這是安裝後。不好意思，圖片有些模糊
07:57
hard to see, but on the surfaces, you can see these red arrows.
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但是你們能看到表面上的這些紅箭頭
08:00
On the left, it's when it's cold and the thermo-bimetal
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左邊這張圖是氣溫低的時候
08:03
is flat so it will constrict air from passing through the blocks,
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熱雙金屬是平的，可以限制空氣流出
08:07
and on the right, the thermo-bimetal curls
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郵編這張圖是氣溫高的時候，熱雙金屬發生捲曲
08:09
and allows that air to pass through, so those are two different
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空氣開始流動，這是我正在著手的兩個不同的構件
08:12
components that I'm working on, and again,
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我要再次重申
08:14
it's a completely different thing, because you can imagine
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它們是劃時代的，因為你們可以想像
08:16
that air could potentially be coming through the walls
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空氣可以透過牆進來
08:19
instead of opening windows.
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而無需開窗
08:22
So I want to leave you with one last impression about
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最後我想向你們展示
08:25
the project, or this kind of work and using smart materials.
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這個專案，這樣運用智慧材料的作品
08:29
When you're tired of opening and closing those blinds
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當你們對日復一日開關百葉窗感到厭倦
08:32
day after day, when you're on vacation
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當你們在休假時
08:35
and there's no one there on the weekends to be turning off and on the controls,
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沒有人在家裡開關空調
08:39
or when there's a power outage, and you have
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或者說突然斷電了，你沒有
08:42
no electricity to rely on, these thermo-bimetals
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任何可以用的電源，熱雙金屬
08:45
will still be working tirelessly, efficiently
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仍舊會不知疲倦地高效工作
08:49
and endlessly. Thank you. (Applause)
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永不停歇。謝謝大家（掌聲）
08:52
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Doris Kim Sung - ArchitectDoris Kim Sung is a biology student turned architect interested in thermo-bimetals, smart materials that respond dynamically to temperature change.
Why you should listen
Architect Doris Kim Sung asks: Why can't building materials be more adaptable? Why can't they function more like clothing, or even human skin? Having studied biology at Princeton University intending to go to medical school, Sung applies principles of biology to her work as an assistant professor of architecture at the University of Southern California. She explores architecture as an extension of the body, challenging the notion that buildings ought to be static and climate-controlled. Rather, they should be able to adapt to their environment through self-ventilation. In November 2011, Sung exhibited her art installation "Bloom" in Silver Lake, Los Angeles. The installation is 20 feet tall and made with 14,000 completely unique pieces of thermo-bimetal, a smart material made of two different metals laminated together. This metal is dynamic and responsive, curling as air temperatures rise, resulting in a beautiful sculpture that breathes.
Doris Kim Sung | Speaker | TED.com