TEDGlobal 2013
Xavier Vilalta: Architecture at home in its community
泽维尔·维那塔: 融入本地文化的建筑
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当TED学者泽维尔·维那塔被派去为亚的斯亚贝巴设计一个多层购物中心时, 他感到惊慌失措. 周围的购物中心的设计的每个细节都让他无法忍受: 铺张的玻璃外墙需要耗费大量能源来控温, 正在非洲是绝对不应该的. 在本次吸引人的演讲中, 他向我们展示了他的团队的另一种方案: 顺应自然, 融合当地文化传统, 为当地的社区创造出一个美丽, 现代的标志性建筑.
Xavier Vilalta - Architect and urbanist
Barcelona-based architect Xavier Vilalta works in Europe, Africa and the Middle East. He adopts and updates traditional design principles to construct modern buildings that truly suit their environment. Full bio
Barcelona-based architect Xavier Vilalta works in Europe, Africa and the Middle East. He adopts and updates traditional design principles to construct modern buildings that truly suit their environment. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
My work focuses on the connection of
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作为一名建筑设计师,
00:15
both thinking about our community life
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我在设计建筑的时候会同时考虑,
00:18
being part of the environment
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建筑与周围的自然环境,,
00:20
where architecture grows from the natural
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以及建筑与周围的人文环境,
00:22
local conditions and traditions.
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即传统文化之间的关系.
00:25
Today I brought two recent projects
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今天, 我将与大家分享两个
00:28
as an example of this.
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基于这种理念的案例.
00:30
Both projects are in emerging countries,
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这两个案例都位于新兴国家,
00:32
one in Ethiopia and another one in Tunisia.
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一个在埃塞俄比亚, 另一个在突尼斯.
00:35
And also they have in common
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这两个案例的共同点之一,
00:37
that the different analyses from different perspectives
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在于设计方案的最终成型过程中, 从多个不同的角度
00:40
becomes an essential part of the final piece of architecture.
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对建筑的分析, 构成了设计方案重要的组成部分.
00:44
The first example started with an invitation
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第一个案例起源与我受到邀请
00:47
to design a multistory shopping mall
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去为埃塞俄比亚首都亚的斯亚贝巴
00:49
in Ethiopia's capital city Addis Ababa.
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设计一个新的多层购物广场.
00:51
And this is the type of building
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这就是当时我和我的团队
00:54
we were shown as an example, to my team and myself,
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获得的一个样例, 我们被要求
00:57
of what we had to design.
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设计成这种样子.
00:59
At first, the first thing I thought was,
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我刚开始看到这个的感觉是
01:01
I want to run away.
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我真不想干了.
01:03
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
01:05
After seeing a few of these buildings --
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在观察了类似这种风格的建筑之后--
01:07
there are many in the city --
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这个城市有很多这种风格的建筑--
01:09
we realized that they have three very big points.
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我们发现了这些建筑最重要的三个问题.
01:12
First, these buildings, they are almost empty
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首先, 这些建筑基本上都是空的,
01:14
because they have very large shops
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因为他们里面都是一些大的商铺,
01:16
where people cannot afford to buy things.
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当地人是买不起那些大品牌的.
01:19
Second, they need tons of energy to perform
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第二个问题, 它们需要大量的能源去调温度,
01:22
because of the skin treatment with glass
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因为建筑外围铺的都是玻璃,
01:24
that creates heat in the inside,
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这种设计将热量困在建筑内部,
01:26
and then you need a lot of cooling.
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这导致我们需要很多制冷设备.
01:28
In a city where this shouldn't happen
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这种情况不应该发生在这座城市,
01:30
because they have really mild weather
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因为这座城市的气候是相当宜人的,
01:32
that ranges from 20 to 25 degrees the whole year.
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全年温度稳定在20~25度左右.
01:35
And third is that their image has nothing to do
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第三个问题就是这个建筑看起来跟非洲
01:39
with Africa and with Ethiopia.
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或者埃塞俄比亚一点关系都没有.
01:41
It is a pity in a place that has such rich culture and traditions.
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对于一个文化底蕴如此丰富的城市, 这太叫人失望了.
01:46
Also during our first visit to Ethiopia,
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同时, 在我第一次考察埃塞俄比亚的时候,
01:49
I was really captivated by the old merkato
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我被当地的集贸市场深深的迷住了.
01:51
that is this open-air structure
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每天, 成百上千的人
01:54
where thousands of people, they go and buy things
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聚集在露天的建筑环境中, 从小商贩手里
01:55
every day from small vendors.
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买到各种想要的商品.
01:58
And also it has this idea of the public space
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这跟我的想法是一致的, 就是在室外
02:00
that uses the outdoors to create activity.
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公共场合创造各种活动的想法.
02:03
So I thought, this is what I really want to design,
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于是我想, 这才是我想要设计的,
02:07
not a shopping mall.
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忘掉购物中心吧.
02:08
But the question was how we could do a multistory,
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但是问题是, 我们怎么才能在这样一个
02:12
contemporary building with these principles.
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当代多层建筑中贯彻这些理念呢?
02:15
The next challenge was when we looked at the site,
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第二个挑战就是当我们开始设计的时候,
02:17
that is, in a really growing area of the city,
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这是一座快速发展的城市,
02:20
where most of these buildings that you see in the image,
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你们在照片上看到的很多建筑物, 在我们设计的时候
02:22
they were not there.
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根本不存在.
02:24
And it's also between two parallel streets
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而且这座建筑前后靠着的两条平行街道,
02:26
that don't have any connection for hundreds of meters.
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在前后几百米都没有小路可以连通.
02:29
So the first thing we did was to create a connection
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于是我们首先要做的就是
02:32
between these two streets,
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利用我们这座建筑物的
02:34
putting all the entrances of the building.
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所有出入口, 将这两条路连起来.
02:36
And this extends with an inclined atrium
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然后我们通过一个倾斜的中庭的设计,
02:39
that creates an open-air space in the building
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创造了一个开放的建筑空间,
02:41
that self-protects itself with its own shape
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而且这种设计能够通过自身的形状避免下面的行人
02:44
from the sun and the rain.
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受到日晒雨淋.
02:46
And around this void
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围绕着这些空洞,
02:47
we placed this idea of the market with small shops,
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我们划分出很多的小商铺, 基于我们小集市的想法.
02:51
that change in each floor because of the shape of the void.
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每层的商铺的布局都是随着空洞的形状不同而不同.
02:54
I also thought, how to close the building?
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我思考的另一个问题是, 建筑物的外墙如何装饰?
02:57
And I really wanted to find a solution
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而且我真的希望能够找到一种装饰设计,
02:59
that would respond to the local climate conditions.
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能够适合当地的气候条件.
03:02
And I started thinking about the textile
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我开始设想一种纹理结构,
03:04
like a shell made of concrete
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用带有穿孔的水泥制成,
03:06
with perforations that would let the air in,
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能够用一种受控的方式,
03:10
and also the light, but in a filtered way.
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让外界的光线和空气能够进入建筑物中.
03:12
And then the inspiration came from these beautiful
patterns of the Ethiopian women's dresses.
patterns of the Ethiopian women's dresses.
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我们从埃塞俄比亚妇女美丽的传统服装的图案上得到了灵感.
03:18
That they have fractal geometry properties
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这些图案中包含了一些几何形状的
03:20
and this helped me to shape the whole facade.
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纹理片段, 我将类似的问题铺满了整个外墙.
03:22
And we are building that
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我们铺外墙使用的
03:24
with these small prefabricated pieces
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是这些小的预制材料,
03:26
that are the windows that let the air and the light
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这些窗户能够让空气和光线
03:30
in a controlled way inside the building.
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按照我们控制的方式进入建筑物.
03:32
And this is complemented by these small colored glasses
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为了实现这点, 我们使用这些小的有色玻璃,
03:34
that use the light from the inside of the building
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利用建筑物内部的光源,
03:37
to light up the building at night.
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在夜间照亮整个建筑.
03:39
With these ideas it was not easy first to convince the developers
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但是我们的这些想法一开始并没有打动建造者,
03:44
because they were like,
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他们的反应类似于,
03:45
"This is not a shopping mall. We didn't ask for that."
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"这根本不是商场. 这不是我们想要的."
03:47
But then we all realized that this idea of the market
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但是随后我们都认识到, 这种设计方案
03:53
happened to be a lot more profitable than the idea of the shopping mall
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比传统的购物商场的方案更加的能赚钱,
03:56
because basically they had more shops to sell.
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因为这种设计方案能够出售的店铺数量更多.
03:59
And also that the idea of the facade was much, much cheaper,
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而且这种外墙的设计, 降低了很多很多的成本,
04:03
not only because of the material compared with the glass,
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不仅仅是因为这种预制的材料比玻璃要便宜,
04:05
but also because we didn't need to have air conditioning anymore.
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还因为我们不再需要使用那么多的空调来控制温度了.
04:08
So we created some budget savings
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结果我们最终
04:10
that we used to implement the project.
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还节约了一部分预算.
04:12
And the first implementation was to think
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构造阶段的第一个问题就是思考
04:14
about how we could make the building self-sufficient in terms of energy
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如何保证大厦能够在电力上自给自足,
04:17
in a city that has electricity cuts almost every day.
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因为所在的城市几乎每天都要拉闸限电.
04:20
So we created a huge asset by placing photovoltaics there on the roof.
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于是我们在屋顶铺上了很多的太阳能电池板.
04:24
And then under those panels
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接着我们想, 能不能在屋顶,
04:27
we thought about the roof like a new public space with gathering areas and bars
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在这些太阳能电池板下面, 放置一些桌椅用来休息,
04:30
that would create this urban oasis.
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让这里成为城市中的绿洲, 供人们小憩.
04:33
And these porches on the roof,
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屋顶上的这些游廊,
04:35
all together they collect the water to reuse for sanitation on the inside.
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被集中利用来收集雨水, 用于建筑内部的清洁.
04:40
Hopefully by the beginning of next year, because we are already on the fifth floor of the construction.
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我们现在已经盖到第五层, 预计在明年初的时候完工.
04:45
The second example is a master plan
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第二个案例是为突尼斯城规划一个
04:48
of 2,000 apartments and facilities in the city of Tunis.
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超过2000套个公寓及附属设施的建筑.
04:51
And for doing such a big project, the biggest project I've ever designed,
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做这么大规模的项目, 这是我做过的最大的项目,
04:55
I really needed to understand the city of Tunis,
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我不仅需要非常深刻的理解突尼斯这个城市,
04:57
but also its surroundings and the tradition and culture.
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还需要理解与她相关的种种传统以及文化.
05:01
During that analysis I paid special attention to the medina
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在分析的过程中我的注意力被一个阿拉伯人聚居区吸引,
05:05
that is this 1,000-year-old structure that used to be closed by a wall,
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这是一个有着一千多年历史的结构, 砖墙结构,
05:09
opened by twelve different gates, connected by almost straight lines.
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有12个门, 相互之间通过几乎是直线的道路相连.
05:13
When I went to the site, the first design operation we did
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当我开始在图纸上规划, 我们做的第一件事情
05:17
was to extend the existing streets, creating 12 initial blocks
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就是延长周边的街道, 将大区块分割12个基本的小区块
05:21
similar in size and characteristics to the ones we have in Barcelona
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在大小和特征上都类似于我们在巴塞罗那
05:25
and other cities in Europe with these courtyards.
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和其它欧洲城市常见的街区规划.
05:28
On top of that, we selected some strategic points
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在这些街区规划的基础上, 借鉴刚才提到的想法,
05:30
reminded of this idea of the gates and connecting them by straight lines,
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我们选择了一些关键点, 将这些关键点通过直线
05:34
and this modified this initial pattern.
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连接起来, 改变了一开始的模式.
05:36
And the last operation was to think about the cell,
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最后一步是考虑具体的区块内建筑的设计,
05:39
the small cell of the project, like the apartment,
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这些类似公寓的小隔间,
05:41
as an essential part of the master plan.
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是构成这个巨大规划的基本组成部分.
05:43
And for that I thought, what would be the best orientation
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这个时候我在想, 对于一个位于地中海气候的公寓,
05:46
in the Mediterranean climate for an apartment?
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什么样的朝向是最好的?
05:49
And it's north-south, because it creates a thermal difference between both sides of the house
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答案是南北朝向, 可以利用房子南北两侧的温度差异,
05:53
and then a natural ventilation.
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创造了一个自然的穿堂风效果.
05:56
So we overlap a pattern that makes sure that most of the apartments
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于是我们实现了这种模式,让所有的公寓
06:00
are perfectly oriented in that direction.
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都拥有完美的朝向.
06:02
And this is the result
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这是我们设计的效果,
06:04
that is almost like a combination of the European block and the Arab city.
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像是一种结合, 阿拉伯城市风格与欧洲住宅风格的结合.
06:07
It has these blocks with courtyards,
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有些建筑区块是带有走庭院的,
06:09
and then on the ground floor
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而周围地面上的
06:10
you have all these connections for the pedestrians.
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人行道能够完整的连接起来.
06:12
And also it responds to the local regulations that establish
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同时她也满足的当地管理部门的需求,
06:15
a higher density on the upper levels and a lower density on the ground floor.
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上层建筑中的人口密度高, 地面人口密度不高.
06:19
And it also reinforces this idea of the gates.
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同时她也满足了我们对出入口之间连通性要求.
06:22
The volume has this connecting shape
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这个建筑群的相互连接的形状,
06:24
that shades itself with three different types of apartments
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通过三个不同类型的公寓建筑, 起到遮阳的作用.
06:28
and also lets the light go on the ground floor in a very dense neighborhood
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同时, 让阳光能够透过密集的建筑穿透到地表.
06:31
And in the courtyards there are the different facilities,
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在这些中庭之间, 包含了许多不同的设施,
06:34
such as a gym and a kindergarten
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像是健身馆, 幼儿园等,
06:36
and close by, a series of commercial [spaces] that bring activity to the ground floor.
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以及一系列商业设备, 让公共区域充满活力.
06:40
The roof, which is my favorite space of the project
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屋顶是这个项目中我最得意的部分,
06:43
is almost like giving back to the community the space taken by the construction.
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这就像是将被这些建筑物占用的空间重新还给了社区.
06:46
And it's where all the neighbors, they can go up and socialize,
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社区的人们可以爬上屋顶, 相互打打招呼聊聊天,
06:49
and do activities such as having a two-kilometer run in the morning,
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或者做一些运动, 像是在早晨的时候在屋顶上
06:52
jumping from one building to another.
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跑个两公里, 或是在建筑之间来回跳跃.
06:56
These two examples,
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这两个案例
06:58
they have a common approach in the design process.
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有一些共同点, 在设计过程中采用了同样的方法.
07:01
And also, they are in emerging countries where you can see
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同样, 他们都位于新兴城市, 你能直观的看到
07:04
the cities literally growing.
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建筑物一个个拔地而起.
07:06
In these cities, the impact of architecture in people's lives of today and tomorrow
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在这些城市, 建筑对于人们的影响, 无论当下还是未来
07:11
changes the local communities and economies at the same speed as the buildings grow.
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对当地社区及经济的影响, 跟建筑物建造的速度一样快.
07:16
For this reason, I see even more importance
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出于这个原因, 我觉得对于建筑设计而言,
07:19
to look at architecture finding simple but affordable solutions
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这个权衡越来越重要, 即, 寻找简单并且足够便宜的方案,
07:24
that enhance the relationship between the community and the environment
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能够增强和促进当地的人们与城市环境的关系,
07:28
and that aim to connect nature and people.
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并且能够让人很好的接近自然.
07:32
Thank you very much.
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非常感谢.
07:34
(Applause)
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(掌声)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Xavier Vilalta - Architect and urbanistBarcelona-based architect Xavier Vilalta works in Europe, Africa and the Middle East. He adopts and updates traditional design principles to construct modern buildings that truly suit their environment.
Why you should listen
Named young architect of the year at the Leaf Awards in 2008, Xavier Vilalta is the founder of XVA, a Barcelona-based design team operating in the fields of architecture, urbanism and research.
The TED Fellow and his team have worked on more than 60 projects, including homes, schools, cultural institutions and commercial buildings everywhere from Africa to the Middle East. Declaring that "we love nature and we care about people," the team's design philosophy is to connect the old and the new, co-opting and updating the best thinking of past traditions to create modern buildings that are both deeply respectful of the past and searingly contemporary.
Recent projects include the Lideta Mercato shopping mall in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and a concept for a series of urban gardens in Qatar.
Xavier Vilalta | Speaker | TED.com