We the Future
LaToya Ruby Frazier: A creative solution for the water crisis in Flint, Michigan
拉托娅·鲁比·弗雷泽: 密歇根弗林特水资源危机的创造性解决方案
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艺术家拉托娅·鲁比·弗雷泽（LaToya Ruby Frazier ）在密歇根的弗林特市居住了五个月，为她的专题摄影《弗林特是家》记录受到城市水资源危机影响的居民生活。当危机一直持续，她意识到仅靠一系列的照片是无法给当地人们带去慰藉的。在这场鼓舞人心、令人惊喜的演讲中，她分享她用了怎样的创意，为弗林特人民带去了免费、洁净水资源。
LaToya Ruby Frazier - Photographer
LaToya Ruby Frazier focuses her camera lens on her family and her hometown of Braddock, Pennsylvania, to explore themes of family, inequality, health care and environmental racism. Full bio
LaToya Ruby Frazier focuses her camera lens on her family and her hometown of Braddock, Pennsylvania, to explore themes of family, inequality, health care and environmental racism. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
在 2016 年，
00:13
So, in 2016,
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我受托制作一本专题摄影报道，
00:17
I was commissioned
to produce a photo essay
to produce a photo essay
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内容关于密歇根州
弗林特市从 2014 年
弗林特市从 2014 年
00:19
about the water crisis in Flint, Michigan.
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开始的水资源危机。
00:23
And that's been going on since 2014.
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我接受了委托，
00:27
And I accepted the commission
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00:29
with the idea that I would photograph
three generations of women
three generations of women
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想着我可以拍摄三个世代的女性
00:33
dealing with the crisis on a daily basis.
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如何应对日常水资源危机。
我很有幸认识两位最棒的朋友：
00:38
I was fortunate to meet two best friends,
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艺术家、活动家和诗人
安珀·哈桑 和 谢伊·科布。
安珀·哈桑 和 谢伊·科布。
00:41
artists, activists and poets
Amber Hasan and Shea Cobb,
Amber Hasan and Shea Cobb,
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他们带我逛了弗林特。
00:46
who took me around Flint.
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谢伊·科布是一名校车司机，
00:49
As a school bus driver,
Shea Cobb became the central figure
Shea Cobb became the central figure
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和她的母亲蕾妮女士
00:53
of the photo essay,
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以及她 8 岁的女儿，锡安，
00:54
along with her mother, Ms. Renée,
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成为了专题摄影的中心人物。
00:56
and her eight-year-old daughter, Zion.
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我十分着迷地跟着谢伊的校车。
00:59
I obsessively followed
Shea's school bus routes.
Shea's school bus routes.
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当谢伊不在开车的时候，
01:03
And when Shea wasn't driving the bus,
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她会照看锡安，确保她有在学习。
01:06
she would be watching over Zion,
making sure she was studying.
making sure she was studying.
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我全身心融入并感受
谢伊生活的方方面面。
谢伊生活的方方面面。
01:11
I embedded myself in every
intimate facet of Shea's life.
intimate facet of Shea's life.
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01:16
When Shea took me to Zion's school,
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当谢伊带着我去锡安的学校时，
我看到饮水处挂着许多标志，
01:19
and I saw the water fountains
covered with signs that said,
covered with signs that said,
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上面写着：“受污染，不可饮用”。
01:22
"Contaminated. Do not drink,"
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我无法拿起相机记录这个场景。
01:25
I couldn't pick up
my camera to photograph it.
my camera to photograph it.
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我感到非常震惊，
竟然会在美国看到这种事，
竟然会在美国看到这种事，
01:29
It rocked me to the core
to see that in America,
to see that in America,
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那些饮水处的标示从
“仅限白人”或“仅限黑人”，
“仅限白人”或“仅限黑人”，
01:33
we can go from fountains
that say "Whites" or "Blacks only,"
that say "Whites" or "Blacks only,"
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到现在所见的那个标志，
01:37
to today seeing fountains that say,
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“受污染，不可饮用”。
01:39
"Contaminated water. Do not drink."
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而这竟然是可以接受的？
01:42
And somehow, that's acceptable?
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当弗林特的居民正使用着
被致命军团菌感染的水
被致命军团菌感染的水
01:47
The residents in Flint
have been forced to drink with,
have been forced to drink with,
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支付着国家高昂的水费的同时，
01:50
cook with and bathe with bottled water,
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他们却不得不被迫饮用瓶装水，
01:54
while paying the highest
water bills in the country
water bills in the country
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和用瓶装水来烧饭、洗澡。
01:57
for water that is infected
with deadly legionella bacteria.
with deadly legionella bacteria.
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我去弗林特没觉得不适应，
02:03
It was natural for me to go to Flint,
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02:05
because industrial pollution,
bacteria-contaminated water
bacteria-contaminated water
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因为工业污染、被细菌污染的水，
对我来说再熟悉不过了，
因为我成长的家乡也是如此——
因为我成长的家乡也是如此——
02:09
were all too familiar for me growing up
in my hometown, Braddock, Pennsylvania,
in my hometown, Braddock, Pennsylvania,
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02:15
where my mother and I battled cancer
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宾夕法尼亚布拉多克，
在那里，我和我母亲一起
在那里，我和我母亲一起
对抗癌症和自身免疫性疾病，
例如狼疮。
例如狼疮。
02:19
and autoimmune disorders like lupus.
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我们 14 年的合作成果《家庭观》，
02:23
Our 14-year collaboration,
"The Notion of Family,"
"The Notion of Family,"
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02:27
was created out of our struggle
to survive environmental racism,
to survive environmental racism,
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是建立在我们的挣扎之上，
我们努力求生存，对抗环境种族主义、
我们努力求生存，对抗环境种族主义、
医疗保健不平等，
02:32
healthcare inequity
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以及那些对美国钢铁公司
02:34
and chemical emissions
that were being deregulated
that were being deregulated
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化学物质排放管制的松懈。
02:38
and released from the United States
Steel Corporation,
Steel Corporation,
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让布拉多克小镇有着整个国家
02:42
making Braddock the town with the highest
asthma and infant mortality rates
asthma and infant mortality rates
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最高的哮喘和婴儿死亡率。
02:49
in the country.
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02:51
From the Monongahela River
to the Flint River,
to the Flint River,
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从莫农加希拉河到弗林特河，
用杜波依斯（W.E.B. Du Bois）的话来说,
02:54
in the words of W.E.B. Du Bois,
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“这个小镇，整个峡谷，
已经背弃了这条河流，
已经背弃了这条河流，
02:58
"The town, the whole valley,
has turned its back upon the river.
has turned its back upon the river.
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把它当作了下水道，排水沟，
03:04
It has used it as a sewer, as a drain,
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成为了一个丢垃圾的地方。”
03:06
as a place for throwing their waste."
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数十年来，通用汽车都因为
在弗林特河倾倒化学药品
在弗林特河倾倒化学药品
03:11
General Motors has been cited
for dumping chemicals in the Flint River
for dumping chemicals in the Flint River
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而被传讯。
03:15
for decades.
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当我的专题摄影《弗林特是家》
在 2016 年 8 月发行时，
在 2016 年 8 月发行时，
03:18
When my photo essay "Flint is Family"
came out in August of 2016,
came out in August of 2016,
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它的目的是为了提醒美国
03:23
it was released to remind America
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尽管弗林特不再是新闻头条，
03:25
that although Flint
was no longer headline news,
was no longer headline news,
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水资源危机却还是没有结束。
03:28
the water crisis was far from over.
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当然，我知道，
03:32
And, of course, I knew
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光是在我这里推出一个摄影合集，
03:33
it was going to take more
than a series of photographs on my part
than a series of photographs on my part
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还不足以给这座汽车城
的人们带来慰藉。
的人们带来慰藉。
03:37
to bring relief to the people
in Vehicle City.
in Vehicle City.
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谢伊和我是因为我们的
母亲和祖母而产生的连结，
母亲和祖母而产生的连结，
03:43
Shea and I bonded
over our mothers and grandmothers.
over our mothers and grandmothers.
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03:46
Amber and I bonded
over our battles with lupus.
over our battles with lupus.
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而安珀和我是因
共同对抗狼疮建立了友谊。
共同对抗狼疮建立了友谊。
我们一起决定留在彼此的生活中，
03:49
Together, we decided to remain
in each other's life
in each other's life
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并继续我们具有创造性的努力。
03:53
and continue our creative efforts.
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在 2017 年，谢伊和安珀共同创办了
艺术家集团“姐妹之旅（The Sister Tour）”，
艺术家集团“姐妹之旅（The Sister Tour）”，
03:57
In 2017, Shea and Amber cofounded
artist collective The Sister Tour,
artist collective The Sister Tour,
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旨在为弗林特艺术家们
提供安全的空间。
提供安全的空间。
04:03
whose mission is to provide
a safe space for Flint artists.
a safe space for Flint artists.
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一年后，
04:08
One year later,
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我在纽约西 127 街上的
04:09
I mounted my solo exhibition,
"Flint is Family,"
"Flint is Family,"
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加文布朗画廊中，
04:13
here in New York City
at Gavin Brown's Enterprise
at Gavin Brown's Enterprise
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筹备了个人展《弗林特是家》。
04:16
on West 127th Street.
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当观众走近建筑立面时，
04:20
As the audience approaches
the facade of the building,
the facade of the building,
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他们会看到
一个 30 英尺的广告牌，
一个 30 英尺的广告牌，
04:23
they see a 30-foot billboard.
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由三个大型彩色底片组成的，
04:25
The 30-foot billboard is made
of three large color negatives
of three large color negatives
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广告牌上有着由“姐妹之旅”
04:29
with the message "Water Is Life,"
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04:31
spelled out in Nestle water bottles
by The Sister Tour.
by The Sister Tour.
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用雀巢水瓶拼写出的
“水是生命”的信息。
“水是生命”的信息。
雀巢，世界上最大的瓶装水公司，
04:36
Nestle, the largest water-bottling
company in the world,
company in the world,
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从密歇根湖的蓄水层
每分钟抽取 400 加仑的水，
每分钟抽取 400 加仑的水，
04:40
pumps 400 gallons of water per minute
out of aquifers in Lake Michigan,
out of aquifers in Lake Michigan,
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几乎不用花钱。
04:45
nearly free of charge.
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雀巢也从原住民保留区内
04:48
The company also extracts
millions of liters of water
millions of liters of water
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抽取上百万升的水，
04:51
from First Nation reservations,
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尽管他们已经无法
获取干净的水资源。
获取干净的水资源。
04:54
while they have no access
to clean water at all.
to clean water at all.
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这是我曾经用来
筹集资金的活动图片，
筹集资金的活动图片，
04:59
This is a fundraiser print
that I used to raise money
that I used to raise money
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05:02
to send The Sister Tour
to different venues
to different venues
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资金用于把
“姐妹之旅”送往各地
“姐妹之旅”送往各地
05:05
to educate people on the ongoing crisis.
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来教育人们关注
这个不断发酵的危机。
这个不断发酵的危机。
我也通过在国家各个机构前
05:09
I also continued to keep it
in the public eye
in the public eye
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挂起倒计时旗帜，
05:12
by producing countdown flags
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将这事持续曝光在公众眼中。
05:14
that were raised on institutions
across the country.
across the country.
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在刚过去的 6 月，
安珀写邮件告诉我一个新闻，
安珀写邮件告诉我一个新闻，
05:18
This past June,
Amber emailed me with the news
Amber emailed me with the news
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消息称，密歇根总检察长
在弗林特水危机的调查中
在弗林特水危机的调查中
05:21
that Michigan's attorney general
dropped all criminal charges
dropped all criminal charges
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05:25
in the Flint Water Crisis investigation,
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放弃了所有刑事指控。
在这调查中有 8 名州和市的
政府雇员本应面临着
政府雇员本应面临着
05:28
where eight state and city employees
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05:30
were facing charges
as serious as manslaughter.
as serious as manslaughter.
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严重到过失杀人罪同等的指控。
我无法再袖手旁观，
05:35
I could no longer idly stand by
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等待政府去尽责了。
05:38
and wait for the government to do its job.
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公正已经被拖延，
05:42
Justice has been delayed,
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而且，公正已经被否认。
05:45
and justice has been denied.
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已经 5 年了，
05:48
It's been five years,
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然而我们依旧在等待弗林特的
男人、女人和孩子们获得公正。
男人、女人和孩子们获得公正。
05:49
and we're still waiting on justice
for the men, women and children in Flint.
for the men, women and children in Flint.
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我曾问安珀，“我能做什么？”
05:56
I asked Amber, "What can I do?"
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她告诉我，她在波多黎各
遇到一个名叫摩西·夭斯特的男人，
遇到一个名叫摩西·夭斯特的男人，
05:58
She told me about a man named Moses West
that she met in Puerto Rico,
that she met in Puerto Rico,
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在大气水生成器的项目上
投资了 2.6 万英镑。
投资了 2.6 万英镑。
06:04
who invented a 26,000-pound
atmospheric water generator.
atmospheric water generator.
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她带着摩西找到了
弗林特当地的公职人员。
弗林特当地的公职人员。
06:12
Amber took Moses to elected officials
in the city of Flint.
in the city of Flint.
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他们没有一个人对引进这样的机器
从而解决危机感兴趣。
从而解决危机感兴趣。
06:17
None of them seemed interested in bringing
the machine for relief to Flint at all.
the machine for relief to Flint at all.
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安珀需要从德州的
军事基地弄来这台机器，
军事基地弄来这台机器，
06:24
Amber needed to get the machine
from a military base in Texas
from a military base in Texas
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一路带到弗林特。
06:28
all the way to Flint.
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在弗林特，没人有足够的
经济能力为此支付。
经济能力为此支付。
06:31
Nobody in Flint had
that kind of money lying around.
that kind of money lying around.
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于是在那时，我决定
06:35
And it was at that point that I decided
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把我从个人展《弗林特是家》
得到的收益，
得到的收益，
06:39
to take the proceeds from my
solo exhibition "Flint is Family,"
solo exhibition "Flint is Family,"
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和来自罗伯特·劳森伯格基金会
慷慨提供的比赛奖金一起
慷慨提供的比赛奖金一起
06:43
along with the generous match grant
from the Robert Rauschenberg Foundation,
from the Robert Rauschenberg Foundation,
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交给了摩西·夭斯特。
06:48
and sent it to Moses West.
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在刚过去的 7 月，
06:52
This past July,
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摩西·夭斯特和他的大气水发生器
到达了密歇根弗林特市，
到达了密歇根弗林特市，
06:54
Moses West and his atmospheric water
generator arrived to Flint, Michigan,
generator arrived to Flint, Michigan,
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被安置在马伦戈和普拉斯基
之间的北萨吉诺，
之间的北萨吉诺，
06:59
on North Saginaw
between Marengo and Pulaski,
between Marengo and Pulaski,
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这台机器现在依旧在那运作着。
07:03
and is actually still there
right now, operating.
right now, operating.
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这个距离市区 3 公里的社区
07:08
This community that sits
three miles from downtown
three miles from downtown
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已经关闭了学校、
07:12
has been stripped of its schools,
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没有健康的杂货店，
07:15
access to healthy grocery stores
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也没有干净的水。
07:17
and clean water.
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在社会上，它被视为
暴力且贫穷的社区。
暴力且贫穷的社区。
07:19
Socially, it's viewed
as a violent, poor community.
as a violent, poor community.
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但是我看见的景象却完全不同。
07:22
But I see something completely different.
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摩西是一位军官、
突击队员，和退伍军人，
突击队员，和退伍军人，
07:27
Moses, an officer, Ranger, veteran,
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对自己拯救水资源的使命非常清晰：
07:32
was very clear about his
water rescue mission:
water rescue mission:
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给弗林特的人民
带来免费、干净的水。
带来免费、干净的水。
07:37
Bring relief of free, clean water
to the people in Flint.
to the people in Flint.
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教会他们如何使用机器，
07:42
Teach them how to use the machine,
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教会他们如何维护机器，
07:44
teach them how to take care of it,
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还有最重要的是，
主动为机器承担所有者的责任。
主动为机器承担所有者的责任。
07:46
and most importantly,
take ownership of the machine.
take ownership of the machine.
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告诉市里每一个人
带上他们的容器
带上他们的容器
07:50
Tell everybody across the city
to bring all their containers
to bring all their containers
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来这里灌水，
尽可能装满他们的容器，
尽可能装满他们的容器，
07:54
and come and take as much water
as they can stock up on,
as they can stock up on,
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特别是在冬天来临之前。
07:58
especially before the winter season hits;
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这台机器不会在
冰冻的气温下抽取水分。
冰冻的气温下抽取水分。
08:01
the machine doesn't extract moisture
in freezing temperatures.
in freezing temperatures.
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它的技术核心是将空气
压入大容量空气过滤器，
压入大容量空气过滤器，
08:05
This technology pulls air
through a high-volume air filter.
through a high-volume air filter.
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水气自动冷凝，
08:11
It mechanically creates condensation,
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每天产生 2 千加仑的水。
08:14
which produces 2,000 gallons
of water per day.
of water per day.
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居民可以在每天
早上 9 点到晚上 8 点
早上 9 点到晚上 8 点
08:20
Residents are free
to walk up to the machine
to walk up to the machine
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08:22
anywhere between 9am and 8pm daily
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前来使用机器，
08:27
and take as much as they want,
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并且随意取水，
08:29
alleviating them from standing
in long lines for bottled water.
in long lines for bottled water.
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而免于为领取瓶装水大排长龙。
我去到机器那里，
采访人们，问他们，
采访人们，问他们，
08:34
I've been at the machine,
interviewing people, asking them,
interviewing people, asking them,
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“摩西和他的机器的到来，
对你意味着什么？”
对你意味着什么？”
08:37
"What does it mean to see Moses
and his machine in [your] community?"
and his machine in [your] community?"
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以及“没有干净水源的
生活是怎么样的？”
生活是怎么样的？”
08:41
And, "What has it been like
living without access to clean water?"
living without access to clean water?"
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艾丽塔告诉我，
08:46
Alita told me,
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“这简直是一个奇迹，
上帝把摩西的知识和技术带给我们，
上帝把摩西的知识和技术带给我们，
08:47
"It's a miracle that God gave Moses
the knowledge and technology
the knowledge and technology
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08:53
to provide us with pure drinking water."
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给我们带来了可以喝的纯净水。”
她也告诉我，
在那台机器出现之前
在那台机器出现之前
08:57
She also told me that
prior to the machine coming,
prior to the machine coming,
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她有很严重的头疼，
09:00
she had severe headaches,
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那些污染的水，
使她的病痛从头扩散到了胃，
使她的病痛从头扩散到了胃，
09:02
and the water made her
so sick to her stomach,
so sick to her stomach,
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她无法进食。
09:05
she couldn't eat.
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蒂娜告诉我，铅污染的水
09:08
Tina told me that
the lead-contaminated water
the lead-contaminated water
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让她脱发。
09:11
made her hair fall out.
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她很虚弱，经常感到头晕目眩。
09:13
Usually, she's weak and very light-headed.
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但是自从开始用那台机器后，
她的体质和气色都有了明显好转。
她的体质和气色都有了明显好转。
09:17
Since using the machine,
she's had energy and strength.
she's had energy and strength.
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大卫实在太高兴德州
会有人在意这件事。
会有人在意这件事。
09:24
David, he was overwhelmed with joy
that someone from Texas cared.
that someone from Texas cared.
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当他尝到机器供给的水时，他想：
09:30
When he tasted the water,
he thought to himself,
he thought to himself,
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“这是神创造的水该有的样子。”
09:32
"Now, this is the way
God intended water to be."
God intended water to be."
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他带着 3 个曾经用于他烧烤小摊的
09:37
He brings three seven-gallon
containers to refill
containers to refill
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7 加仑容器来灌水。
09:41
to use at his barbecue stand.
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通过创意和团结，
09:45
Through creativity and solidarity,
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安珀·哈桑，谢伊·科布，
09:48
Amber Hasan, Shea Cobb,
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图克洛·塞内加，姐妹之旅，
09:51
Tuklor Senegal, The Sister Tour,
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我，弗林特的人们，
09:54
myself, the people of Flint,
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德克斯特·莫，摩西·夭斯特
和他的空气制水机
和他的空气制水机
09:57
Dexter Moon, Moses West
and his atmospheric water generator
and his atmospheric water generator
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已为人们带来了 12 万加仑
10:03
have been able to provide 120,000 gallons
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免费、干净的水。
10:08
of free, clean water.
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10:10
(Applause)
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（掌声）
弗林特的人们值得拥有干净的水。
10:17
The people in Flint deserve
access to clean water.
access to clean water.
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10:20
Water is life.
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水是生命。
是一种精神，
10:22
It is the spirit that binds us
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从疾病、死亡和毁灭中
连系你我的精神。
连系你我的精神。
10:25
from sickness, death and destruction.
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想象一下我们能拯救多少人的生命？
10:29
Imagine how many millions
of lives we could save
of lives we could save
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如果摩西的机器能够
在纽瓦克、新泽西州、
在纽瓦克、新泽西州、
10:33
if Moses's machine were in places like
Newark, New Jersey,
Newark, New Jersey,
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南非，
10:37
South Africa
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和印度出现，
10:39
and India,
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而且是出于怜悯，而非利润驱动。
10:40
with compassion instead of profit motives.
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10:45
I loaded my camera,
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我装载好相机，
我锁定聚焦点，
10:47
I locked my focus,
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把手指放在释放快门的地方，
10:49
and I placed my finger
over the shutter release,
over the shutter release,
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当谢伊和锡安第一次
去尝试喝那干净的水的刹那，
去尝试喝那干净的水的刹那，
10:51
as Shea and Zion went to take
their first sip of clean water.
their first sip of clean water.
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我按下了快门。
10:57
When the shutter released,
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我被深刻的喜悦和正义感所征服。
10:58
I was overcome with a deep sense
of joy and righteousness.
of joy and righteousness.
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当我把一些照片寄给谢伊后，
11:04
When I sent Shea some of the photographs,
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她写道，
11:07
she wrote,
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“再次谢谢你，感谢你
为我的城市带来光明。”
为我的城市带来光明。”
11:08
"Thank you again for the light
that you bring to my city."
that you bring to my city."
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我马上回复道，
11:13
I immediately replied,
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“光明已经属于你们。”
11:15
"The light was already there within you."
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距离我在弗林特拍摄已经 4 年了，
11:21
It's been four years
since I've been photographing in Flint,
since I've been photographing in Flint,
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终于我让正义得以伸张。
11:25
and finally, I've been able
to render a poetic justice.
to render a poetic justice.
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不论我们身处的境地有多黑暗，
11:32
No matter how dark a situation may be,
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相机都可以收集光明，
并带给我们积极的景象。
并带给我们积极的景象。
11:36
a camera can extract the light
and turn a negative into a positive.
and turn a negative into a positive.
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谢谢。
11:42
Thank you.
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（掌声）
11:43
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
LaToya Ruby Frazier - PhotographerLaToya Ruby Frazier focuses her camera lens on her family and her hometown of Braddock, Pennsylvania, to explore themes of family, inequality, health care and environmental racism.
Why you should listen
TED Fellow LaToya Ruby Frazier uses photography, video and performance to address issues of industrialism, rustbelt revitalization, environmental justice, healthcare inequality, family and communal history. Some of her work, which features images of her mother and grandmother (Grandma Ruby) was published in her first book, The Notion of Family, which received the International Center for Photography Infinity Award.
She has exhibited her work widely in the United States and elsewhere, with solo exhibitions at the Brooklyn Museum, Seattle Art Museum, the Institute of Contemporary Art in Boston and the Contemporary Arts Museum Houston. She is an assistant professor of photography at the School of Art Institute of Chicago, having previously taught at Yale, Rutgers and Syracuse University.
LaToya received her BFA in applied media arts from Edinboro University of Pennsylvania and her MFA in art photography from Syracuse University. She was the Guna S. Mundheim Fellow for visual arts at the American Academy in Berlin in 2013 and won a fellowship from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation in 2014. She is also a 2015 MacArthur Fellow.
LaToya Ruby Frazier | Speaker | TED.com