TED@Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
Hannah Bürckstümmer: A printable, flexible, organic solar cell
汉娜 · 伯克斯特默: 可印刷的柔性有机太阳能电池
Filmed:
Readability: 5.1
1,350,504 views
与您习惯看到的太阳能电池不同，有机光伏电池由溶解在墨水中的化合物制成，并且可以使用简单的技术进行印刷和成型。其产品是一种重量轻、有柔性、半透明的薄膜，它可将太阳能转化为电能。汉娜 · 伯克斯特默向我们展示了它们是如何制造的——以及它们如何改变我们为世界提供动力的方式。
Hannah Bürckstümmer - Strategic marketer
Hannah Bürckstümmer has a vision for sustainable buildings and how organic solar cells can make it real. Full bio
Hannah Bürckstümmer has a vision for sustainable buildings and how organic solar cells can make it real. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
You may have noticed
that I'm wearing two different shoes.
that I'm wearing two different shoes.
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你或许发现了，
我穿着两只不一样的鞋。
我穿着两只不一样的鞋。
00:18
It probably looks funny --
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这看起来也许挺可笑——
穿着的感觉的确挺可笑的——
00:20
it definitely feels funny --
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我是为了说明一件事情。
00:22
but I wanted to make a point.
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00:24
Let's say my left shoe corresponds
to a sustainable footprint,
to a sustainable footprint,
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假设我左脚的鞋代表可持续的足迹，
00:28
meaning we humans consume
less natural resources
less natural resources
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可持续足迹的意思是
人类消耗的自然资源
人类消耗的自然资源
比地球可再生的要少，
00:32
than our planet can regenerate,
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以及我们排放的二氧化碳
比森林和海洋能再吸收的要少。
比森林和海洋能再吸收的要少。
00:34
and emit less carbon dioxide
than our forests and oceans can reabsorb.
than our forests and oceans can reabsorb.
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00:39
That's a stable and healthy condition.
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那是一个稳定而健康的状态。
00:42
Today's situation
is more like my other shoe.
is more like my other shoe.
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而当今的形势更像是
我的另一只鞋。
我的另一只鞋。
它大太多了。
00:45
It's way oversized.
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00:47
At the second of August in 2017,
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到2017年8月2日，
我们消耗的资源就已经
超过了地球这一年可再生的量。
超过了地球这一年可再生的量。
00:51
we had already consumed all resources
our planet can regenerate this year.
our planet can regenerate this year.
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00:56
This is like spending all your money
until the 18th of a month
until the 18th of a month
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这就好像刚到18号就
花光了这个月所有的钱，
花光了这个月所有的钱，
01:00
and then needing a credit
from the bank for the rest of the time.
from the bank for the rest of the time.
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然后剩下的日子要向银行借钱生活。
当然，你可以连续几个月这么过，
01:03
For sure, you can do this
for some months in a row,
for some months in a row,
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但如果不改变行为习惯的话，
01:06
but if you don't change your behavior,
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迟早你会面临大麻烦。
01:07
sooner or later,
you will run into big problems.
you will run into big problems.
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01:11
We all know the devastating effects
of this excessive exploitation:
of this excessive exploitation:
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我们都知道过度使用的毁灭性影响：
01:15
global warming,
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全球变暖、
01:17
rising of the sea levels,
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海平面上升、
01:19
melting of the glaciers and polar ice,
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冰川和极地冰融化、
越来越极端的气候等等。
01:21
increasingly extreme
climate patterns and more.
climate patterns and more.
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01:26
The enormity of this problem
really frustrates me.
really frustrates me.
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这个问题的严重性让我很沮丧。
01:30
What frustrates me even more
is that there are solutions to this,
is that there are solutions to this,
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让我更沮丧的是，
这问题已经有解决方案了，
这问题已经有解决方案了，
但我们的行为却毫无改变。
01:33
but we keep doing things
like we always did.
like we always did.
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01:36
Today I want to share with you
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今天我想和你们分享，
新型太阳能技术如何帮助
实现建筑物的可持续未来。
实现建筑物的可持续未来。
01:38
how a new solar technology can contribute
to a sustainable future of buildings.
to a sustainable future of buildings.
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01:44
Buildings consume about 40 percent
of our total energy demand,
of our total energy demand,
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因为建筑物消耗我们
能源总需求的约40%，
能源总需求的约40%，
所以解决建筑物的能耗
01:48
so tackling this consumption
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会显著减少温室气体排放。
01:50
would significantly reduce
our climate emissions.
our climate emissions.
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01:53
A building designed
along sustainable principles
along sustainable principles
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根据可持续原则设计的建筑物
01:55
can produce all the power
it needs by itself.
it needs by itself.
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可实现电力生产、消耗的自给自足。
01:58
To achieve this,
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想要达到此目标，
01:59
you first have to reduce
the consumption as much as possible,
the consumption as much as possible,
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首先需要尽可能减少消耗，
比如使用隔热的墙或窗户。
02:03
by using well-insulated walls
or windows, for instance.
or windows, for instance.
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02:06
These technologies
are commercially available.
are commercially available.
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这些技术在市场上可以买到。
02:09
Then you need energy
for warm water and heating.
for warm water and heating.
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在需要能源来提供热水和暖气时，
02:13
You can get this
in a renewable way from the sun
in a renewable way from the sun
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可以用可再生的方式，
通过太阳能发热设备从太阳获取，
02:15
through solar-thermal installations
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或者用热泵从地面和空气获取。
02:17
or from the ground and air,
with heat pumps.
with heat pumps.
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所有这些技术也是唾手可得。
02:20
All of these technologies are available.
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02:22
Then you are left
with the need for electricity.
with the need for electricity.
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最后要考虑的就是对电的需求。
02:25
In principle, there are several ways
to get renewable electricity,
to get renewable electricity,
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原则上，有几种办法来
获取可再生电能，
获取可再生电能，
但你知道几个建筑物顶部有风车？
02:29
but how many buildings do you know
which have a windmill on the roof
which have a windmill on the roof
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或花园里有水力发电站？
02:33
or a water power plant in the garden?
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02:35
Probably not so many, because usually,
it doesn't make sense.
it doesn't make sense.
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应该没有几个，因为，
通常情况下这不符合常理。
通常情况下这不符合常理。
但是太阳为屋顶和外墙面
提供了大量能源。
提供了大量能源。
02:38
But the sun provides abundant energy
to our roofs and facades.
to our roofs and facades.
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02:43
The potential to harvest this energy
at our buildings' surfaces is enormous.
at our buildings' surfaces is enormous.
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在建筑物表面取用能源
是潜力巨大的。
是潜力巨大的。
02:48
Let's take Europe as an example.
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让我们以欧洲为例。
02:51
If you would utilize all areas
which have a nice orientation to the sun
which have a nice orientation to the sun
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如果把朝向阳光的
所有区域都利用起来，
所有区域都利用起来，
并且这些区域没有被
过度遮盖的话，
过度遮盖的话，
02:55
and they're not overly shaded,
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02:57
the power generated by photovoltaics
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太阳能光伏产生的能源
能提供我们能源总需求的30%。
03:00
would correspond to about 30 percent
of our total energy demand.
of our total energy demand.
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03:04
But today's photovoltaics
have some issues.
have some issues.
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但当今的太阳能光伏产品并不完善。
03:07
They do offer a good
cost-performance ratio,
cost-performance ratio,
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它们的性价比确实不错，
但设计不是很灵活，
03:10
but they aren't really flexible
in terms of their design,
in terms of their design,
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这使得美观方面是个挑战。
03:12
and this makes aesthetics a challenge.
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人们在想到建筑物的太阳能电池时，
03:15
People often imagine pictures like this
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经常想象的是这样的画面。
03:17
when thinking about
solar cells on buildings.
solar cells on buildings.
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这也许在太阳能电厂适用，
03:20
This may work for solar farms,
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但当你考虑到楼、街道
以及建筑物构架时，
以及建筑物构架时，
03:21
but when you think of buildings,
of streets, of architecture,
of streets, of architecture,
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美观很重要。
03:25
aesthetics does matter.
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03:27
This is the reason why we don't see
many solar cells on buildings today.
many solar cells on buildings today.
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这就是当今安装太阳能电池的
建筑物不多的原因。
建筑物不多的原因。
因为根本就不搭。
03:31
They just don't match.
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03:33
Our team is working on a totally
different solar-cell technology,
different solar-cell technology,
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我们团队正着手于
完全不同的太阳能电池技术，
完全不同的太阳能电池技术，
这种技术叫做
有机太阳能光伏，或OPV。
有机太阳能光伏，或OPV。
03:38
which is called
organic photovoltaics or OPV.
organic photovoltaics or OPV.
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“有机”的意思是，
03:41
The term organic describes
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用在光吸收和电荷传输上的材料
03:43
that the material used
for light absorption and charge transport
for light absorption and charge transport
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主要基于碳元素，
03:47
are mainly based on the element carbon,
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而不是金属。
03:49
and not on metals.
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03:51
We utilize the mixture of a polymer
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我们用不同的重复性单元
合成了聚合物的混合物，
03:54
which is set up by different
repeating units,
repeating units,
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就像在珍珠链上的一粒粒珍珠，
03:56
like the pearls in a pearl chain,
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以及一种有足球形状的
03:58
and a small molecule
which has the shape of a football
which has the shape of a football
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叫富勒烯的小分子。
04:01
and is called fullerene.
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04:03
These two compounds are mixed
and dissolved to become an ink.
and dissolved to become an ink.
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混合并溶解这两种成分
使其成为油墨。
使其成为油墨。
就像真的墨水一样，
04:08
And like ink,
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它可以用简单的印刷技术印出来，
比如在柔性基材上使用
比如在柔性基材上使用
04:09
they can be printed with simple
printing techniques like slot-die coating
printing techniques like slot-die coating
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04:14
in a continuous roll-to-roll process
on flexible substrates.
on flexible substrates.
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连续卷对卷式槽模涂布技术。
04:18
The resulting thin layer
is the active layer,
is the active layer,
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这样制出的薄层是
用来吸收太阳能量的活性层。
04:21
absorbing the energy of the sun.
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04:23
This active layer is extremely effective.
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这个活性层极其高效。
04:27
You only need a layer thickness
of 0.2 micrometers
of 0.2 micrometers
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只需要0.2毫米厚的这种薄层
来吸收太阳的能量。
04:30
to absorb the energy of the sun.
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04:33
This is 100 times thinner
than a human hair.
than a human hair.
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人类的头发都要比
这个薄层厚100倍。
这个薄层厚100倍。
04:36
To give you another example,
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举另外一个例子，
取一公斤基础聚合物，
04:38
take one kilogram of the basic polymer
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制成活性油墨。
04:41
and use it to formulate the active ink.
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04:44
With this amount of ink,
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这样做出的油墨量
04:45
you can print a solar cell
the size of a complete football field.
the size of a complete football field.
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可以打印出整个足球场
那么大的太阳能电池。
那么大的太阳能电池。
04:51
So OPV is extremely material efficient,
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因此OPV在原料利用率上
是非常高效的，
是非常高效的，
我觉得这对于可持续发展很关键。
04:54
which I think is a crucial thing
when talking about sustainability.
when talking about sustainability.
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04:59
After the printing process,
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在印刷工序之后，
就能得到像这样的太阳能模块。
05:01
you can have a solar module
which could look like this ...
which could look like this ...
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05:04
It looks a bit like a plastic foil
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它看起来有点像塑料片，
也确实具备很多塑料片的特征。
05:07
and actually has many of its features.
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05:09
It's lightweight ...
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它很轻，
05:12
it's bendable ...
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可以折弯，
05:14
and it's semi-transparent.
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而且是半透明的。
05:18
But it can harvest the energy
of the sun outdoors
of the sun outdoors
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但它既能吸收室外的太阳能，
又能吸收室内的光，
05:21
and also of this indoor light,
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这个被点亮的小LED灯就可以证明。
05:22
as you can see with this small,
illuminated LED.
illuminated LED.
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05:26
You can use it in its plastic form
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你可以利用它的塑料形式，
05:28
and take advantage of its low weight
and its bendability.
and its bendability.
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重量轻以及可弯曲的特点。
05:32
The first is important when thinking
about buildings in warmer regions.
about buildings in warmer regions.
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对于热带地区的建筑物，
重量轻是很重要的。
重量轻是很重要的。
05:37
Here, the roofs are not designed
to bear additionally heavy loads.
to bear additionally heavy loads.
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这些建筑物的屋顶设计
并不能承受特别重的负载。
并不能承受特别重的负载。
例如，这里的屋顶设计
不会考虑冬天的积雪，
不会考虑冬天的积雪，
05:40
They aren't designed
for snow in winter, for instance,
for snow in winter, for instance,
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所以不能用很重的
硅太阳能电池来获取光能，
硅太阳能电池来获取光能，
05:43
so heavy silicon solar cells
cannot be used for light harvesting,
cannot be used for light harvesting,
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那这些很轻的太阳能片
就非常适用了。
就非常适用了。
05:47
but these lightweight solar foils
are very well suited.
are very well suited.
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05:52
The bendability is important
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如果想把太阳能电池与
膜结构建筑结合起来，
可弯曲的特点就尤为重要。
可弯曲的特点就尤为重要。
05:54
if you want to combine the solar cell
with membrane architecture.
with membrane architecture.
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05:58
Imagine the sails
of the Sydney Opera as power plants.
of the Sydney Opera as power plants.
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想象一下，悉尼歌剧院的
帆结构变成发电厂。
帆结构变成发电厂。
06:02
Alternatively, you can
combine the solar foils
combine the solar foils
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或者，可把太阳能膜片与
玻璃之类的传统建筑材料相结合。
06:05
with conventional construction
materials like glass.
materials like glass.
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06:08
Many glass facade elements
contain a foil anyway,
contain a foil anyway,
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反正许多玻璃外墙材料
已经包含了一层膜，
已经包含了一层膜，
用来制作夹层安全玻璃。
06:10
to create laminated safety glass.
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06:13
It's not a big deal to add
a second foil in the production process,
a second foil in the production process,
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在生产工序中加入
第二层膜并不难，
第二层膜并不难，
但这样做出的外墙材料中
包含了太阳能电池，
包含了太阳能电池，
06:16
but then the facade element
contains the solar cell
contains the solar cell
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它就可以发电了。
06:19
and can produce electricity.
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06:23
Besides looking nice,
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除了美观之外，
这些集成太阳能电池
还有两个重要的优点。
还有两个重要的优点。
06:24
these integrated solar cells come along
with two more important benefits.
with two more important benefits.
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06:29
Do you remember the solar cell
attached to a roof I showed before?
attached to a roof I showed before?
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还记得我之前展示的
屋顶的太阳能电池吗？
屋顶的太阳能电池吗？
在该情况下，要先安装屋顶，
06:33
In this case, we install the roof first,
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然后安装第二层，太阳能电池。
06:36
and as a second layer, the solar cell.
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这增加了安装成本。
06:37
This is adding on the installation costs.
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06:40
In the case of integrated solar cells,
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有了集成太阳能电池，
只需在施工现场安装一次，
06:42
at the site of construction,
only one element is installed,
only one element is installed,
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建筑物的外壳与太阳能电池
06:46
being at the same time
the envelope of the building
the envelope of the building
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同时安装。
06:48
and the solar cell.
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06:50
Besides saving on the installation costs,
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这样除了能节省安装成本，
还能节约资源，
06:52
this also saves resources,
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因为两个功能合并成一个部件了。
06:54
because the two functions
are combined into one element.
are combined into one element.
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之前我谈到了光学。
06:58
Earlier, I've talked about optics.
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我很喜欢这个太阳能板——
07:00
I really like this solar panel --
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07:02
maybe you have different taste
or different design needs ...
or different design needs ...
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你可能会有不同的喜好
或设计需求——
或设计需求——
07:06
No problem.
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没问题。
有了印刷工艺，
07:07
With the printing process,
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很容易改变太阳能电池的
设计和形状。
设计和形状。
07:08
the solar cell can change
its shape and design very easily.
its shape and design very easily.
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07:13
This will give the flexibility
to architects,
to architects,
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这就给建筑师、规划师及业主
提供了灵活性，
07:16
to planners and building owners,
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可以按他们的意愿来
集成这种发电技术。
集成这种发电技术。
07:18
to integrate this electricity-producing
technology as they wish.
technology as they wish.
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07:27
I want to stress that this is not
just happening in the labs.
just happening in the labs.
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我想强调一下，
这不是只发生在实验室里。
这不是只发生在实验室里。
虽然还要几年才能
大规模采用这种技术，
大规模采用这种技术，
07:30
It will take several more years
to get to mass adoption,
to get to mass adoption,
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但我们已经接近商业化，
07:33
but we are at the edge
of commercialization,
of commercialization,
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07:36
meaning there are several companies
out there with production lines.
out there with production lines.
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意味着已经有公司具备生产线。
07:40
They are scaling up their capacities,
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这些公司在扩大生产能力，
我们的油墨也在进步。
07:42
and so are we, with the inks.
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07:48
(Shoe drops)
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（鞋子踢踏声）
07:53
This smaller footprint
is much more comfortable.
is much more comfortable.
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足迹比较小的这个舒服多了。
（笑声）
07:55
(Laughter)
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它大小合适，尺度正确。
07:57
It is the right size, the right scale.
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08:00
We have to come back to the right scale
when it comes to energy consumption.
when it comes to energy consumption.
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能源消耗方面，我们也要
回到正确的尺度。
回到正确的尺度。
08:04
And making buildings carbon-neutral
is an important part here.
is an important part here.
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让建筑物保持碳中和是重要的一项。
08:08
In Europe,
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在欧洲，
我们的目标是在2050年以前
使所有建筑物脱碳。
使所有建筑物脱碳。
08:09
we have the goal to decarbonize
our building stock [by] 2050.
our building stock [by] 2050.
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我希望有机太阳能光伏
将会发挥巨大作用。
将会发挥巨大作用。
08:13
I hope organic photovoltaics
will be a big part of this.
will be a big part of this.
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08:17
Here are a couple of examples.
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这有几个例子。
08:20
This is the first commercial installation
of fully printed organic solar cells.
of fully printed organic solar cells.
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这是第一个商业安装的
全印刷的有机太阳能电池。
全印刷的有机太阳能电池。
08:25
"Commercial" means that the solar cells
were printed on industrial equipment.
were printed on industrial equipment.
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“商业”是指太阳能电池
由工业设备印刷而成。
由工业设备印刷而成。
08:29
The so-called "solar trees"
were part of the German pavilion
were part of the German pavilion
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这个所谓的“太阳能树”是2015年
米兰世博会上德国馆的一部分。
08:33
at the World Expo in Milan in 2015.
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08:36
They provided shading during the day
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它们白天可以遮阳，
晚上为灯供电。
08:38
and electricity
for the lighting in the evening.
for the lighting in the evening.
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08:41
You may wonder why this hexagonal shape
was chosen for the solar cells.
was chosen for the solar cells.
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你也许会好奇，这太阳能电池
为什么会选六角形状。
为什么会选六角形状。
08:45
Easy answer:
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答案很简单：
建筑师想在地板上映出
特定的阴影图案，
特定的阴影图案，
08:46
the architects wanted to have
a specific shading pattern on the floor
a specific shading pattern on the floor
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要求了这个形状，
08:50
and asked for it,
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然后就按着要求印刷了。
08:51
and then it was printed as requested.
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08:54
Being far from a real product,
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离实际量产还很远的时候，
08:55
this free-form installation hooked
the imagination of the visiting architects
the imagination of the visiting architects
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这个自由形式的安装
满足了来访的建筑师的设想，
满足了来访的建筑师的设想，
效果远超我们的预期。
08:59
much more than we expected.
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09:01
This other application
is closer to the projects
is closer to the projects
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另一个应用就更接近
我们的目标项目和应用了。
09:04
and applications we are targeting.
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这是巴西圣保罗的一栋办公楼，
09:06
In an office building
in São Paulo, Brazil,
in São Paulo, Brazil,
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玻璃外墙中嵌有半透明的OPV板，
09:09
semitransparent OPV panels
are integrated into the glass facade,
are integrated into the glass facade,
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来满足多个需求。
09:13
serving different needs.
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09:15
First, they provided shading
for the meeting rooms behind.
for the meeting rooms behind.
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首先，它们给背后的会议室提供遮蔽。
09:19
Second, the logo of the company
is displayed in an innovative way.
is displayed in an innovative way.
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其次，以一个创新的方式
展示了公司的标识。
展示了公司的标识。
09:24
And of course, electricity is produced,
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当然，也能发电，
09:26
reducing the energy footprint
of the building.
of the building.
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减少了整栋楼的能源消耗。
09:29
This is pointing towards a future
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这预示着一种未来，
那时建筑物将不再是能源消耗体，
09:31
where buildings are no longer
energy consumers,
energy consumers,
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而是能源供给体。
09:33
but energy providers.
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09:35
I want to see solar cells
seamlessly integrated
seamlessly integrated
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我想看到太阳能电池
无缝嵌入建筑物的外壳，
09:38
into our building shells
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实现既资源高效又美观的应用。
09:40
to be both resource-efficient
and a pleasure to look at.
and a pleasure to look at.
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09:44
For roofs, silicon solar cells
will often continue to be a good solution.
will often continue to be a good solution.
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至于屋顶，硅太阳能电池
将仍然是个好的选择。
将仍然是个好的选择。
09:49
But to exploit the potential
of all facades and other areas,
of all facades and other areas,
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但还要挖掘所有外墙面
以及其他区域的潜力，
以及其他区域的潜力，
例如半透明区域，
09:53
such as semitransparent areas,
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弯曲的表面及阴影区域，
09:55
curved surfaces and shadings,
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我相信有机太阳能光伏
能带来显著的贡献，
能带来显著的贡献，
09:58
I believe organic photovoltaics
can offer a significant contribution,
can offer a significant contribution,
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并且以建筑师和规划师
想要的任何形式呈现。
想要的任何形式呈现。
10:03
and they can be made in any form
architects and planners will want them to.
architects and planners will want them to.
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10:09
Thank you.
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谢谢。
（鼓掌）
10:10
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Hannah Bürckstümmer - Strategic marketerHannah Bürckstümmer has a vision for sustainable buildings and how organic solar cells can make it real.
Why you should listen
Hannah Bürckstümmer studied chemistry following her curiosity for why our environment is set up the way that it is -- and how new things can be created. She focused on the idea of synthesizing new dye materials for organic solar cells, and that became the topic for herPhD at the University of Würzburg in Germany. She joined Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany in 2011, continuing her research into third-generation solar cells and, later, working on the strategy and marketing for organic photovoltaics (OPVs).
Hannah Bürckstümmer | Speaker | TED.com