TEDSummit 2019
Sonaar Luthra: We need to track the world's water like we track the weather
松納‧路特拉: 我們需要像追蹤天氣一樣追蹤世界的水
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我們需要為水打造全球氣象台，企業家及 TED 研究會員松納‧路特拉如是說。路特拉在這場環境問責演講中，告訴大家如何用全球數據收集行動來預測缺水及水風險，就像我們監測暴風路徑一樣，並更仔細聽地球要告訴我們什麼。
Sonaar Luthra -
Sonaar Luthra is the creator of Water Canary, a water-testing device that collects real-time water-quality data from the field. Full bio
Sonaar Luthra is the creator of Water Canary, a water-testing device that collects real-time water-quality data from the field. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
We need to build
a weather service for water.
a weather service for water.
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我們必須為水打造氣象台。
00:16
Yet, until we collectively
demand accountability,
demand accountability,
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除非我們集體要求責任歸屬，
00:19
the incentives to fund it will not exist.
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否則資助的動機就不會存在。
00:23
The first time I spoke at a conference
was here at TED, eight years ago.
was here at TED, eight years ago.
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我第一次在研討會上演講
就是在這裡，八年前的 TED 大會。
就是在這裡，八年前的 TED 大會。
00:28
Fresh out of grad school,
little did I know
little did I know
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初出茅廬的研究生，一點都不知道
00:31
that in those few minutes onstage,
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在台上的短短幾分鐘，
00:32
I was framing the questions
I was going to be asked
I was going to be asked
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會讓自己在未來十年，
陷入無窮盡的詢問。
陷入無窮盡的詢問。
00:35
for the next decade.
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00:37
And, like too many 20-somethings,
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就像太多二十多歲的人，
00:40
I expected to solve
the world's problems --
the world's problems --
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我認為自己可以解決全世界的問題，
00:42
more specifically,
the world's water problems --
the world's water problems --
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具體一點說，全世界的水問題，
00:45
with my technology.
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只要用我的科技。
00:48
I had a lot to learn.
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還早得很。
00:50
It was seductive,
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這想法很誘人，
00:52
believing that our biggest
water quality problems persist
water quality problems persist
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相信我們最大的
水質問題之所以持續，
水質問題之所以持續，
00:56
because they're so hard to identify.
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是因為這些問題很難被發現。
00:59
And I presumed
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而我假設
01:01
that we just needed simpler, faster
and more affordable sensors.
and more affordable sensors.
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我們只需要用更簡單、
更快、更便宜的感測器。
更快、更便宜的感測器。
01:07
I was wrong.
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我錯了。
01:09
While it's true that
managing tomorrow's water risk
managing tomorrow's water risk
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確實，要管理明天的水風險
01:13
is going to require better data
and more technology,
and more technology,
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需要更好的數據及更多的科技，
01:17
today we're barely using
the little water data that we have.
the little water data that we have.
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今天我們卻極少運用
我們現有的少量水數據。
我們現有的少量水數據。
01:22
Our biggest water problems persist
because of what we don't do
because of what we don't do
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我們最大的水問題會持續，
是因為我們不肯做該做的，
是因為我們不肯做該做的，
01:27
and the problems we fail to acknowledge.
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以及我們未能意識到的問題。
01:31
There's actually little question
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無庸置疑，
01:32
about what today's water data
is telling us to do as a species:
is telling us to do as a species:
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今天的水數據很清楚地告訴我們
身為一種生物我們應該要做什麼：
身為一種生物我們應該要做什麼：
01:37
we need to conserve more,
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我們需要省更多水，
01:39
and we need to pollute less.
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我們需要減少污染。
01:42
But today's data is not going to help us
forecast the emerging risks
forecast the emerging risks
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但是今天的數據不會幫助我們預測
企業及市場面臨的新興風險。
01:46
facing businesses and markets.
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01:48
It's rapidly becoming useless for that.
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它很快就變得無用。
01:52
It used to carry more value,
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以前數據很有價值，
01:54
but it's never actually told us
with any real accuracy
with any real accuracy
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但是它從來沒有
真正準確無誤地告訴過我們
真正準確無誤地告訴過我們
01:58
how much water we have
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我們有多少水
01:59
or what's in it.
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或水裡有什麼。
02:01
Let's consider the past decade
of water usage statistics
of water usage statistics
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我們來研究一下過去十年
二十國集團內
每一個國家的水使用統計。
每一個國家的水使用統計。
02:06
from each of the G20 nations.
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02:08
Now, what these numbers do not tell you
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這些數字不會告訴你的，
02:11
is that none of these countries
directly measures how much water they use.
directly measures how much water they use.
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是這些國家都沒有
直接測量他們使用多少水。
直接測量他們使用多少水。
02:16
These are all estimates,
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這些數字都是估計值，
02:17
and they're based on outdated models
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而且都是基於過時的模型來算，
02:20
that don't consider the climate crisis,
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這些過時的模型沒有考慮氣候危機，
02:23
nor do they consider its impact on water.
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也沒有考慮氣候危機對水的影響。
02:28
In 2015, Chennai,
India's sixth-largest city,
India's sixth-largest city,
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2015 年，清奈
這個印度第六大城市，
這個印度第六大城市，
02:32
was hit with the worst floods
it had seen in a century.
it had seen in a century.
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遭受到百年來最慘的洪災。
02:37
Today, its water reservoirs
are nearly dry.
are nearly dry.
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今天，清奈水庫幾乎乾涸。
02:40
It took three years to get here,
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這個過程只花了三年時間，
02:43
three years of subaverage rainfall.
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三年低於平均的降雨量。
02:46
Now, that's faster than most nations
tabulate their national water data,
tabulate their national water data,
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這比其他國家
列表水數據的速度還快，
列表水數據的速度還快，
02:50
including the US.
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包括美國。
02:53
And although there were forecasts
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雖然有各種預測
02:55
that predicted severe shortages
of water in Chennai,
of water in Chennai,
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說清奈的水會嚴重短缺，
03:00
none of them could actually help us
pinpoint exactly when or where
pinpoint exactly when or where
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這些預測都沒有
實際幫助我們確切指出
實際幫助我們確切指出
這種情況會發生在何時或何處。
03:03
this was going to happen.
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03:05
This is a new type of water problem,
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這是一種新型的水問題，
03:08
because the rate at which
every aspect of our water cycle changes
every aspect of our water cycle changes
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因為從每一層面來看，
我們的水循環改變
我們的水循環改變
03:13
is accelerating.
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都在加速。
03:15
As a recent UN warning
this month revealed,
this month revealed,
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就像本月最新的聯合國警告顯示的，
03:18
we are now facing one new
climate emergency every single week.
climate emergency every single week.
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我們現在每一個星期
都要面對新的氣候緊急情況。
都要面對新的氣候緊急情況。
03:26
There are greater uncertainties
ahead for water quality.
ahead for water quality.
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未來的水質不確定性更大。
03:29
It's rare in most countries
for most water bodies to be tested
for most water bodies to be tested
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大多數國家絕少每年都檢測
水體內的幾種污染物。
水體內的幾種污染物。
03:33
for more than a handful
of contaminants in a year.
of contaminants in a year.
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03:36
Instead of testing, we use
what's called the "dilution model"
what's called the "dilution model"
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代替測試的是用我們所謂的稀釋模型
03:39
to manage pollution.
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做污染管理。
03:41
Now, imagine I took
an Olympic-sized swimming pool,
an Olympic-sized swimming pool,
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現在想像一下我拿一座
奧運比賽級的游泳池，
奧運比賽級的游泳池，
03:44
I filled it with fresh water
and I added one drop of mercury.
and I added one drop of mercury.
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我把它用水裝滿，
然後加一滴水銀進去。
然後加一滴水銀進去。
03:48
That would dilute down
to one part per billion mercury,
to one part per billion mercury,
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那會把水銀濃度稀釋到十億分之一，
03:50
which is well within what
the World Health Organization
the World Health Organization
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這完全在世界衛生組織的
03:53
considers safe.
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安全標準之內。
03:55
But if there was any unforeseen drop
in how much water was available --
in how much water was available --
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但是如果可用之水無預警下降——
03:59
less groundwater, less stream flow,
less water in the pool --
less water in the pool --
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地下水變少了，河川水變少了，
池子的水變少了——
池子的水變少了——
04:04
less dilution would take place,
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稀釋作用也跟著變小，
04:06
and things would get more toxic.
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東西就會變得比較毒。
04:09
So this is how most countries
are managing pollution.
are managing pollution.
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而這就是多數國家管理污染的方法。
04:12
They use this model to tell them
how much pollution is safe.
how much pollution is safe.
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他們用這樣的模型來判定
多少量的污染是安全的。
多少量的污染是安全的。
04:16
And it has clear weaknesses,
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這有很明顯的弱點，
04:18
but it worked well enough
when we had abundant water
when we had abundant water
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但是效果很好——
只要我們有充足的水量
只要我們有充足的水量
04:20
and consistent weather patterns.
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及穩定的氣候型態。
04:23
Now that we don't, we're going to need
to invest and develop
to invest and develop
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現在情況不穩了，
我們需要投資及發展
我們需要投資及發展
04:27
new data-collection strategies.
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新的數據收集策略。
04:30
But before we do that, we have to start
acting on the data we already have.
acting on the data we already have.
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但是在我們著手之前，
要先從現有的數據下手。
要先從現有的數據下手。
04:34
This is a jet fuel fire.
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這是噴射機燃油火災。
04:37
As many of you may be aware,
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在座很多人都知道，
04:38
jet fuel emissions play
an enormous role in climate change.
an enormous role in climate change.
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噴射機燃油的廢氣排放
在氣候變遷上扮演很大的角色。
在氣候變遷上扮演很大的角色。
04:42
What you might not be aware of
is that the US Department of Defense
is that the US Department of Defense
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但你們大概不知道美國國防部
04:45
is the world's largest
consumer of jet fuel.
consumer of jet fuel.
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是全世界最大的噴射機燃油使用者。
04:48
And when they consume jet fuel,
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他們用噴射機燃油的時候，
04:50
they mandate the use
of the firefighting foam pictured here,
of the firefighting foam pictured here,
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他們會強制使用圖中的滅火泡沫，
04:54
which contains a class
of chemicals called PFAS.
of chemicals called PFAS.
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這裡面含著一類稱為
含氟表面活性劑 (PFAS) 的化學物。
含氟表面活性劑 (PFAS) 的化學物。
04:57
Nobody uses more of this foam
than the US Department of Defense,
than the US Department of Defense,
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沒有人比美國國防部
更愛用這種泡沫，
更愛用這種泡沫，
05:01
and every time it's used, PFAS
finds its way into our water systems.
finds its way into our water systems.
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而每次使用 PFAS，
它都會找到方法進入水系統中。
它都會找到方法進入水系統中。
05:06
Globally, militaries have been using
this foam since the 1970s.
this foam since the 1970s.
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全球的軍隊自 1970 年起
就開始使用這種泡沫。
就開始使用這種泡沫。
05:11
We know PFAS causes cancer, birth defects,
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我們知道 PFAS 會導致
癌症、先天缺陷，
癌症、先天缺陷，
05:15
and it's now so pervasive
in the environment
in the environment
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而且現在因為太普遍存在於環境中，
05:17
that we seem to find it in nearly
every living thing we test,
every living thing we test,
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幾乎我們測過的
每一種生物裡都可以找到它，
每一種生物裡都可以找到它，
05:22
including us.
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包括我們身上。
05:25
But so far, the US Department of Defense
has not been held accountable
has not been held accountable
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但是到目前為止，
我們仍沒有追究美國國防部
我們仍沒有追究美國國防部
05:29
for PFAS contamination,
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為 PFAS 污染的責任，
05:31
nor has it been held liable.
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國防部也沒有承擔任何責任。
05:32
And although there's an effort underway
to phase out these firefighting foams,
to phase out these firefighting foams,
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雖然目前正在努力
逐步淘汰這些消防泡沫，
逐步淘汰這些消防泡沫，
05:36
they're not embracing safer,
effective alternatives.
effective alternatives.
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他們也沒有使用
更安全更有效的替代品。
更安全更有效的替代品。
05:40
They're actually using
other PFAS molecules,
other PFAS molecules,
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他們其實正在用
其他種類的 PFAS 分子，
其他種類的 PFAS 分子，
05:43
which may, for all we know,
carry worse health consequences.
carry worse health consequences.
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那種東西據我們所知，
對健康的危害還更糟。
對健康的危害還更糟。
05:49
So today, government accountability
is eroding to the point of elimination,
is eroding to the point of elimination,
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所以，今天政府的責任歸屬
已經被侵蝕到幾乎不存在，
已經被侵蝕到幾乎不存在，
05:56
and the risk of liability
from water pollution is vanishing.
from water pollution is vanishing.
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而水污染的責任風險也正漸漸消失。
06:02
What types of incentives does this create
for investing in our water future?
for investing in our water future?
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這樣能為投資水未來
創造出什麼樣的誘因？
創造出什麼樣的誘因？
06:07
Over the past decade, the average
early stage global investment
early stage global investment
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過去十年，平均全球早期資金
06:12
in early stage water technology companies
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投資在初創階段的水科技公司，
06:15
has totaled less than
30 million dollars every year.
30 million dollars every year.
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每年總計少於三千萬美金。
06:18
That's 0.12 percent of global
venture capital for early stage companies.
venture capital for early stage companies.
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那只佔全球創投
在初創公司投資的 0.12%。
在初創公司投資的 0.12%。
06:27
And public spending is not going up
nearly fast enough.
nearly fast enough.
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而政府公用事業支出增加也不夠快。
06:31
And a closer look at it reveals
that water is not a priority.
that water is not a priority.
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仔細看就會發現
水根本不是優先項目。
水根本不是優先項目。
06:36
In 2014, the US federal government
was spending 11 dollars per citizen
was spending 11 dollars per citizen
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2014 年，美國聯邦政府
只花了每位公民 11 元
只花了每位公民 11 元
06:41
on water infrastructure,
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在水基礎建設上，
06:43
versus 251 dollars on IT infrastructure.
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卻花了每人 251 元在資訊科技上。
06:48
So when we don't use the data we have,
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所以如果我們不使用現有的數據，
06:51
we don't encourage investment
in new technologies,
in new technologies,
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我們就不鼓勵投資新科技，
06:54
we don't encourage more data collection
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我們就不鼓勵收集更多數據，
06:56
and we certainly don't encourage
investment in securing a water future.
investment in securing a water future.
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我們當然也不鼓勵
為確保水的未來而進行的投資。
為確保水的未來而進行的投資。
07:02
So are we doomed?
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所以我們是否注定失敗？
07:05
Part of what I'm still learning
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我還在繼續學習的部分，
07:07
is how to balance the doom
and the urgency with things we can do,
and the urgency with things we can do,
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是如何平衡厄運
及我們可以做點什麼的急迫感，
及我們可以做點什麼的急迫感，
07:12
because Greta Thunberg
and the Extinction Rebellion
and the Extinction Rebellion
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因為格蕾塔·通貝里
及英國環保組織「反抗滅絕」
及英國環保組織「反抗滅絕」
07:15
don't want our hope --
they want us to act.
they want us to act.
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不要我們的希望，他們要我們行動。
07:17
So what can we do?
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所以我們能做什麼？
07:19
It's hard to imagine life
without a weather service,
without a weather service,
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我們很難想像沒有氣象台的生活，
07:24
but before modern weather forecasting,
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但是在現代氣象預測出現之前，
07:27
we had no commercial air travel,
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我們沒有商務航空，
07:29
it was common for ships to be lost at sea,
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船隻很容易在大海中失蹤，
07:33
and a single storm could produce
a food shortage.
a food shortage.
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而且只要一場暴風就可以鬧飢荒。
07:37
Once we had radio and telegraph networks,
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一旦我們有了無線電及電報網路，
07:39
all that was necessary
to solve these problems
to solve these problems
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只需要追蹤暴風行徑
就能解決這些問題。
就能解決這些問題。
07:43
was tracking the movement of storms.
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07:46
And that laid the foundation
for a global data collection effort,
for a global data collection effort,
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這也為全球數據收集工作打下基礎，
07:51
one that every household
and every business depends upon today.
and every business depends upon today.
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目前這已成為家家戶戶
及各種企業不可或缺的項目。
及各種企業不可或缺的項目。
07:55
And this was as much the result of
coordinated and consistent data collection
coordinated and consistent data collection
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這是齊心不停收集數據的結果，
07:59
as it was the result of producing
a culture that saw greater value
a culture that saw greater value
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這也是因為我們產生了一種文化，
看到公開評估及共享
08:05
in openly assessing and sharing everything
that it could find out and discover
that it could find out and discover
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我們找到及發現所面臨的風險
反而有更大的價值。
反而有更大的價值。
08:10
about the risks we face.
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08:13
A global weather service for water
would help us forecast water shortages.
would help us forecast water shortages.
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全球水氣象服務
可以幫助我們預測缺水；
可以幫助我們預測缺水；
08:17
It could help us implement rationing
well before reservoirs run dry.
well before reservoirs run dry.
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可以早早在水庫乾涸之前
就幫助我們實施限水；
就幫助我們實施限水；
08:23
It could help us detect
contamination before it spreads.
contamination before it spreads.
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可以在污染擴散前先讓我們偵測到；
08:27
It could protect our supply chains,
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可以保護我們的供應鏈，
08:29
secure our food supplies,
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保障糧食供應，
08:31
and, perhaps most importantly,
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以及，或許是最重要的，
08:33
it would enable
the precise estimation of risk
the precise estimation of risk
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就是它能準確估計出風險，
08:36
necessary to ensure against it.
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確保能與之對抗。
08:40
We know we can do this because
we've already done it with weather.
we've already done it with weather.
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我們知道我們能做到這一點，
因為我們已經拿氣象來做了。
因為我們已經拿氣象來做了。
08:43
But it's going to require resources.
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但是這需要資源。
08:46
We need to encourage
greater investment in water.
greater investment in water.
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我們必須鼓勵增加對水的投資。
08:49
Investors, venture capitalists:
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投資人、創投業者：
08:51
a portion of your funds and portfolios
should be dedicated to water.
should be dedicated to water.
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你們的基金及投資組合
有一部分應該分配給水。
有一部分應該分配給水。
08:55
Nothing is more valuable
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沒有什麼比水更有價值，
08:57
and, after all, businesses are going
to need to understand water risks
to need to understand water risks
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而且，企業終究會需要了解水風險
09:01
in order to remain competitive
in the world we are entering.
in the world we are entering.
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以在我們要進入的世界保持競爭力。
09:05
Aside from venture capital,
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除了創投，
09:07
there are also lots of promising
government programs
government programs
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還有很多大有前景的政府計畫
09:10
that encourage economic development
through tax incentives.
through tax incentives.
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透過稅收優惠鼓勵經濟發展。
09:14
A new option in the US
that my company is using
that my company is using
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在美國有一個選項，
我的公司正在用，
我的公司正在用，
09:17
is called "opportunity zones."
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叫做「機會區」。
09:19
They offer favorable tax treatment
for investing capital gains
for investing capital gains
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他們提供資本利得優惠稅收政策，
讓你投資在指定的貧困和低收入區。
09:23
in designated distressed
and low-income areas.
and low-income areas.
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09:26
Now, these are areas
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這些地方
09:28
that are also facing
staggering water risk,
staggering water risk,
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也面臨巨大的水風險，
09:31
so this creates crucial incentives
to work directly with the communities
to work directly with the communities
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所以這創造出重要的誘因，
直接與最需要幫助的社區合作。
09:34
who need help most.
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09:36
And if you're not looking
to make this type of investment
to make this type of investment
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如果你不打算投資在這方面，
09:41
but you own land in the US,
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但是你在美國有塊地，
09:42
did you know that
you can leverage your land
you can leverage your land
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你可知道你能用你的土地
09:46
to conserve water quality permanently
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來永久保護水質？
09:49
with a conservation easement?
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只要運用保育地役權。
09:51
You can assign the perpetual right
to a local land trust
to a local land trust
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你可以讓與永久權利
給當地的土地信託
給當地的土地信託
09:54
to conserve your land
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以保育你的土地，
09:56
and set specific water quality goals.
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並設定具體的水質目標。
09:58
And if you meet those goals,
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如果你達到這些目標，
10:00
you can be rewarded with
a substantial tax discount every year.
a substantial tax discount every year.
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就可以每年獲得一筆可觀的減稅額。
10:06
How many areas could
our global community protect
our global community protect
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我們全球共同體透過這些
及其他計畫能保護多少地區？
及其他計畫能保護多少地區？
10:10
through these and other programs?
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10:14
They're powerful because they offer
the access to real property
the access to real property
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這些計畫非常有力，
因為藉此能取得不動產的使用權，
因為藉此能取得不動產的使用權，
10:17
necessary to lay the foundation
for a global weather service for water.
for a global weather service for water.
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為全球水氣象服務奠基。
10:23
But this can only work if we use
these programs as they are intended
these programs as they are intended
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但是這只在我們使用計畫的本意，
10:28
and not as mere vehicles for tax evasion.
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而不是拿來當逃稅的工具時才有用。
10:33
When the conservation easement
was established,
was established,
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保育地役權創建之時，
10:35
nobody could anticipate how ingrained
in environmental movements
in environmental movements
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沒有人料到製造污染的企業
10:38
corporate polluters would become.
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是如何深植於環保運動中。
10:40
And we've become accustomed to companies
talking about the climate crisis
talking about the climate crisis
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我們早已習慣看到
各個公司談論氣候危機，
各個公司談論氣候危機，
10:45
while doing nothing about it.
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卻不做出任何行動。
10:49
This has undermined the legacy
and the impact of these programs,
and the impact of these programs,
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此舉逐漸破壞這些計畫的
名聲及影響力，
名聲及影響力，
10:54
but it also makes them
ripe for reclamation.
ripe for reclamation.
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但也使重新再造的時機成熟。
10:57
Why not use conservation easements
as they were intended,
as they were intended,
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3098
為什麼不利用保育地役權的本意
11:00
to set and reach
ambitious conservation goals?
ambitious conservation goals?
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去設立並達成遠大的保育目標？
11:04
Why not create opportunities
in opportunity zones?
in opportunity zones?
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為什麼不在機會區製造機會？
11:09
Because fundamentally,
water security requires accountability.
water security requires accountability.
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因為保障水資源一定要有責任歸屬。
11:14
Accountability is not corporate polluters
sponsoring environmental groups
sponsoring environmental groups
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5718
責任歸屬不是污染的企業
贊助幾個環保團體
贊助幾個環保團體
11:20
and museums.
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及博物館就算了。
11:22
Those are conflicts of interest.
195
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這些都是利益衝突。
11:24
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
11:30
Accountability is:
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責任歸屬是：
11:33
making the risk of liability too expensive
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把責任風險弄得很貴，
11:37
to continue polluting
and wasting our water.
and wasting our water.
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貴到不值得再繼續污染
及浪費我們的水。
及浪費我們的水。
11:40
We can't keep settling for words.
It's time to act.
It's time to act.
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我們不能再安於口號，
該採取行動了。
該採取行動了。
11:44
And where better to start
than with our biggest polluters,
than with our biggest polluters,
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哪裡會比從我們
最大的污染者開始更好？
最大的污染者開始更好？
11:47
particularly the US Department
of Defense, which is taxpayer-funded.
of Defense, which is taxpayer-funded.
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尤其是美國國防部，
它可是納稅人資助的。
它可是納稅人資助的。
11:52
Who and what are we protecting
when US soldiers, their families
when US soldiers, their families
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我們到底在保護誰，在保護什麼，
如果美國士兵及眷屬
及住在各國美軍基地附近的人
及住在各國美軍基地附近的人
11:56
and the people who live near
US military bases abroad
US military bases abroad
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12:00
are all drinking toxic water?
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都在喝有毒的水？
12:02
Global security can no longer remain
at odds with protecting our planet
at odds with protecting our planet
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全球安全不可能與保護我們的星球
12:07
or our collective health.
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或我們全體的健康相違背。
12:08
Our survival depends on it.
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我們的存亡取決於它。
12:11
Similarly,
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同樣地，
12:13
agriculture in most countries
depends on taxpayer-funded subsidies
depends on taxpayer-funded subsidies
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大部分國家的農業
都仰賴由稅金而來的補貼，
都仰賴由稅金而來的補貼，
12:17
that are paid to farmers to secure
and stabilize food supplies.
and stabilize food supplies.
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支付給農民以確保並穩定食物供應。
12:22
These incentives are
a crucial leverage point for us,
a crucial leverage point for us,
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這些激勵措施是美國重要的手段，
12:26
because agriculture is responsible
for consuming 70 percent
for consuming 70 percent
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因為農業要用掉
我們每年用水量的 70%。
12:30
of all the water we use every year.
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2358
12:34
Fertilizer and pesticide runoff
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肥料及農藥逕流
12:36
are the two biggest sources
of water pollution.
of water pollution.
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2699
是兩個最大的水污染來源。
12:39
Let's restructure these subsidies
to demand better water efficiency
to demand better water efficiency
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3765
讓我們重新調整這些補貼，
以要求更高的用水效率
以要求更高的用水效率
12:43
and less pollution.
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及更少的污染。
12:44
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
12:50
Finally:
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最後，
12:52
we can't expect progress
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我們不能指望進步，
12:53
if we're unwilling to confront
the conflicts of interest
the conflicts of interest
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如果我們不願意面對
12:56
that suppress science,
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壓制科學、
12:58
that undermine innovation
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侵蝕創新
13:00
and that discourage transparency.
225
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以及阻礙透明度的利益衝突。
13:02
It is in the public interest
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公共利益就是
13:04
to measure and to share everything
we can learn and discover
we can learn and discover
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測量並共享我們得知及發現
13:08
about the risks we face in water.
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我們面臨的水風險。
13:11
Reality does not exist
until it's measured.
until it's measured.
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現實並不存在，除非測量它。
13:15
It doesn't just take
technology to measure it.
technology to measure it.
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我們不能只靠科技去測量它。
13:19
It takes our collective will.
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還需要我們的集體意志。
13:21
Thank you.
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謝謝。
13:22
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sonaar Luthra -Sonaar Luthra is the creator of Water Canary, a water-testing device that collects real-time water-quality data from the field.
Why you should listen
Sonaar Luthra was a writer and educator when he enrolled in NYU's famed Interactive Telecommunications Program (ITP) -- a breeding ground for cross-disciplinary thinking. He tells the TED Blog what happened next:
"I wanted to come up with some way of becoming what I was calling an 'urban planner for the global village.' And ... I fell in love with circuitry and with making tangible objects that had real functionality. Next thing I knew, I found myself in a class called Design for UNICEF, taught by Clay Shirky in association with UNICEF’s Innovations Lab.
"I wanted to see what was possible with water, and I was lucky to have an incredible team and the support of faculty that were willing to take on such a huge challenge. We started off as novices but we all became water experts in the process."
Read the TED Blog's full Q&A with Sonaar Luthra, "Waterwise" >>
Sonaar Luthra | Speaker | TED.com