TEDGlobal 2017
Zachariah Mampilly: How protest is redefining democracy around the world
札克萊亞曼菲利: 在全世界，抗議如何重新定義民主
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民主過程混亂、複雜、且常常是沒效率的－但在整個非洲，激進分子正在把抗議擺在民主的中心，來重定義民主。在這場有啟發性的演說中，政治科學家札克萊亞曼菲利帶我們入門，了解最近一波的抗議如何重新形塑像突尼西亞、馬拉威、辛巴威等國家－並解釋這種形式的政治紛爭如何能擴展我們的政治想像，超越別人為我們規範的可能性。
Zachariah Mampilly - Political scientist
Zachariah Mampilly is an expert on the politics of both violent and non-violent resistance. Full bio
Zachariah Mampilly is an expert on the politics of both violent and non-violent resistance. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Like many of you, I'm often frustrated
by the democratic process.
by the democratic process.
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我和許多人一樣，
對民主過程感到很挫折。
對民主過程感到很挫折。
00:17
It's messy, it's complicated,
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它很混亂，它很複雜，
00:19
it's often inefficient.
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它通常很沒效率。
00:21
Our political leaders feel disconnected
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我們的政治領袖似乎和一般人
00:24
from the concerns of ordinary people.
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所關心的事物沒有連結。
00:27
Many feel that voting every few years
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許多人覺得，每幾年投一次票，
00:29
for leaders disconnected
from their daily challenges
from their daily challenges
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選出與其日常生活困難
沒有連結的領袖，
沒有連結的領袖，
00:32
is pointless.
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是無意義的。
00:35
But before we reject democracy,
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但在我們抵制民主之前，
00:38
let's imagine what it could be.
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咱們來試想，它能是怎樣的。
00:41
And I believe that African activists
are redefining democracy
are redefining democracy
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我相信非洲的激進分子
正在重新定義民主，
正在重新定義民主，
00:45
by putting protest at its center,
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他們把抗議放在民主的中心位置，
00:47
what I refer to as "protest democracy."
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我稱之為「抗議民主」。
00:53
International organizations
and academic experts
and academic experts
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國際組織以及學術專家
00:56
define democracy as regular,
multiparty electoral competition.
multiparty electoral competition.
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把民主定義為定期的多黨選舉競爭。
01:03
But democracy should not only be
about elites competing at the ballot box.
about elites competing at the ballot box.
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但民主的重點不該
只是菁英在競爭選票。
只是菁英在競爭選票。
01:07
For it to have meaning,
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若要讓它有意義，
01:09
it's something we must
engage in every day.
engage in every day.
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我們每天都要與其有所連結。
01:13
When I say "protest democracy,"
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當我說「抗議民主」，
01:16
I'm challenging how we think
about democratic action.
about democratic action.
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我是在挑戰我們對於
民主行動的想法。
民主行動的想法。
01:21
Viewing democracy as only elections
is no longer adequate
is no longer adequate
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只將民主視為選舉，已經不再適當，
01:25
and threatens democracy itself.
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且會對民主本身造成威脅。
01:29
So we must protest democracy
to give it a renewed meaning.
to give it a renewed meaning.
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所以我們必須要抗議民主，
來將之重新定義。
來將之重新定義。
01:36
What would this look like?
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這看起來會是什麼樣子？
01:39
We need to turn to African societies,
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我們得要轉向非洲社會，
01:41
where ordinary people
are increasingly taking to the streets
are increasingly taking to the streets
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在那裡，一般人越來越常走上街頭，
01:45
to transform their lives.
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去轉變他們的人生。
01:47
African social movements
have often been at the forefront
have often been at the forefront
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非洲社會運動通常都
處在以這種方式
處在以這種方式
01:50
of conceptualizing democracy in this way.
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將民主給概念化的最前線。
01:53
This may come as a surprise
to those of who think
to those of who think
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有些人可能會感到驚訝，
01:55
that the only way
Africans engage in politics
Africans engage in politics
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那些人認為非洲人只有透過槍管
01:58
is through the barrel of the gun.
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才能參與政治。
02:01
But increasingly, young people
are taking to the streets
are taking to the streets
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但有越來越多年輕人走上街頭，
02:04
and abandoning organized violence
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放棄組織暴力，
02:07
in favor of more effective
nonviolent action.
nonviolent action.
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支持更有效益的非暴力行動。
02:12
I've spent much of the past two decades
talking to African activists,
talking to African activists,
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過去二十年，我大部分的時間
都在和非洲激進分子交談，
都在和非洲激進分子交談，
02:15
both violent and nonviolent.
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包括暴力派和非暴力派。
02:19
Across Africa, young people are rising up
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在整個非洲，年輕人開始站起來，
02:21
to challenge almost every
type of regime known to humanity.
type of regime known to humanity.
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挑戰幾乎人類所知道的每一種政體。
02:25
This is my friend Thiat.
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這是我的朋友西亞特。
02:27
He's a rapper from Senegal.
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他是塞內加爾的饒舌歌手。
02:29
He led a large movement in Senegal
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他在塞內加爾領導了
02:31
that was successful in preventing
the president from stealing a third term.
the president from stealing a third term.
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一個大型運動，成功預防
總統偷取第三次任期。
總統偷取第三次任期。
02:35
From Morocco to Lesotho,
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從摩洛哥到賴索托，
02:37
young people are rising up
against entrenched monarchies:
against entrenched monarchies:
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年輕人起義，對抗
根深蒂固的君主政體：
根深蒂固的君主政體：
02:41
in Egypt and Sudan,
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在埃及和蘇丹，
02:43
against brutal dictatorships;
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對抗殘酷的獨裁政府；
02:46
in Uganda and Ethiopia,
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在烏干達和衣索比亞，
02:48
against powerful militarized states
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對抗披著民主外表的
02:51
with quasi-democratic veneers;
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強大軍國主義國家；
02:56
in South Africa,
where this image was taken,
where this image was taken,
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在南非，也就是
拍攝這張照片的地方，
拍攝這張照片的地方，
02:58
and Burundi,
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以及蒲隆地，
03:00
against democratically elected leaders
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對抗由民主選出來的領袖，
03:02
who have done little to improve
the conditions for ordinary people.
the conditions for ordinary people.
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因為他們幾乎沒有去
改善平民的生活條件。
改善平民的生活條件。
03:06
Across the continent,
protest is not exceptional,
protest is not exceptional,
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在世界各地，抗議並非不尋常，
03:09
but a normal part of life.
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它成了正常生活的一部分。
03:12
Africans use protests
to challenge both dictators
to challenge both dictators
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非洲人用抗議來挑戰獨裁者
03:15
as well as power cuts.
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以及斷電的狀況。
03:19
In a way, Africans are protesting
democracy itself,
democracy itself,
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在某種意義上，非洲人
是在抗議民主本身，
是在抗議民主本身，
03:23
enriching its possibilities for us all.
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為我們所有人增加民主的可能性。
03:26
There have been two
major waves of African protest,
major waves of African protest,
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已經有過兩波非洲抗議的大風波，
03:28
and we are currently living
through the third,
through the third,
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我們現在正在經歷第三波，
03:31
which began around 2005.
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這一波約始於 2005 年。
03:32
It includes the so-called Arab Spring,
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它包括了所謂的阿拉伯之春，
03:35
which took place mostly on the continent.
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其主要發生地點是在非洲大陸。
03:39
The first wave took place
in the 1940s and 1950s
in the 1940s and 1950s
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第一波發生在四○及五○年代，
03:42
and led to Africa's decolonization.
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導致了非洲的非殖民地化。
03:45
Kwame Nkrumah led
a broad coalition in Ghana
a broad coalition in Ghana
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夸梅恩克魯瑪在迦納
領導了一個廣大的聯盟，
領導了一個廣大的聯盟，
03:49
that overthrew British rule,
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推翻了英國的統治，
03:51
providing a template
for nonviolent movements globally.
for nonviolent movements globally.
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為全世界提供了一個
非暴力運動的範本。
非暴力運動的範本。
03:55
The second wave took place
in the 1980s and 1990s
in the 1980s and 1990s
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第二波發生在八○和九○年代，
03:59
against austerity measures
that imposed harsh conditions
that imposed harsh conditions
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對抗財政緊縮措施，
因其帶給非洲經濟
因其帶給非洲經濟
04:01
on African economies.
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惡劣的條件。
04:04
These protests led to the overthrow
of autocratic regimes
of autocratic regimes
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這些抗議導致獨裁政體被推翻，
04:07
and led to the introduction
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也導致在非洲各地
04:08
of multiparty elections
across the continent.
across the continent.
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開始推行多黨選舉。
04:13
The ongoing third wave is correcting
the shortcomings of the earlier two.
the shortcomings of the earlier two.
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正在發生的第三波，目的
是在修正前兩波的缺點。
是在修正前兩波的缺點。
04:19
If the first wave brought
liberation but not democracy,
liberation but not democracy,
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若第一波帶來了自由，但沒有民主，
04:24
and the second, elections
but only for the elites,
but only for the elites,
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而第二波帶來了選舉，但僅限菁英，
04:28
then it is the third wave
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那麼，第三波
04:29
that is most concerned
with transforming democracy
with transforming democracy
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主要目的就是要把民主給轉換
04:32
into the rule of the people.
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成為人民的統治。
04:35
It includes movements
like Y'en a Marre in Senegal,
like Y'en a Marre in Senegal,
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這一波的運動包括塞內加爾的
Y'en a Marre（團體名）、
Y'en a Marre（團體名）、
04:39
Le Balai Citoyen in Burkina Faso,
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布基那法索的 Le Balai Citoyen、
04:41
Tajamuka in Zimbabwe,
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辛巴威的 Tajamuka、
04:43
LUCHA and Filimbi
in the Democratic Republic of Congo,
in the Democratic Republic of Congo,
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剛果民主共和國的
LUCHA 和 Filimbi，
LUCHA 和 Filimbi，
04:47
movements that work outside of more
conventional nongovernmental organizations
conventional nongovernmental organizations
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這些運動的運作，都已經
超出了常見的非政府組織
超出了常見的非政府組織
04:52
and political parties
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以及政黨，
04:53
to challenge the economic
and political system itself,
and political system itself,
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去挑戰經濟和政治體制本身，
04:57
often at great risk.
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通常風險都很大。
04:59
Brilliant young activists
like LUCHA's Fred Bauma
like LUCHA's Fred Bauma
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傑出的年輕激進分子，
像 LUCHA 的佛雷德巴烏瑪，
像 LUCHA 的佛雷德巴烏瑪，
05:02
have been detained and tortured,
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遭到拘留和刑求，
05:05
often with little to no outcry
from the international community.
from the international community.
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卻幾乎沒有來自國際社會的抗議聲。
05:09
The list goes on, as you can see
from some of the data we collected.
from some of the data we collected.
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清單還很長，從我們所收集的
一些資料中可以看出。
一些資料中可以看出。
05:12
There have been large popular protests
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自從 2005 年起，在至少四十個
05:14
in over 40 African countries since 2005,
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非洲國家都有大型的群眾抗議，
05:18
and if you look,
you'll recognize that in 2011,
you'll recognize that in 2011,
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從圖中可以看出，在 2011 年，
05:21
the year of the so-called Arab Spring,
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所謂阿拉伯之春的那一年，
05:23
was actually the spike
of this broader wave.
of this broader wave.
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正是這更廣的一波抗議的高峰。
05:26
Contrary to popular belief,
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和大家所相信的相反，
05:27
many of these protests
have been successful.
have been successful.
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這些抗議當中有許多是成功的。
05:30
We know of the dictators falling
in Tunisia and in Egypt,
in Tunisia and in Egypt,
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我們知道在突尼西亞
和埃及有獨裁者垮台，
和埃及有獨裁者垮台，
05:34
but popular movements have prevented
presidents from stealing third terms
presidents from stealing third terms
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但群眾運動已經預防了
總統偷取第三次任期，
總統偷取第三次任期，
05:38
in Senegal, in Malawi
and Burkina Faso as well.
and Burkina Faso as well.
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在塞內加爾、馬拉威、
布基那法索都可以看見。
布基那法索都可以看見。
05:43
What's driving this upsurge of protest?
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這波抗議高潮背後的動因是什麼？
05:46
Demographically,
Africa is both the youngest
Africa is both the youngest
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人口統計上來說，非洲是最年輕
05:49
and the fastest-growing continent,
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且成長最快速的大陸，
05:51
with the largest age gap
between the people and their rulers.
between the people and their rulers.
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人民和統治者之間的年齡差異最大。
05:55
It is urbanizing at a tremendous pace.
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其都市化的速度快得驚人。
05:58
Economically, African countries
have been growing for over a decade now,
have been growing for over a decade now,
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經濟上，非洲國家
現在已經成長了十年，
現在已經成長了十年，
06:02
largely driven by investments from Asia.
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主要是由亞洲的投資所驅動的。
06:05
But little of this wealth
is trickling down.
is trickling down.
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但這財富很少滴下
（註：經濟上的滴入論）。
（註：經濟上的滴入論）。
06:09
Formal jobs in the industrial sector
are actually decreasing,
are actually decreasing,
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在工業部門的正式工作
其實正在減少，
其實正在減少，
06:13
with informal labor the only option left
for people to eke out a living.
for people to eke out a living.
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人民若要勉強維生，只剩下
一個選擇：非正式的工作。
一個選擇：非正式的工作。
06:18
As a result, inequality is skyrocketing,
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因此，不平等突然快速高漲，
06:21
and political leaders
are increasingly disconnected
are increasingly disconnected
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政治領袖與年輕人口
06:24
from their much younger populations.
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越來越沒有連結。
06:26
For those of us from outside of Africa,
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至於我們這些來自非洲之外的人，
06:28
we're familiar with parts of this story:
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我們熟知這個故事的一些部分：
06:30
a massive spike in inequality,
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不平等的高峰、
06:33
the product of a decline
in good jobs for good wages
in good jobs for good wages
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它是好薪水好工作－過去曾被認為是
06:36
that were once considered
the hallmark of an advanced society;
the hallmark of an advanced society;
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先進社會的標誌－
減少，所造成的結果；
減少，所造成的結果；
06:39
the capture of our
political parties by elites
political parties by elites
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我們的政黨被菁英給佔領，
06:42
accompanied by the hollowing
out of civil society
out of civil society
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伴隨著曾能賦予人民聲音的
06:45
that once provided a voice
to ordinary people;
to ordinary people;
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公民社會也被挖空；
06:48
that sinking feeling
that no matter what you do,
that no matter what you do,
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還有種要出事的感覺，
好像不論你做什麼，
好像不論你做什麼，
06:51
external factors related
to the global economy
to the global economy
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和全球經濟相關的外在因子
06:54
can disrupt our lives for the worse.
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都能打亂我們的生活，讓它變更糟。
06:58
Our political leaders seem helpless,
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我們的政治領袖似乎很無助，
07:00
insisting on austerity,
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堅持採取緊縮，
07:03
even as public goods diminish
to levels unseen in decades.
to levels unseen in decades.
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即使公眾得益縮減到了
數十年來沒見過的低點。
數十年來沒見過的低點。
07:06
And this is when they're not succumbing
to exclusionary nationalism,
to exclusionary nationalism,
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且這是在當他們沒有
屈服於排斥性民族主義，
屈服於排斥性民族主義，
07:10
blaming our woes on the weak
rather than the powerful.
rather than the powerful.
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將我們的不幸怪罪於
弱勢者而非有權者時。
弱勢者而非有權者時。
07:15
What those of us from North America
and Western Europe consider to be new
and Western Europe consider to be new
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被我們來自北美和西歐的人
認為是新的狀況，
認為是新的狀況，
07:18
has been the normal condition
of African life since the 1970s.
of African life since the 1970s.
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其實打從七○年代起在
非洲生活中就是很正常的。
非洲生活中就是很正常的。
07:22
So who better to learn from
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所以，最好的學習對象
07:23
than those who have been engaged
in resistance to these conditions
in resistance to these conditions
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不就是曾參與過抵抗那些狀況且持續
07:27
for the longest period of time?
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抵抗最久的那些人？
07:29
What can we learn
from African protest democracy?
from African protest democracy?
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我們從非洲的
抗議民主中能學到什麼？
抗議民主中能學到什麼？
07:32
First, democracy must begin
with ordinary people.
with ordinary people.
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首先，民主必須要始於一般人民。
07:36
Viewing democracy as only elections
has led to widespread disillusionment.
has led to widespread disillusionment.
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只把民主視為是選舉，
已經造成了廣泛的幻想破滅。
已經造成了廣泛的幻想破滅。
07:41
We must instead work to center
ordinary people in democratic life.
ordinary people in democratic life.
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我們反而必須努力把人民
放在民主生活的中心。
放在民主生活的中心。
07:45
Protest provides us one way to do that.
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要做到這點，抗議是一種方式。
07:48
Regardless of your age,
sexuality, your gender,
sexuality, your gender,
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不論你的年齡、性向、性別，
07:52
whether you're a citizen or a non-citizen,
able-bodied or disabled,
able-bodied or disabled,
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不論你是公民或非公民、
殘障或非殘障，
殘障或非殘障，
07:55
anyone can participate.
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人人都可以參與。
07:58
In contrast to elections,
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抗議和選舉大不相同，
07:59
protests are not confined
by rigid electoral cycles.
by rigid electoral cycles.
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抗議並沒有受到死板的
選舉週期給限制。
選舉週期給限制。
08:03
They offer a much more
immediate form of action
immediate form of action
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抗議提供的是一種立即形式的行動，
08:05
in our era of instant feedback.
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在我們這個即時回饋的時代。
08:08
Second, while protests may be messy,
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第二，雖然抗議可能會很混亂，
08:11
this is what makes them powerful.
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這也是抗議強大的原因。
08:14
Protests are contentious
and contested processes,
and contested processes,
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抗議是引起爭論和辯駁的過程，
08:18
defined by contingent actions,
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由無法預料的行動所定義，
08:21
often devoid of clear messaging,
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通常沒有很清楚的訊息，
08:24
characterized by incomplete organization.
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特徵是不完整的組織。
08:27
These dynamics are what makes it easy
to dismiss protests as riots
to dismiss protests as riots
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這些動力讓抗議很容易
被視為暴動而不加理會，
被視為暴動而不加理會，
08:31
or to assume they are
of limited political utility.
of limited political utility.
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或是假設它們的政治效用有限。
08:35
But it also makes them easier to suppress.
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但這也讓抗議變得很容易鎮壓。
08:38
Too often, governments do not view
protests as elementary to democracy.
protests as elementary to democracy.
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太常見的狀況是，政府不把
抗議視為是民主的基礎。
抗議視為是民主的基礎。
08:44
Instead, they violently crush
social movements
social movements
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反之，政府用暴力來摧毀社會運動，
08:48
or work to discredit their message.
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或是努力去抵毀它們的訊息。
08:53
Third, as I already hinted,
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第三，我已經暗示過，
08:56
protest is the space from which
new political imaginations may emerge.
new political imaginations may emerge.
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抗議是一個空間，讓新的
政治想像可以浮現的空間。
政治想像可以浮現的空間。
09:01
Protests are about coloring
outside the lines,
outside the lines,
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抗議的重點是要打破規則，
09:04
a way for ordinary people
to rewrite the rules of the game
to rewrite the rules of the game
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抗議是種方式，能讓一般人
重寫被太多人認為
重寫被太多人認為
09:08
that too many feel
are stacked against them.
are stacked against them.
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有弊端且對其不利的遊戲規則。
09:11
Many young people in Africa
have grown up in societies
have grown up in societies
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在非洲，許多年輕人所成長的社會，
09:14
where a single ruler
has ruled their entire lives.
has ruled their entire lives.
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在他們一生中都沒換過統治者。
09:17
Protest is the space
for new possibilities to emerge,
for new possibilities to emerge,
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抗議，是讓新的可能性
得以浮現的空間，
得以浮現的空間，
09:20
as young people begin
to discover their own power.
to discover their own power.
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因為年輕人會開始
發現他們自己的力量。
發現他們自己的力量。
09:24
Consider the situation
of my friend Linda Masarira,
of my friend Linda Masarira,
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想想我朋友琳達瑪莎里拉的情況，
09:28
a single mother of five,
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單親媽媽，有五個孩子，
09:29
who is leading protests
against the Mugabe regime in Zimbabwe.
against the Mugabe regime in Zimbabwe.
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她在辛巴威領導對抗
穆加比政權的抗議活動。
穆加比政權的抗議活動。
09:34
She has been beaten, arrested, harassed.
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她曾被毆打、逮捕、騷擾。
09:37
But Linda perseveres, because
as she told me a few months ago,
as she told me a few months ago,
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但琳達堅持不懈，因為，
如她幾個月前告訴過我的，
如她幾個月前告訴過我的，
09:40
protest has given her a sense
of meaning and direction.
of meaning and direction.
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抗議讓她有了意義感與方向感。
09:43
And though she knows the odds against her,
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雖然她知道自己勝算不高，
09:45
Linda perseveres.
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她仍然堅持不懈。
09:47
Like Linda and other
young African activists,
young African activists,
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就像琳達及其他年輕的
非洲激進分子一樣，
非洲激進分子一樣，
09:51
we all must work to redefine democracy
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我們都得要努力重新定義民主，
09:53
as something more than just
elections and political parties.
elections and political parties.
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定義為不僅是選舉和政治黨派。
09:58
Democracy is a creative process,
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民主是個創意的過程，
10:01
and protest has always been the vehicle
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抗議一直是其工具媒介，
10:03
for expanding our political imaginations
beyond what we are told is possible.
beyond what we are told is possible.
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擴展我們的政治想像，不要
讓別人來告訴我們什麼是可能的。
讓別人來告訴我們什麼是可能的。
10:08
(In Swahili) Thank you very much.
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（斯華西里語）非常謝謝。
10:09
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Zachariah Mampilly - Political scientistZachariah Mampilly is an expert on the politics of both violent and non-violent resistance.
Why you should listen
Zachariah Mampilly has lived, worked and studied in Africa, South Asia and North America. An expert on the politics of both violent and nonviolent resistance, he is the author of Rebel Rulers: Insurgent Governance and Civilian Life during War (2011), based on extensive fieldwork in rebel-controlled zones of Congo, Sri Lanka and South Sudan. His 2015 book, Africa Uprising: Popular Protest and Political Change (with Adam Branch), examines the ongoing Third Wave of African protest and provides an inside look at recent movements in Ethiopia, Nigeria, Uganda and Sudan.
Mampilly writes widely on South Asian and African politics for a variety of publications, including Al Jazeera, The Hindu, The Washington Post, Foreign Affairs and N+1. He's a professor of political science and Africana studies at Vassar College in New York, and he spent 2012-2013 teaching at the University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, as a Fulbright Scholar.
Zachariah Mampilly | Speaker | TED.com