TED2010
Cheryl Hayashi: The magnificence of spider silk
林雪嫯 （Cheryl Hayashi）： 蜘蛛絲的偉大
Filmed:
Readability: 4.6
889,997 views
林雪嫯 （Cheryl Hayashi）研究蜘蛛絲，一種高效能的天然材料。每一種蜘蛛可以做七種唔同嘅（蜘蛛）絲。佢地點整？林（Hayashi）從 DNA 講起 -- 跟著展示比我哋啲使人發奮
Cheryl Hayashi - Spider silk scientist
Cheryl Hayashi studies the delicate but terrifically strong silk threads that make up a spider's web, finding startling applications for human use. Full bio
Cheryl Hayashi studies the delicate but terrifically strong silk threads that make up a spider's web, finding startling applications for human use. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
I'm here to spread the word about the
0
1000
2000
我喺度傳播吓呢堆字，就喺
00:18
magnificence of spiders
1
3000
2000
蜘蛛幾勁
00:20
and how much we can learn from them.
2
5000
3000
同埋，我地點樣喺佢度學幾多嘢。
00:23
Spiders are truly global citizens.
3
8000
2000
蜘蛛真喺世界公民。
00:25
You can find spiders in nearly
4
10000
2000
你差唔多可以喺
00:27
every terrestrial habitat.
5
12000
2000
所有 “陸生生境” 上面揾到蜘蛛。
00:29
This red dot marks
6
14000
2000
呢個紅點
00:31
the Great Basin of North America,
7
16000
2000
就喺北美洲大盤地，
00:33
and I'm involved with an alpine biodiversity
8
18000
2000
同埋我參加的 “高山生物多樣性”的
00:35
project there with some collaborators.
9
20000
2000
計劃，喺嗰道我同埋我班同事。
00:37
Here's one of our field sites,
10
22000
2000
呢一個喺我哋其中一個野外地盤，
00:39
and just to give you a sense of perspective,
11
24000
2000
比你睇吓喺點嘅樣，
00:41
this little blue smudge here,
12
26000
2000
呢，呢個藍色污點嗰度，
00:43
that's one of my collaborators.
13
28000
2000
佢咪喺我嗰班同事。
00:45
This is a rugged and barren landscape,
14
30000
3000
呢道山勢山窮水惡，
00:48
yet there are quite a few spiders here.
15
33000
2000
但喺都有幾多蜘蛛嫁。
00:50
Turning rocks over revealed this crab spider
16
35000
4000
翻轉舊石頭，睇吓呢隻蟹蛛
00:54
grappling with a beetle.
17
39000
2000
同隻甲蟲玩雙撲。
00:56
Spiders are not just everywhere,
18
41000
3000
蜘蛛唔單止周圍都喺，
00:59
but they're extremely diverse.
19
44000
2000
佢地真喺無處不在。
01:01
There are over 40,000 described species
20
46000
3000
有記錄都超過四千種
01:04
of spiders.
21
49000
1000
蜘蛛。
01:05
To put that number into perspective,
22
50000
2000
睇吓嗰個數字，
01:07
here's a graph comparing the 40,000
23
52000
2000
呢張圖呢四千
01:09
species of spiders
24
54000
2000
種蜘蛛
01:11
to the 400 species of primates.
25
56000
2000
同400種比較。
01:13
There are two orders of magnitude more
26
58000
2000
（蜘蛛）差唔多喺 （靈長類動物）百幾倍
01:15
spiders than primates.
27
60000
2000
蜘蛛比靈長類多。
01:17
Spiders are also extremely old.
28
62000
4000
蜘蛛都幾歷史悠久。
01:21
On the bottom here,
29
66000
2000
下面呢度，
01:23
this is the geologic timescale,
30
68000
2000
呢個喺 ”地質學時標尺度“，
01:25
and the numbers on it indicate millions
31
70000
2000
呢個上面嘅數字咪百幾萬
01:27
of years from the present, so the zero here,
32
72000
2000
年前囉，呢度喺零，
01:29
that would be today.
33
74000
2000
即喺今日。
01:31
So what this figure shows is that spiders
34
76000
3000
咁，呢個數字咪喺蜘蛛
01:34
date back to almost 380 million years.
35
79000
4000
可以追溯到差唔多三億八千萬年前。
01:38
To put that into perspective, this red
36
83000
2000
睇吓呢個紅色
01:40
vertical bar here marks the divergence time
37
85000
3000
直框呢度，咪喺個時間離散度
01:43
of humans from chimpanzees,
38
88000
3000
從猿人進化成人類，
01:46
a mere seven million years ago.
39
91000
3000
只喺用咗七百萬年。
01:49
All spiders make silk
40
94000
2000
所有蜘蛛都 （吐絲）
01:51
at some point in their life.
41
96000
2000
喺佢一生某段時間 （吐絲）。
01:53
Most spiders use copious amounts of silk,
42
98000
3000
大部分蜘蛛用大量唔同嘅蜘蛛絲，
01:56
and silk is essential to their survival
43
101000
2000
同埋蜘蛛絲對佢求生都幾重要
01:58
and reproduction.
44
103000
2000
重有繁殖呢。
02:00
Even fossil spiders can make silk,
45
105000
2000
化石蛛都可以做絲
02:02
as we can see from this impression of
46
107000
2000
睇吓呢張（圖）
02:04
a spinneret on this fossil spider.
47
109000
3000
石化蛛同埋佢個蛛絲頭。
02:07
So this means that both spiders
48
112000
2000
所以，兩個蜘蛛
02:09
and spider silk have been around
49
114000
2000
同埋蜘蛛絲已經存在
02:11
for 380 million years.
50
116000
4000
咗三億八千萬年。
02:16
It doesn't take long from working with spiders
51
121000
3000
（你）唔使同蜘蛛做太耐嘢
02:19
to start noticing how essential silk is
52
124000
3000
（你）就開始發覺蜘蛛絲點重要
02:22
to just about every aspect of their life.
53
127000
3000
喺佢（蜘蛛）一生各個方面。
02:25
Spiders use silk for many purposes, including
54
130000
3000
蜘蛛用（蜘蛛）絲有好多原因，如
02:28
the trailing safety dragline,
55
133000
2000
搖曳安全拖絲，
02:30
wrapping eggs for reproduction,
56
135000
3000
包裹（蜘蛛）蛋以供繁殖，
02:33
protective retreats
57
138000
2000
保護性撤退
02:35
and catching prey.
58
140000
2000
同埋獵食
02:37
There are many kinds of spider silk.
59
142000
2000
蜘蛛絲有好多種
02:39
For example, this garden spider can make
60
144000
3000
比如，呢個 “園蛛” 可以做
02:42
seven different kinds of silks.
61
147000
2000
七種唔同嘅蜘蛛絲。
02:44
When you look at this orb web, you're actually
62
149000
2000
當你睇呢個環形蜘蛛網時，你其實
02:46
seeing many types of silk fibers.
63
151000
3000
睇緊好多種蜘蛛絲纖維。
02:49
The frame and radii of this web
64
154000
2000
（蜘蛛）網架和（蜘蛛）網半徑架
02:51
is made up of one type of silk,
65
156000
3000
是由一種蜘蛛絲做，
02:54
while the capture spiral is a composite
66
159000
2000
但補旋網嘅組成
02:56
of two different silks:
67
161000
2000
喺由兩種唔同嘅蜘蛛絲：
02:58
the filament and the sticky droplet.
68
163000
3000
小絲體同埋粘滴
03:01
How does an individual spider
69
166000
3000
個別蜘蛛點樣
03:04
make so many kinds of silk?
70
169000
3000
整咁多種蜘蛛絲呢？
03:07
To answer that, you have to look a lot closer
71
172000
2000
要揾答案，你要睇埋啲
03:09
at the spinneret region of a spider.
72
174000
2000
蜘蛛嗰個 ”吐絲頭“ 嗰度。
03:11
So silk comes out of the spinnerets, and for
73
176000
2000
蜘蛛絲從 ”吐絲頭“ 嗰度出離，同埋
03:13
those of us spider silk biologists, this is what
74
178000
2000
我哋呢啲蜘蛛絲生物學家，呢啲
03:15
we call the "business end" of the spider. (Laughter)
75
180000
2000
我哋叫佢做蜘蛛嘅 “生意”。 （笑聲）
03:17
We spend long days ...
76
182000
2000
我哋用咗好長日子.....
03:19
Hey! Don't laugh. That's my life.
77
184000
2000
嘻，唔好笑，我條命喺咁。
03:21
(Laughter)
78
186000
2000
（笑聲）
03:23
We spend long days and nights
79
188000
2000
我哋用咗好長嘅日與夜
03:25
staring at this part of the spider.
80
190000
3000
睇住蜘蛛呢部分，
03:28
And this is what we see.
81
193000
2000
同埋呢啲咪喺我睇到嘅嘢。
03:30
You can see multiple fibers
82
195000
2000
你可以睇到好多纖維
03:32
coming out of the spinnerets, because
83
197000
3000
從 “吐絲頭” 個度出離，因為
03:35
each spinneret has many spigots on it.
84
200000
3000
每一個 “吐絲頭” 上面有好多個 “咀”。
03:38
Each of these silk fibers exits from the spigot,
85
203000
3000
每個 （蜘蛛）絲纖維喺唔同嘅 “咀” 出離
03:41
and if you were to trace the fiber back
86
206000
2000
同埋如果你從纖維追返轉頭
03:43
into the spider, what you would find is that
87
208000
3000
去蜘蛛身體，你會揾到嘅喺
03:46
each spigot connects to its own individual
88
211000
2000
每一個 “咀” 連接住單個嘅
03:48
silk gland. A silk gland kind of looks like a sac
89
213000
3000
（蜘蛛）絲腺體，絲腺體睇嚟好似一個液囊
03:51
with a lot of silk proteins stuck inside.
90
216000
3000
同埋好多蛛絲蛋白黐喺裡面。
03:54
So if you ever have the opportunity to dissect
91
219000
2000
所有，如果你無機會解剖
03:56
an orb-web-weaving spider,
92
221000
2000
環形網織網蜘蛛，
03:58
and I hope you do,
93
223000
2000
我希望你有機會，
04:00
what you would find is a bounty
94
225000
3000
你會揾到一啲 ”好嘢“
04:03
of beautiful, translucent silk glands.
95
228000
3000
好靚，半透明嘅絲腺體
04:06
Inside each spider, there are hundreds
96
231000
2000
每隻蜘蛛裡面，有百幾個
04:08
of silk glands, sometimes thousands.
97
233000
3000
絲腺體，有時，成千個。
04:11
These can be grouped into seven categories.
98
236000
3000
呢啲可以被組成七類
04:14
They differ by size, shape,
99
239000
2000
佢地大細，外形唔同，
04:16
and sometimes even color.
100
241000
2000
有時顏色都唔同
04:18
In an orb-web-weaving spider,
101
243000
2000
在環形網織網蜘蛛裡面，
04:20
you can find seven types of silk glands,
102
245000
2000
你可以揾到七種絲腺體，
04:22
and what I have depicted here in this picture,
103
247000
2000
同埋我喺呢張圖描述咁，
04:24
let's start at the one o'clock position,
104
249000
3000
我哋從 ”一點鐘“ 位置開始，
04:27
there's tubuliform silk glands, which are used
105
252000
2000
嗰啲 ”小管狀“ 的絲腺體，佢喺被用嚟
04:29
to make the outer silk of an egg sac.
106
254000
2000
製造液囊體外絲。
04:31
There's the aggregate and flagelliform silk
107
256000
2000
呢度喺聚狀腺絲同埋鞭狀腺絲
04:33
glands which combine to make the sticky
108
258000
2000
各腺體組合成嗰啲好黐嘅
04:35
capture spiral of an orb web.
109
260000
3000
環形蜘蛛網上面螺旋捕捉體。
04:38
Pyriform silk glands make the attachment
110
263000
2000
梨渦狀絲腺體製造嗰啲附加嘅
04:40
cement -- that's the silk that's used to adhere
111
265000
3000
黐固劑 -- 佢喺嗰啲用嚟黐住
04:43
silk lines to a substrate.
112
268000
3000
（蜘蛛）絲線同埋嗰個底座。
04:46
There's also aciniform silk,
113
271000
2000
嗰啲葡萄串状絲都喺
04:48
which is used to wrap prey.
114
273000
2000
被用嚟包住獵物。
04:50
Minor ampullate silk is used in web construction.
115
275000
2000
小壺腹狀的絲線用嚟起網。
04:52
And the most studied silk line
116
277000
2000
同埋所有絲線研究
04:54
of them all: major ampullate silk.
117
279000
2000
裡面最多嘅：大壺腹狀絲。
04:56
This is the silk that's used to make the frame
118
281000
2000
呢啲（蜘蛛）絲喺用嚟做 （網）架
04:58
and radii of an orb web, and also
119
283000
3000
同埋環形網嗰個網半徑架，重有
05:01
the safety trailing dragline.
120
286000
3000
嗰條搖曳安全拖丝。
05:04
But what, exactly, is spider silk?
121
289000
3000
即喺點，正確啲，蜘蛛絲喺點？
05:08
Spider silk is almost entirely protein.
122
293000
3000
蜘蛛絲差唔多都喺全蛋白質。
05:11
Nearly all of these proteins can be explained
123
296000
2000
大部分呢啲蛋白質都能夠由
05:13
by a single gene family,
124
298000
3000
單基因家族解釋，
05:16
so this means that the diversity of silk types
125
301000
2000
所以，呢啲不同種類嘅蜘蛛絲
05:18
we see today is encoded by one gene family,
126
303000
5000
我哋今日睇到都喺由單基因家族所編碼，
05:23
so presumably the original spider ancestor
127
308000
3000
因此，可以假設原始蜘蛛祖先
05:26
made one kind of silk,
128
311000
2000
只喺做一種絲
05:28
and over the last 380 million years,
129
313000
3000
同埋繫最近嘅三億八千萬年前
05:31
that one silk gene has duplicated
130
316000
3000
只是一種 （蜘蛛絲）基因被複製
05:34
and then diverged, specialized,
131
319000
3000
跟着，被轉绿，特化，
05:37
over and over and over again, to get
132
322000
3000
不停，不停，不停地咁樣，產生
05:40
the large variety of flavors of spider silks
133
325000
2000
大量唔同樣嘅蜘蛛絲
05:42
that we have today.
134
327000
3000
我哋今日個嗰啲 （蜘蛛絲）。
05:45
There are several features that all these silks
135
330000
2000
所有呢啲都由幾種特性
05:47
have in common. They all have a common
136
332000
2000
一樣，佢地都有同樣
05:49
design, such as they're all very long --
137
334000
2000
式樣，就好似佢地都好長 --
05:51
they're sort of outlandishly long
138
336000
3000
長得有啲古古怪怪
05:54
compared to other proteins.
139
339000
2000
同其他蛋白質比較。
05:56
They're very repetitive, and they're very rich
140
341000
3000
佢地重重覆覆，同埋好多
05:59
in the amino acids glycine and alanine.
141
344000
3000
氨基酸裡面嘅甘氨酸同丙氨酸。
06:02
To give you an idea of what
142
347000
2000
比例一啲印象你睇
06:04
a spider silk protein looks like,
143
349000
2000
蜘蛛絲蛋白喺點樣，
06:06
this is a dragline silk protein,
144
351000
2000
呢條喺拖丝蛋白，
06:08
it's just a portion of it,
145
353000
2000
佢喺 （拖絲）其中一部分，
06:10
from the black widow spider.
146
355000
2000
喺由黑寡婦蜘蛛（度攞出嚟）。
06:12
This is the kind of sequence that I love
147
357000
2000
呢類 （蛋白）序列我好鐘意
06:14
looking at day and night. (Laughter)
148
359000
3000
日日夜夜睇住佢。 （笑聲）
06:17
So what you're seeing here is the one letter
149
362000
2000
所以，你睇緊呢度嗰個字母
06:19
abbreviation for amino acids, and I've colored
150
364000
2000
喺氨基酸嘅簡寫，佢比我加咗啲顏色
06:21
in the glycines with green,
151
366000
2000
甘氨酸用綠色，
06:23
and the alanines in red, and so
152
368000
2000
丙氨酸用紅色，同埋
06:25
you can see it's just a lot of G's and A's.
153
370000
3000
你能夠睇到佢真喺好多 ”G" 呀同 “A"呀。
06:28
You can also see that there's a lot of short
154
373000
3000
加埋你能夠睇到佢又喺好多短嘅
06:31
sequence motifs that repeat over and over
155
376000
3000
（蛋白）序列圖案，佢地重覆又重覆
06:34
and over again, so for example there's a lot of
156
379000
2000
重覆又重覆，所以舉例嚟講，嗰度有好多
06:36
what we call polyalanines, or iterated A's,
157
381000
3000
我哋叫佢做 ”多聚丙氨酸“，或者寫做 ”A's"，
06:39
AAAAA. There's GGQ. There's GGY.
158
384000
4000
AAAAA, 嗰啲 “GGQ". 嗰啲 ”GGY".
06:43
You can think of these short motifs
159
388000
2000
你諗吓呢啲短嘅圖案
06:45
that repeat over and over again as words,
160
390000
3000
好似文字咁重覆又重覆，
06:48
and these words occur in sentences.
161
393000
3000
呢啲好似喺句子裡面咁。
06:51
So for example this would be one sentence,
162
396000
3000
舉個例，呢度咪一句，
06:54
and you would get this sort of green region
163
399000
2000
同埋，你會由呢種綠色部分
06:56
and the red polyalanine, that repeats
164
401000
2000
同埋呢啲紅色嘅 “多聚丙氨酸，佢又重覆
06:58
over and over and over again,
165
403000
2000
又重覆，不停重覆，
07:00
and you can have that hundreds and
166
405000
2000
你會見到佢一百又
07:02
hundreds and hundreds of times within
167
407000
2000
一百，百幾次咁，喺
07:04
an individual silk molecule.
168
409000
2000
一個（蜘蛛）絲分子裡面。
07:06
Silks made by the same spider can have
169
411000
2000
同一隻蜘蛛能夠做
07:08
dramatically different repeat sequences.
170
413000
3000
顯著不同嘅，重覆嘅（蛋白）序列
07:11
At the top of the screen, you're seeing
171
416000
3000
喺熒光幕頂上面，你睇緊
07:14
the repeat unit from the dragline silk
172
419000
3000
嗰啲拖絲體嘅重覆單位
07:17
of a garden argiope spider.
173
422000
3000
咪喺由 ”園金蛛“ 度攞嚟.
07:20
It's short. And on the bottom,
174
425000
2000
佢好短，同埋喺下面，
07:22
this is the repeat sequence for the
175
427000
2000
呢啲重覆 （蛋白）序列咪叫做
07:24
egg case, or tubuliform silk protein,
176
429000
2000
（蜘蛛）蛋殼，或者叫 ”小管狀“ 絲蛋白，
07:26
for the exact same spider. And you can see
177
431000
3000
它都喺來自同一隻蜘蛛。同埋，你能夠見到
07:29
how dramatically different
178
434000
2000
幾顯著不同
07:31
these silk proteins are -- so this is
179
436000
3000
嘅蛛絲蛋白 -- 所以，呢啲咪喺
07:34
sort of the beauty of the diversification
180
439000
2000
其中以種靚嘅多元化
07:36
of the spider silk gene family.
181
441000
2000
嘅蜘蛛絲基因家族。
07:38
You can see that the repeat units differ
182
443000
2000
你能夠睇見佢單位間不同
07:40
in length. They also differ in sequence.
183
445000
2000
長度，同埋佢地（蛋白）序列不同。
07:42
So I've colored in the glycines again
184
447000
2000
而家，我再喺 ”甘氨酸“ 嗰度填上顏色
07:44
in green, alanine in red, and the serines,
185
449000
3000
填綠色， 丙氨酸填紅色， 絲氨酸
07:47
the letter S, in purple. And you can see
186
452000
3000
大楷 S ，填紫色。咁樣，你能夠見到
07:50
that the top repeat unit can be explained
187
455000
2000
上面嗰啲重覆嘅單位，被解釋到
07:52
almost entirely by green and red,
188
457000
3000
差唔多全部綠色，紅色，
07:55
and the bottom repeat unit has
189
460000
2000
同埋下面嘅重覆單位咪
07:57
a substantial amount of purple.
190
462000
2000
好多紫色。
07:59
What silk biologists do is we try to relate
191
464000
3000
我哋生物學家咁樣做喺嘗試聯繫
08:02
these sequences, these amino acid
192
467000
2000
呢啲（蛋白）序列，氨基酸
08:04
sequences, to the mechanical properties
193
469000
2000
序列有咩嘢機械特性
08:06
of the silk fibers.
194
471000
2000
出現喺（蜘蛛）絲纖維度。
08:08
Now, it's really convenient that spiders use their silk
195
473000
3000
家吓，真喺好方便，蜘蛛將佢啲絲
08:11
completely outside their body.
196
476000
2000
全部用喺身體出面
08:13
This makes testing spider silk really, really
197
478000
2000
咁樣，測試蜘蛛絲真喺，真喺
08:15
easy to do in the laboratory, because
198
480000
2000
喺實驗室度好簡單，只不過
08:17
we're actually, you know, testing it in air
199
482000
3000
你哋知唔知我哋喺喺空氣中測試
08:20
that's exactly the environment that
200
485000
2000
同實際環境一模一樣
08:22
spiders are using their silk proteins.
201
487000
2000
蜘蛛點樣使用佢地啲絲蛋白。
08:24
So this makes quantifying silk properties by
202
489000
2000
咁樣，咪要用方法量化 （蜘蛛）絲特性
08:26
methods such as tensile testing, which is
203
491000
2000
如延展性，
08:28
basically, you know, tugging on one end
204
493000
2000
延展性基本上 （你知啦），拉著纖維個頭
08:30
of the fiber, very amenable.
205
495000
3000
佢好貼服
08:33
Here are stress-strain curves
206
498000
3000
呢個 “張力延展” 曲線
08:36
generated by tensile testing
207
501000
2000
由延展性測試產生
08:38
five fibers made by the same spider.
208
503000
3000
嗰五條纖維喺由同樣隻蜘蛛製造
08:41
So what you can see here is that
209
506000
3000
咁，你喺度見到就喺
08:44
the five fibers have different behaviors.
210
509000
3000
五種纖維有唔同行為特性
08:47
Specifically, if you look on the vertical axis,
211
512000
2000
具體啲，你睇吓條縱軸，
08:49
that's stress. If you look at the maximum
212
514000
3000
嗰個壓逼力。如果你睇
08:52
stress value for each of these fibers,
213
517000
2000
呢啲纖維嘅最大 “壓逼” 值。
08:54
you can see that there's a lot of variation,
214
519000
3000
你就睇到真喺好多種變化，
08:57
and in fact dragline, or major ampullate silk,
215
522000
3000
事實上，“拖絲” 或者 “壺腹狀絲”，
09:00
is the strongest of these fibers.
216
525000
2000
喺呢啲纖維裡面最 “勁” 嘅。
09:02
We think that's because the dragline silk,
217
527000
3000
我哋諗，因為“拖絲”
09:05
which is used to make the frame and radii
218
530000
3000
喺用嚟做 （蜘蛛）網架同網半徑架
09:08
for a web, needs to be very strong.
219
533000
2000
所有要好 “勁”。
09:10
On the other hand, if you were to look at
220
535000
2000
另一方面，如果你睇
09:12
strain -- this is how much a fiber can be
221
537000
2000
延展力 -- 呢個咪喺纖維可以
09:14
extended -- if you look at the maximum value
222
539000
2000
拉幾長 -- 如果你睇著個最大數值
09:16
here, again, there's a lot of variation
223
541000
3000
呢度，又喺好多可能
09:19
and the clear winner is flagelliform,
224
544000
2000
好清楚，鞭毛狀 （絲）勝出，
09:21
or the capture spiral filament.
225
546000
2000
或者，捕旋小絲都喺
09:23
In fact, this flagelliform fiber can
226
548000
2000
實際上，呢個鞭毛狀纖維可以
09:25
actually stretch over twice its original length.
227
550000
4000
真喺拉長超過佢原先兩倍幾。
09:29
So silk fibers vary in their strength
228
554000
3000
咁樣，絲纖維改變佢嘅強度
09:32
and also their extensibility.
229
557000
2000
同埋佢嘅伸展能力。
09:34
In the case of the capture spiral,
230
559000
2000
喺捕旋情況下，
09:36
it needs to be so stretchy to absorb
231
561000
2000
佢要能夠好有延展力去吸收
09:38
the impact of flying prey.
232
563000
2000
飛行獵物嘅衝擊。
09:40
If it wasn't able to stretch so much, then
233
565000
2000
如果，佢唔能夠 “經"伸延，
09:42
basically when an insect hit the web,
234
567000
2000
咁樣，當昆蟲撞埋蜘蛛網嗰陣，
09:44
it would just trampoline right off of it.
235
569000
2000
咪會彈翻出去。
09:46
So if the web was made entirely out of
236
571000
2000
如果，蜘蛛網都喺用
09:48
dragline silk, an insect is very likely to just
237
573000
3000
“拖絲”所做，昆蟲咪成日比佢
09:51
bounce right off. But by having really, really
238
576000
2000
彈出去。但喺，如果真喺用
09:53
stretchy capture spiral silk, the web is actually
239
578000
2000
延展捕旋絲，個網咪
09:55
able to absorb the impact
240
580000
2000
有能力吸收衝擊
09:57
of that intercepted prey.
241
582000
3000
捕著獵物
10:00
There's quite a bit of variation within
242
585000
2000
個別蜘蛛能夠做
10:02
the fibers that an individual spider can make.
243
587000
3000
好多種唔同嘅（蜘蛛絲）纖維
10:05
We call that the tool kit of a spider.
244
590000
3000
我哋叫佢做蜘蛛 ”工具箱“。
10:08
That's what the spider has
245
593000
2000
呢啲咪蜘蛛點樣
10:10
to interact with their environment.
246
595000
2000
同環境相互反應
10:12
But how about variation among spider
247
597000
2000
但喺，蜘蛛種類之間
10:14
species, so looking at one type of silk
248
599000
2000
點呢，睇吓唔同蜘蛛
10:16
and looking at different species of spiders?
249
601000
3000
但同一種類嘅（蜘蛛）絲？
10:19
This is an area that's largely unexplored
250
604000
2000
呢個地方，好大情度未探討過
10:21
but here's a little bit of data I can show you.
251
606000
4000
但喺，我喺度有啲數據可以比你睇。
10:25
This is the comparison of the toughness
252
610000
2000
呢度比較有關
10:27
of the dragline spilk spun
253
612000
2000
21 種唔同嘅
10:29
by 21 species of spiders.
254
614000
2000
蜘蛛所吐嘅絲
10:31
Some of them are orb-weaving spiders and
255
616000
2000
有啲喺環形網蛛
10:33
some of them are non-orb-weaving spiders.
256
618000
3000
有啲唔喺環形網蛛
10:36
It's been hypothesized that
257
621000
2000
曾經假設過
10:38
orb-weaving spiders, like this argiope here,
258
623000
3000
環形網蛛好似 “金珠” 咁
10:41
should have the toughest dragline silks
259
626000
2000
都擁有特高韌性拖線絲
10:43
because they must intercept flying prey.
260
628000
3000
因為，佢地一定要捕捉飛行獵物。
10:46
What you see here on this toughness graph
261
631000
3000
呢度你睇吓個韌性圖
10:49
is the higher the black dot is on the graph,
262
634000
2000
圖上面黑點越高
10:51
the higher the toughness.
263
636000
2000
代表韌性越高
10:53
The 21 species are indicated here by this
264
638000
3000
呢度表明咗 21 種蜘蛛嘅
10:56
phylogeny, this evolutionary tree, that shows
265
641000
3000
發展史，進化樹圖，說明咗
10:59
their genetic relationships, and I've colored
266
644000
2000
佢地嘅基因關係，我填咗
11:01
in yellow the orb-web-weaving spiders.
267
646000
3000
黃色咪喺環形網蛛。
11:04
If you look right here at the two red arrows,
268
649000
3000
你睇紅箭咀呢度
11:07
they point to the toughness values
269
652000
3000
佢指住個韌性值
11:10
for the draglines of nephila clavipes and
270
655000
2000
咪喺絡新婦蛛同埋
11:12
araneus diadematus.
271
657000
2000
十字園蛛嗰啰。
11:14
These are the two species of spiders
272
659000
2000
佢地喺兩種蜘蛛
11:16
for which the vast majority of time and money
273
661000
3000
已經花咗大量時間同金錢
11:19
on synthetic spider silk research has been
274
664000
3000
研究點樣合成嘅蜘蛛絲
11:22
to replicate their dragline silk proteins.
275
667000
3000
去覆製佢地嘅 ”拖線“絲蛋白。
11:25
Yet, their draglines are not the toughest.
276
670000
4000
家吓，嗰啲 ”拖線絲“ 唔喺最韌嘅
11:29
In fact, the toughest dragline in this survey
277
674000
3000
事實上，呢個調查最韌嘅”拖線絲“
11:32
is this one right here in this white region,
278
677000
3000
喺白色呢度右邊嗰部分，
11:35
a non orb-web-weaving spider.
279
680000
2000
一啲環形網蛛嘅。
11:37
This is the dragline spun by scytodes,
280
682000
2000
呢條拖線由 ”花皮“
11:39
the spitting spider.
281
684000
2000
蜘蛛所吐。
11:41
Scytodes doesn't use a web at all
282
686000
3000
”花皮“ 蜘蛛根本唔用網
11:44
to catch prey. Instead, scytodes
283
689000
2000
嚟捕食。”花皮“ 蜘蛛
11:46
sort of lurks around and waits for prey
284
691000
3000
用一種潜伏一旁，等待獵物
11:49
to get close to it, and then immobilizes prey
285
694000
3000
慢慢走近獵物，然後使佢唔郁得
11:52
by spraying a silk-like venom onto that insect.
286
697000
4000
噴啲好似絲嘅毒液喺昆蟲上面
11:56
Think of hunting with silly string.
287
701000
3000
點樣用絲線捕獵。
11:59
That's how scytodes forages.
288
704000
3000
咪好似“ 花皮牧草蛛” 咁。
12:02
We don't really know why scytodes
289
707000
2000
我哋唔知點解 "花皮蛛”
12:04
needs such a tough dragline,
290
709000
3000
需要咁韌嘅”拖線絲“
12:07
but it's unexpected results like this that make
291
712000
3000
呢的不尋常結果引起
12:10
bio-prospecting so exciting and worthwhile.
292
715000
4000
生物勘探嘅刺激同價值。
12:14
It frees us from the constraints
293
719000
2000
佢釋放我們
12:16
of our imagination.
294
721000
2000
幻想上嘅限制
12:18
Now I'm going to mark on
295
723000
2000
而家，我準備標誌
12:20
the toughness values for nylon fiber,
296
725000
3000
尼龍纖維嘅最韌值
12:23
bombyx -- or domesticated silkworm silk --
297
728000
3000
家蠶蛾属 -- 或者家居蠶蟲絲 --
12:26
wool, Kevlar, and carbon fibers.
298
731000
3000
羊毛，克維拉（Kevlar），炭纖維。
12:29
And what you can see is that nearly
299
734000
2000
你可以見到差唔多
12:31
all the spider draglines surpass them.
300
736000
2000
所有蜘蛛 “拖線”絲都比佢韌
12:33
It's the combination of strength, extensibility
301
738000
4000
它柔合了強度，延展度
12:37
and toughness that makes spider silk so
302
742000
3000
同埋韌度，使到蜘蛛絲咁
12:40
special, and that has attracted the attention
303
745000
3000
特別，咁吸引
12:43
of biomimeticists, so people that turn
304
748000
3000
仿生學家嘅注意，因此，人們
12:46
to nature to try to find new solutions.
305
751000
3000
從大自然尋找解决方法。
12:49
And the strength, extensibility and toughness
306
754000
3000
蜘蛛絲嘅強度，延展度，同埋韌度
12:52
of spider silks combined with the fact that
307
757000
3000
嘅組合有個事實就喺
12:55
silks do not elicit an immune response,
308
760000
3000
蜘蛛絲唔會引致免疫反應
12:58
have attracted a lot of interest in the use
309
763000
3000
有關大量興趣便是點樣
13:01
of spider silks in biomedical applications,
310
766000
2000
在生化學上應用蜘蛛絲
13:03
for example, as a component of
311
768000
2000
例如，作為組成
13:05
artificial tendons, for serving as
312
770000
3000
人工筋肌，服務於引導出
13:08
guides to regrow nerves, and for
313
773000
4000
神經再生之法，
13:12
scaffolds for tissue growth.
314
777000
3000
支架出組織生長。
13:15
Spider silks also have a lot of potential
315
780000
3000
蜘蛛絲也有大量可能的
13:18
for their anti-ballistic capabilities.
316
783000
2000
抗彈道能力
13:20
Silks could be incorporated into body
317
785000
2000
（蜘蛛）絲有能力和人體結合
13:22
and equipment armor that would be more
318
787000
3000
同埋冑甲配備便會
13:25
lightweight and flexible
319
790000
2000
重量更輕，更柔韌
13:27
than any armor available today.
320
792000
3000
好過今日可用的冑甲
13:30
In addition to these biomimetic
321
795000
3000
另外，好似蜘蛛絲仿生學
13:33
applications of spider silks,
322
798000
2000
上應用一樣，
13:35
personally, I find studying spider silks
323
800000
4000
我咁講，我研究蜘蛛絲
13:39
just fascinating in and of itself.
324
804000
3000
唔止陶醉咁簡單
13:42
I love when I'm in the laboratory,
325
807000
4000
當我喺實驗室嗰時，我好鍾意
13:46
a new spider silk sequence comes in.
326
811000
3000
一啲新嘅蜘蛛絲序列入嚟。
13:49
That's just the best. (Laughter)
327
814000
3000
最好咁樣。 （笑聲）
13:52
It's like the spiders are sharing
328
817000
3000
佢 （蜘蛛）好似同我分享
13:55
an ancient secret with me, and that's why
329
820000
2000
一個遠古秘密，我因此
13:57
I'm going to spend the rest of my life
330
822000
2000
會用我的餘生
13:59
studying spider silk.
331
824000
2000
研究蜘蛛絲
14:01
The next time you see a spider web,
332
826000
3000
下次，當你見到蜘蛛網時，
14:04
please, pause and look a little closer.
333
829000
3000
唔該，停一停，睇埋啲
14:07
You'll be seeing one of the most
334
832000
2000
你會見到一種人們
14:09
high-performance materials known to man.
335
834000
3000
了解嘅高性能材料。
14:12
To borrow from the writings
336
837000
2000
借用文獻上有一隻
14:14
of a spider named Charlotte,
337
839000
3000
叫 “ 夏洛特” 的蜘蛛說，
14:17
silk is terrific.
338
842000
2000
（蜘蛛）絲是偉大的。
14:19
Thank you. (Applause)
339
844000
3000
謝謝 （鼓掌）
14:22
(Applause)
340
847000
1000
（鼓掌）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Cheryl Hayashi - Spider silk scientistCheryl Hayashi studies the delicate but terrifically strong silk threads that make up a spider's web, finding startling applications for human use.
Why you should listen
Biologist Cheryl Hayashi is fascinated with spiders and their silks, and for good reason. Made of a mix of proteins, spider silks come in thousands of variations; there are over 40,000 species of spiders, with many spiders capable of producing half a dozen types. Some silks have the tensile strength of steel -- and often are much tougher -- while remaining light as air and extremely supple. And spiders use their silk in diverse ways: to make their homes and trap their food, to travel, to court and to protect their eggs.
In her lab at UC Riverside, Hayashi explores spider silk’s genetic makeup, evolution and unique biomechanics (winning a MacArthur “genius" grant for it in 2007). Her work blurs the boundary between biology and materials science, looking for the molecular basis of this wondrous material and exploring how humans might learn from it. Hayashi's work may inspire new biomimetic materials for a huge variety of uses, from biodegradable fishing lines and sutures to superstrong ropes and armor cloth.
Cheryl Hayashi | Speaker | TED.com