ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Victor Vescovo - Undersea explorer, investor
In 2019, Victor Vescovo could become the first person to have climbed to the highest point of all the world's continents as well as descended to the deepest reaches of all its oceans, including the Challenger Deep.

Why you should listen

The Five Deeps Expedition was envisioned and sponsored by Texas native Victor Vescovo, who will solo pilot the submersible on each of its main dives. In 2017, Vescovo became the 12th American to complete the "Explorers Grand Slam," which requires climbing the highest peak on all seven of the world's continents, including Mt. Everest, and skiing at least 100 kilometers to both the North and South Poles. He recently became the first person to the bottom of the Atlantic and Southern Oceans, and in 2019 could become the first person in history to have climbed to the top of all the world's continents as well as descended to the bottom of all its oceans, including the Challenger Deep.

For more than 20 years, Vescovo served as an officer in the U.S. Navy Reserve, retiring in 2014 as a Commander (O-5). He served at various times on extended active duty, primarily onboard the USS Nimitz, USS Blue Ridge and ashore in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, where he was posted to serve for more than a year after the 9/11 attacks as a counter-terrorism specialist. In the civilian world, he is a cofounder and Managing Partner of private equity firm Insight Equity, an industrial buyout firm with over $1 billion in capital, where he focuses on growing and enhancing aerospace, defense and electronics firms. Vescovo is also certified as a jet fixed-wing aircraft and helicopter pilot, as well as a submarine test pilot.

More profile about the speaker
Victor Vescovo | Speaker | TED.com
David Biello - Science curator, author
David Biello is TED's science curator and the author of "The Unnatural World: The Race to Remake Civilization in Earth's Newest Age."

Why you should listen
A contributing editor at Scientific American, David Biello has written about all things science, from geoengineering and geology to synthetic biology and the sixth extinction.
More profile about the speaker
David Biello | Speaker | TED.com
TED2019

Victor Vescovo: What's at the bottom of the ocean -- and how we're getting there

Filmed:
796,803 views

Victor Vescovo is leading the first-ever manned expedition to the deepest point of each of the world's five oceans. In conversation with TED science curator David Biello, Vescovo discusses the technology that's powering the explorations -- a titanium submersible designed to withstand extraordinary conditions -- and shows footage of a never-before-seen creature taken during his journey to the bottom of the Indian Ocean.
- Undersea explorer, investor
In 2019, Victor Vescovo could become the first person to have climbed to the highest point of all the world's continents as well as descended to the deepest reaches of all its oceans, including the Challenger Deep. Full bio - Science curator, author
David Biello is TED's science curator and the author of "The Unnatural World: The Race to Remake Civilization in Earth's Newest Age." Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

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David Biello: So Victor,
what have you been up to?
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Victor Vescovo: That's the bottom
of the Atlantic Ocean,
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and I guess I read too much
Jules Verne as a young boy,
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and so for the last four years
I've led a team to design and build
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what is now the most advanced and deepest
diving submersible on the planet,
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and I have the ability
to personally pilot it too.
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So this was us in December of last year,
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for the first time --
the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean.
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DB: And nobody's seen that before right?
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That's just you.
VV: No.
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Well, now everybody else.
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DB: Who does that?
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Like --
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VV: Well, I think everyone has seen
the developments in the last 10, 15 years.
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You have a bunch of people that have
the means to explore outer space,
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like SpaceX or Blue Origin --
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those guys --
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and we're going the other direction.
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So it's a wonderful era
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of private individuals
spending their resources
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to develop technologies
that can take us to places
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that have never been explored before,
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and the oceans of the world is --
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it's almost a cliché to say
it's 70 percent of our entire planet,
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and of that, 95 percent is unexplored.
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So what we're trying to do
with our expedition
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is to build and prove out a submersible
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that can go to any point
on the bottom of the planet
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to explore the 60 percent of this planet
that is still unexplored.
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DB: You need a pretty cool tool
to do that, right?
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VV: Right.
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Now the tool is the submarine,
the Limiting Factor.
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It's a state-of-the-art vessel
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supported by the support ship,
the Pressure Drop.
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It has a two-person titanium sphere,
90 millimeters-thick,
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that keeps it at one atmosphere,
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and it has the ability to dive repeatedly
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down to the very deepest
point of the ocean.
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DB: So like the SpaceX
of ocean exploration?
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VV: Yeah, it's kind of the SpaceX
of ocean exploration,
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but I pilot my own vehicles.
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(Laughter)
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DB: Are you going to take Elon or...?
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VV: Yeah, I could take someone down there.
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So, Elon, if you're listening,
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I'll give you a ride in mine
if you give me a ride in yours.
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(Laughter)
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DB: So tell us what it's like down there.
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I mean, we're talking about a place
where the pressure is so intense
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that it's like putting
an Eiffel Tower on your toe.
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VV: It's more than that.
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It's about 16,000 psi.
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So the issue is that we have
this titanium sphere
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that allows us to go down
to these extreme depths
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and come up repeatedly.
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That's never been done before.
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The Challenger Deep has been dived twice,
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once in 1960 and once in 2012
by James Cameron,
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and they went down and came back up
and those were experimental craft.
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This is the first commercially
certified submersible
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that can go up and down
thousands of times with two people,
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including a scientist.
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We're very proud that we took down
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the deepest-diving
British citizen in history
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just three weeks ago,
Dr. Alan Jamieson of Newcastle University
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who was down with us on the Java Trench.
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DB: So, not too much freaks you out,
is what I'm guessing.
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VV: Well, it's a lot
different to go diving.
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If you're claustrophobic,
you do not want to be in the submarine.
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We go down quite a distance
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and the missions typically last
eight to nine hours in a confined space.
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It's very different
from the career I had previously
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which was mountain climbing
where you're in open spaces,
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the wind is whipping, it's very cold.
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This is the opposite.
It's much more technical.
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It's much more about precision
in using the instruments
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and troubleshooting
anything that can go wrong.
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But if something really
goes wrong in the submersible,
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you're not going to know it.
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(Laughter)
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DB: So you're afraid of leaks
is what you're saying.
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VV: Leaks are not good,
but if it's a leak that's happening,
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it's not that bad
because if it was really bad
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you wouldn't know it, again, but --
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you know, fire in the capsule,
that wouldn't be good either,
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but it's actually a very safe submersible.
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I like to say I don't trust
a lot of things in life,
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but I do trust titanium, I trust math
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and I trust finite element analysis,
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which is how you figure out
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whether or not
things like this can survive
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these extraordinary
pressures and conditions.
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DB: And that sphere
is so perfectly machined, right?
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This is a truly unique craft.
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VV: That was the real trick --
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is actually building a titanium sphere
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that was accurate
to within .1 percent of machine.
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Titanium is a hard metal to work
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and a lot of people
haven't figured it out,
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but we were very fortunate.
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Our extraordinary team was able
to make an almost perfect sphere,
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which when you're subjecting
something to pressure,
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that's the strongest
geometry you can have.
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When I'm in the submersible
and that hatch closes,
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I'm confident that I'm going
to go down and come back up.
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DB: And that's the thing
you double-check --
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that the hatch is closed?
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VV: There are only two rules
in diving a submarine.
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Number one is close the hatch securely.
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Number two is go back to rule number one.
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DB: Alright so, Atlantic Ocean: check.
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Southern Ocean: check.
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VV: No one has ever dived
the Southern Ocean before.
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I know why.
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It's really, really hostile.
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The weather is awful.
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The word collision comes to mind.
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But we did that one, yes.
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Glad that's over --
DB: Yeah --
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VV: Thank you.
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04:54
(Applause)
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DB: It's like you're racing through it.
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And now the Indian Ocean,
as Kelly mentioned.
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VV: Yeah, that was three weeks ago.
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We were fortunate enough
to actually solve the mystery.
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If someone had asked me three weeks ago,
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"What is the deepest point
in the Indian Ocean?" --
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no one really knew.
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There were two candidates,
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one off of Western Australia
and one in the Java Trench.
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We have this wonderful ship
with a brilliant sonar.
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We mapped both of them.
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We sent landers down
to the bottom and verified.
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It's actually in the center portion
of the Java Trench,
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which is where no one thought it was.
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In fact, every time we've completed
one of our major dives,
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we have to run off
to Wikipedia and change it
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because it's completely wrong.
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(Laughter)
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DB: So it probably takes longer
to get down there
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than the time you're able
to spend down there?
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VV: No, we actually spend
quite a bit of time.
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I have four days
of oxygen supply in the vessel.
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If I'm down there for four days,
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something's gone so wrong
I'm probably not going to use it,
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but it's about three hours down
to the deepest part of the ocean
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and then we can spend
usually three or four hours
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and then another three hours up.
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So you don't want to stay in there
for more than 10 or 11 hours.
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It can get a little tight.
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DB: Alright, so the bottom
of the Indian Ocean.
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And this is something that no one
besides you has ever seen before --
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VV: This is actually imagery
from one of our robotic landers.
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On the bottom right you can
actually see a robust assfish --
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that's what it's actually called.
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(Laughter)
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But you can see from the left
a creature that's never been seen before.
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It's actually a bottom-dwelling jellyfish
called a stalked ascidian,
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and none of them
have ever looked like this before.
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It actually has a small child
at the bottom of its stalk,
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and it just drifted across beautifully.
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So every single dive we have gone on,
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even though we're only down there
for a couple of hours,
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we have found three or four new species
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because these are places that have
been isolated for billions of years
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and no human being has ever
been down there to film them
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or take samples.
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And so this is extraordinary for us --
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(Applause)
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So what we are hoping --
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the main objective of our mission
is to build this tool.
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This tool is a door,
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because with this tool,
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we'll be able to make
more of them potentially
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and take scientists down
to do thousands of dives,
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to open that door to exploration
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and find things that we
had no idea even existed.
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DB: And so more people have been
to space than the bottom of the ocean.
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You're one of three.
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You're going to up that number,
you're going to give it away.
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VV: Yeah, three people have dived
to the bottom of the Pacific Ocean.
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The USS Trieste in 1960
with two individuals.
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James Cameron in 2012
with his Deep Sea Challenger --
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thank you, Jim, great sub.
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This is a third-generation technology.
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We're not only going to try and go down,
actually in two weeks,
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but we're going to try
and do it multiple times,
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which has never been done before.
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If we can do that,
we'll have proven the technology
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and that door will not just go open,
it will stay open.
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(Applause)
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DB: Fantastic. Good luck.
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VV: Thank you very much.
DB: Thank you.
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VV: Thank you all.
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(Applause)
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▲Back to top

ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Victor Vescovo - Undersea explorer, investor
In 2019, Victor Vescovo could become the first person to have climbed to the highest point of all the world's continents as well as descended to the deepest reaches of all its oceans, including the Challenger Deep.

Why you should listen

The Five Deeps Expedition was envisioned and sponsored by Texas native Victor Vescovo, who will solo pilot the submersible on each of its main dives. In 2017, Vescovo became the 12th American to complete the "Explorers Grand Slam," which requires climbing the highest peak on all seven of the world's continents, including Mt. Everest, and skiing at least 100 kilometers to both the North and South Poles. He recently became the first person to the bottom of the Atlantic and Southern Oceans, and in 2019 could become the first person in history to have climbed to the top of all the world's continents as well as descended to the bottom of all its oceans, including the Challenger Deep.

For more than 20 years, Vescovo served as an officer in the U.S. Navy Reserve, retiring in 2014 as a Commander (O-5). He served at various times on extended active duty, primarily onboard the USS Nimitz, USS Blue Ridge and ashore in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, where he was posted to serve for more than a year after the 9/11 attacks as a counter-terrorism specialist. In the civilian world, he is a cofounder and Managing Partner of private equity firm Insight Equity, an industrial buyout firm with over $1 billion in capital, where he focuses on growing and enhancing aerospace, defense and electronics firms. Vescovo is also certified as a jet fixed-wing aircraft and helicopter pilot, as well as a submarine test pilot.

More profile about the speaker
Victor Vescovo | Speaker | TED.com
David Biello - Science curator, author
David Biello is TED's science curator and the author of "The Unnatural World: The Race to Remake Civilization in Earth's Newest Age."

Why you should listen
A contributing editor at Scientific American, David Biello has written about all things science, from geoengineering and geology to synthetic biology and the sixth extinction.
More profile about the speaker
David Biello | Speaker | TED.com