TED@Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
Karl Skjonnemand: The self-assembling computer chips of the future
卡尔·斯乔尼曼: 未来的自组装计算机芯片
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你口袋里为手机供电的晶体管小的令人难以想象：它们的大小约为头发宽度的三千分之一。但是为了跟上面部识别和增强现实等领域的创新，我们需要将更强大的计算能力囊括到我们的计算机芯片中——而现有芯片的空间远远不够。在这个富有前瞻性的演讲中，技术开发人员卡尔·斯乔尼曼介绍了一种全新的芯片制造方法。斯乔尼曼认为，“这可能是分子制造业新纪元的曙光。”
Karl Skjonnemand - Technology developer
As a passionate technology leader, Karl Skjonnemand has a hunger for solutions to advanced technology problems. Full bio
As a passionate technology leader, Karl Skjonnemand has a hunger for solutions to advanced technology problems. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Computers used to be as big as a room.
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过去，计算机和房间一样庞大。
但是如今你可以把计算机揣进兜里，
00:16
But now they fit in your pocket,
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戴在手腕上，
00:18
on your wrist
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甚至是嵌入身体中。
00:19
and can even be implanted
inside of your body.
inside of your body.
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多棒啊！
00:23
How cool is that?
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00:24
And this has been enabled
by the miniaturization of transistors,
by the miniaturization of transistors,
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这些都得益于晶体管的微型化，
晶体管是电路中的小开关，
00:29
which are the tiny switches
in the circuits
in the circuits
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位于计算机的核心区域。
00:31
at the heart of our computers.
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00:34
And it's been achieved
through decades of development
through decades of development
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晶体管经过数十年的研发、
科学工程上的突破
00:37
and breakthroughs
in science and engineering
in science and engineering
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和数十亿美元的投入之后取得成功。
00:40
and of billions of dollars of investment.
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00:43
But it's given us
vast amounts of computing,
vast amounts of computing,
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它赋予了我们强大的计算能力、
海量的记忆功能
00:46
huge amounts of memory
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以及我们共同经历的数字革命。
00:47
and the digital revolution
that we all experience and enjoy today.
that we all experience and enjoy today.
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00:53
But the bad news is,
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但是坏消息是，
随着晶体管小型化的速率不断下降，
00:56
we're about to hit a digital roadblock,
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我们即将迎来数字化的瓶颈。
00:59
as the rate of miniaturization
of transistors is slowing down.
of transistors is slowing down.
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01:04
And this is happening
at exactly the same time
at exactly the same time
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与此同时，
我们在软件方面不断创新，
01:07
as our innovation in software
is continuing relentlessly
is continuing relentlessly
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人工智能和大数据蓬勃发展。
01:11
with artificial intelligence and big data.
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我们的设备可以进行
面部识别以及现实增强，
面部识别以及现实增强，
01:15
And our devices regularly perform
facial recognition or augment our reality
facial recognition or augment our reality
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可以在危险、混乱的道路上
进行无人驾驶。
进行无人驾驶。
01:20
or even drive cars down
our treacherous, chaotic roads.
our treacherous, chaotic roads.
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01:24
It's amazing.
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简直不可思议！
01:26
But if we don't keep up
with the appetite of our software,
with the appetite of our software,
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但如果我们跟不上软件发展的速度，
就可能会达到科技发展的瓶颈，
01:31
we could reach a point
in the development of our technology
in the development of our technology
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软件发展会受到限制，
01:35
where the things that we could do
with software could, in fact, be limited
with software could, in fact, be limited
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来自硬件发展的限制。
01:39
by our hardware.
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01:41
We've all experienced the frustration
of an old smartphone or tablet
of an old smartphone or tablet
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我们都经历过
在不断增多的软件更新
在不断增多的软件更新
和新功能的重压下，
01:45
grinding slowly to a halt over time
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老版智能手机和平板带来的失望感，
加载缓慢甚至是停滞卡顿。
加载缓慢甚至是停滞卡顿。
01:48
under the ever-increasing weight
of software updates and new features.
of software updates and new features.
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我们刚买这些设备的时候，
它们运转得还不错。
它们运转得还不错。
01:52
And it worked just fine
when we bought it not so long ago.
when we bought it not so long ago.
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但是随着软件的更新，
01:56
But the hungry software engineers
have eaten up all the hardware capacity
have eaten up all the hardware capacity
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硬件渐渐跟不上了。
02:00
over time.
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02:03
The semiconductor industry
is very well aware of this
is very well aware of this
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半导体行业已经意识到了这一点，
并且致力于摆脱这一困境。
02:07
and is working on
all sorts of creative solutions,
all sorts of creative solutions,
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比如说超越晶体管到量子计算，
02:11
such as going beyond transistors
to quantum computing
to quantum computing
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或者在替代架构中使用晶体管，
02:15
or even working with transistors
in alternative architectures
in alternative architectures
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比如在神经网络中，
02:19
such as neural networks
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创造出更坚固有效的电路。
02:21
to make more robust
and efficient circuits.
and efficient circuits.
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02:25
But these approaches
will take quite some time,
will take quite some time,
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但是这些方法都很耗时，
我们正在寻找解决这个问题的捷径。
02:28
and we're really looking for a much more
immediate solution to this problem.
immediate solution to this problem.
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02:34
The reason why the rate of miniaturization
of transistors is slowing down
of transistors is slowing down
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晶体管小型化速率下降，
是由制造过程日益复杂导致的。
02:39
is due to the ever-increasing complexity
of the manufacturing process.
of the manufacturing process.
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02:45
The transistor used to be
a big, bulky device,
a big, bulky device,
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过去，晶体管是
很大、很笨重的设备，
很大、很笨重的设备，
直到基于纯晶硅片的
02:48
until the invent of the integrated circuit
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集成电路的问世，
晶体管才不断变小。
晶体管才不断变小。
02:51
based on pure crystalline silicon wafers.
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02:54
And after 50 years
of continuous development,
of continuous development,
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在持续五十年的发展后，
如今我们可以使晶体管的特性尺寸
02:57
we can now achieve
transistor features dimensions
transistor features dimensions
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达到10纳米以下。
03:01
down to 10 nanometers.
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03:04
You can fit more than
a billion transistors
a billion transistors
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你可以把超过十亿个的晶体管
放在一个一平方毫米的硅片中。
03:06
in a single square millimeter of silicon.
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03:10
And to put this into perspective:
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为了更形象地描述这一点，
我将提供一些数据：
我将提供一些数据：
人的头发直径是100微米。
03:12
a human hair is 100 microns across.
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一个肉眼几乎看不见的血红细胞，
03:16
A red blood cell,
which is essentially invisible,
which is essentially invisible,
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直径是8微米。
03:18
is eight microns across,
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头发的宽度几乎是血红细胞的12倍。
03:20
and you can place 12 across
the width of a human hair.
the width of a human hair.
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03:24
But a transistor, in comparison,
is much smaller,
is much smaller,
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但是相比之下，晶体管更小，
直径远小于1微米。
03:27
at a tiny fraction of a micron across.
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晶体管的宽度，
03:31
You could place more than 260 transistors
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是一个血红细胞的260分之一，
03:35
across a single red blood cell
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是一个头发丝宽度的三千分之一。
03:37
or more than 3,000 across
the width of a human hair.
the width of a human hair.
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这个不可思议的纳米科技
现在就被你揣在兜里。
现在就被你揣在兜里。
03:41
It really is incredible nanotechnology
in your pocket right now.
in your pocket right now.
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03:47
And besides the obvious benefit
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除了显而易见的好处，
即我们可以放置更多、
更小的晶体管在芯片中，
更小的晶体管在芯片中，
03:49
of being able to place more,
smaller transistors on a chip,
smaller transistors on a chip,
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03:53
smaller transistors are faster switches,
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更小的晶片还意味着更快的转换速度，
03:58
and smaller transistors are also
more efficient switches.
more efficient switches.
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也意味着更高的转换效率。
这个结合赋予我们
04:02
So this combination has given us
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更低成本、更高性能
和更高效率的电子设备，
和更高效率的电子设备，
04:05
lower cost, higher performance
and higher efficiency electronics
and higher efficiency electronics
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在今天为我们带来了极大的方便。
04:09
that we all enjoy today.
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04:14
To manufacture these integrated circuits,
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生产这些集成电路，
需要我们将晶体管
在一个纯晶硅片上
在一个纯晶硅片上
04:17
the transistors are built up
layer by layer,
layer by layer,
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一层层地叠加起来。
04:20
on a pure crystalline silicon wafer.
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04:23
And in an oversimplified sense,
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简言之，
电路的每一个微小特征
都被投射在
都被投射在
04:25
every tiny feature
of the circuit is projected
of the circuit is projected
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硅片表面，
04:29
onto the surface of the silicon wafer
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被记录在光敏材料上，
04:32
and recorded in a light-sensitive material
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然后被蚀刻在光敏材料上，
04:35
and then etched through
the light-sensitive material
the light-sensitive material
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将图样留在底层。
04:38
to leave the pattern
in the underlying layers.
in the underlying layers.
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04:42
And this process has been
dramatically improved over the years
dramatically improved over the years
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多年来，这一过程
得到了极大的改进，
得到了极大的改进，
从而赋予了电子设备今日的表现。
04:46
to give the electronics
performance we have today.
performance we have today.
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04:50
But as the transistor features
get smaller and smaller,
get smaller and smaller,
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但是随着晶体管越变越小，
我们迎来了制造技术的
04:53
we're really approaching
the physical limitations
the physical limitations
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物理极限。
04:56
of this manufacturing technique.
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05:00
The latest systems
for doing this patterning
for doing this patterning
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最新制造底样的系统
变得十分复杂，
05:03
have become so complex
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导致每件设备的成本
高达1亿多美金。
高达1亿多美金。
05:05
that they reportedly cost
more than 100 million dollars each.
more than 100 million dollars each.
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而每家半导体工厂
都需要采购大量的这些设备。
都需要采购大量的这些设备。
05:10
And semiconductor factories
contain dozens of these machines.
contain dozens of these machines.
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于是人们开始正视这个问题：
这个方法是长期可行的吗？
这个方法是长期可行的吗？
05:15
So people are seriously questioning:
Is this approach long-term viable?
Is this approach long-term viable?
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05:20
But we believe we can do
this chip manufacturing
this chip manufacturing
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但是我们相信我们可以
对芯片制造方法做出改变，
对芯片制造方法做出改变，
用一种全新的、更划算的方式，
05:24
in a totally different
and much more cost-effective way
and much more cost-effective way
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05:28
using molecular engineering
and mimicking nature
and mimicking nature
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使用分子工程和模拟自然的方法，
在我们晶体管的纳米维度上。
05:32
down at the nanoscale dimensions
of our transistors.
of our transistors.
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05:37
As I said, the conventional manufacturing
takes every tiny feature of the circuit
takes every tiny feature of the circuit
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如我所说，传统制造方法将
电路的每一个微小特征
电路的每一个微小特征
都投射到了晶片上。
05:41
and projects it onto the silicon.
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05:44
But if you look at the structure
of an integrated circuit,
of an integrated circuit,
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但是如果你关注
一个集成电路的结构、
一个集成电路的结构、
晶体管的排列，
05:47
the transistor arrays,
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你会发现这些微小特征
被重复了数百万次。
被重复了数百万次。
05:49
many of the features are repeated
millions of times.
millions of times.
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这是一种高度周期性的结构。
05:53
It's a highly periodic structure.
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05:56
So we want to take advantage
of this periodicity
of this periodicity
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所以我们想在我们的替代生产技术中
利用这种周期性。
05:59
in our alternative
manufacturing technique.
manufacturing technique.
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我们想使用自组装材料，
06:02
We want to use self-assembling materials
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自然地组建周期性结构
06:05
to naturally form the periodic structures
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来构建晶体管。
06:08
that we need for our transistors.
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06:12
We do this with the materials,
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我们用材料进行试验，
让这些材料完成
精细图案的制作工作，
精细图案的制作工作，
06:14
then the materials do the hard work
of the fine patterning,
of the fine patterning,
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而不是试图在投射技术上寻找突破。
06:17
rather than pushing the projection
technology to its limits and beyond.
technology to its limits and beyond.
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06:23
Self-assembly is seen in nature
in many different places,
in many different places,
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自组装原理在大自然中随处可见，
从脂质膜到细胞结构，
06:27
from lipid membranes to cell structures,
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所以我们认为
这将会是有效的解决方法。
这将会是有效的解决方法。
06:31
so we do know it can be a robust solution.
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如果该方法可以应用于大自然，
同理可用于芯片产业。
同理可用于芯片产业。
06:34
If it's good enough for nature,
it should be good enough for us.
it should be good enough for us.
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06:38
So we want to take this naturally
occurring, robust self-assembly
occurring, robust self-assembly
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所以这一切就顺其自然了，
将稳固的自组装方法
应用到半导体的生产中去。
应用到半导体的生产中去。
06:43
and use it for the manufacturing
of our semiconductor technology.
of our semiconductor technology.
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06:48
One type of self-assemble material --
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一种自组装材料——
06:52
it's called a block co-polymer --
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名为嵌段共聚物——
由两条长度只有
几十纳米的聚合物链组成，
几十纳米的聚合物链组成，
06:54
consists of two polymer chains
just a few tens of nanometers in length.
just a few tens of nanometers in length.
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但是这些聚合物链彼此排斥。
06:59
But these chains hate each other.
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它们彼此排斥，
07:01
They repel each other,
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就像水油不相溶，
就像我青春期的儿女。
就像我青春期的儿女。
07:03
very much like oil and water
or my teenage son and daughter.
or my teenage son and daughter.
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（笑声）
07:06
(Laughter)
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但是我们强制使它们结合在一起，
07:08
But we cruelly bond them together,
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在系统中创造一种嵌入式窘组，
07:11
creating an inbuilt
frustration in the system,
frustration in the system,
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即便它们想要相互分离。
07:13
as they try to separate from each other.
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07:16
And in the bulk material,
there are billions of these,
there are billions of these,
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一块巨型材料，
包含着数十亿个这样的聚合物链，
包含着数十亿个这样的聚合物链，
相似的化合物会粘结在一起，
07:20
and the similar components
try to stick together,
try to stick together,
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同时互斥的化合物则会
07:23
and the opposing components
try to separate from each other
try to separate from each other
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相互分离。
07:26
at the same time.
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这是嵌入式的窘组，
一种系统的张力。
一种系统的张力。
07:27
And this has a built-in frustration,
a tension in the system.
a tension in the system.
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所以这些化合物四处移动，
蠕动直到形成一个形状。
蠕动直到形成一个形状。
07:31
So it moves around, it squirms
until a shape is formed.
until a shape is formed.
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07:36
And the natural self-assembled shape
that is formed is nanoscale,
that is formed is nanoscale,
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天然的自组装形状是纳米级的，
它有规律和周期性，还很长。
07:40
it's regular, it's periodic,
and it's long range,
and it's long range,
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这就是我们在晶体管排列中所需要的。
07:44
which is exactly what we need
for our transistor arrays.
for our transistor arrays.
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07:49
So we can use molecular engineering
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所以我们可以应用分子工程
来设计不同尺寸的不同形状，
07:51
to design different shapes
of different sizes
of different sizes
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以及不同周期性的不同形状。
07:54
and of different periodicities.
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比如说，如果我们
选用一种对称分子，
选用一种对称分子，
07:57
So for example, if we take
a symmetrical molecule,
a symmetrical molecule,
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它的两条聚合物链长度相似，
07:59
where the two polymer chains
are similar length,
are similar length,
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则自然的自组装结构就会是
08:02
the natural self-assembled
structure that is formed
structure that is formed
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长的曲线形，
08:05
is a long, meandering line,
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像指纹一样。
08:08
very much like a fingerprint.
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08:10
And the width of the fingerprint lines
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指纹线的宽度
和其间的距离，
08:13
and the distance between them
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不仅取决于聚合物链的长度，
08:15
is determined by the lengths
of our polymer chains
of our polymer chains
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还取决于系统内嵌窘组的级别。
08:19
but also the level of built-in
frustration in the system.
frustration in the system.
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08:23
And we can even create
more elaborate structures
more elaborate structures
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我们还可以创造更复杂的结构。
08:27
if we use unsymmetrical molecules,
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如果我们使用非对称分子，
08:30
where one polymer chain
is significantly shorter than the other.
is significantly shorter than the other.
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其中一条聚合物链显著短于另一条。
08:35
And the self-assembled structure
that forms in this case
that forms in this case
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这种情况下的自组装结构是这样的：
短链在中间形成一个牢固的圆球，
08:38
is with the shorter chains
forming a tight ball in the middle,
forming a tight ball in the middle,
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被包围在更长的、
相互排斥的聚合物链中，
相互排斥的聚合物链中，
08:42
and it's surrounded by the longer,
opposing polymer chains,
opposing polymer chains,
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形成一个自然的圆柱体。
08:46
forming a natural cylinder.
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08:49
And the size of this cylinder
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这个圆柱体的尺寸
以及圆柱体之间的距离、周期性，
08:51
and the distance between
the cylinders, the periodicity,
the cylinders, the periodicity,
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取决于我们选用的聚合物链的长度，
08:54
is again determined by how long
we make the polymer chains
we make the polymer chains
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以及内嵌窘组的水平。
08:58
and the level of built-in frustration.
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09:01
So in other words, we're using
molecular engineering
molecular engineering
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换言之，我们在利用分子工程
获得自组装的纳米结构。
09:05
to self-assemble nanoscale structures
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这些结构可以是线形的、圆柱形的，
同时也符合我们设计的周期性。
同时也符合我们设计的周期性。
09:08
that can be lines or cylinders
the size and periodicity of our design.
the size and periodicity of our design.
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09:14
We're using chemistry,
chemical engineering,
chemical engineering,
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我们在使用化学、化学工程
来制造我们晶体管
所需的纳米级特征。
所需的纳米级特征。
09:17
to manufacture the nanoscale features
that we need for our transistors.
that we need for our transistors.
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09:25
But the ability
to self-assemble these structures
to self-assemble these structures
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但是自组装这些结构的能力
只解决了一半的问题，
09:29
only takes us half of the way,
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因为我们还需要排列这些结构，
09:32
because we still need
to position these structures
to position these structures
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使得晶体管们可以形成集成电路。
09:34
where we want the transistors
in the integrated circuit.
in the integrated circuit.
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09:39
But we can do this relatively easily
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但是这些东西相对更简单，
使用宽导向结构来固定自组装结构，
09:42
using wide guide structures that pin down
the self-assembled structures,
the self-assembled structures,
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将它们锚定到位，
09:49
anchoring them in place
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使剩余的自组装结构
09:50
and forcing the rest
of the self-assembled structures
of the self-assembled structures
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可以平行排列，
09:53
to lie parallel,
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从而与我们的导向结构保持一致。
09:55
aligned with our guide structure.
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09:58
For example, if we want to make
a fine, 40-nanometer line,
a fine, 40-nanometer line,
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比如，如果我们想制作一个
精细的、40纳米长的线形，
精细的、40纳米长的线形，
这对传统的投射技术
而言是非常困难的，
而言是非常困难的，
10:03
which is very difficult to manufacture
with conventional projection technology,
with conventional projection technology,
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10:08
we can manufacture
a 120-nanometer guide structure
a 120-nanometer guide structure
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我们可以先制作
一个120纳米的导向结构，
一个120纳米的导向结构，
使用普通的投射技术，
10:13
with normal projection technology,
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这个结构将把
3个40纳米长的线形排列在一起。
3个40纳米长的线形排列在一起。
10:15
and this structure will align three
of the 40-nanometer lines in between.
of the 40-nanometer lines in between.
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所以这些材料在进行
最困难的精细复写。
最困难的精细复写。
10:22
So the materials are doing
the most difficult fine patterning.
the most difficult fine patterning.
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10:27
And we call this whole approach
"directed self-assembly."
"directed self-assembly."
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我们称这种方法为：
直接自组装法。
直接自组装法。
10:33
The challenge with directed self-assembly
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这种方法的挑战在于，
整个系统都需要完美地排列，
10:36
is that the whole system
needs to align almost perfectly,
needs to align almost perfectly,
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因为结构中任何微小的缺陷
都会导致晶体管的失效。
都会导致晶体管的失效。
10:40
because any tiny defect in the structure
could cause a transistor failure.
could cause a transistor failure.
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因为我们电路中存在数十亿个晶体管，
10:46
And because there are billions
of transistors in our circuit,
of transistors in our circuit,
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我们需要一个无比精细完美的系统。
10:49
we need an almost
molecularly perfect system.
molecularly perfect system.
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10:52
But we're going to extraordinary measures
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但我们需要付出非凡的努力，
来达到这一目标。
10:55
to achieve this,
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从我们的化学清洁
10:56
from the cleanliness of our chemistry
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到在半导体工厂中的
10:59
to the careful processing
of these materials
of these materials
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这些材料的精细处理
11:01
in the semiconductor factory
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从而消除纳米级别的最小失误。
11:03
to remove even the smallest
nanoscopic defects.
nanoscopic defects.
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11:09
So directed self-assembly
is an exciting new disruptive technology,
is an exciting new disruptive technology,
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所以直接自组装法是一种
全新的，令人激动的颠覆性技术。
全新的，令人激动的颠覆性技术。
但是它还在发展阶段。
11:14
but it is still in the development stage.
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11:17
But we're growing in confidence
that we could, in fact, introduce it
that we could, in fact, introduce it
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但是我们有信心在未来的几年里，
在半导体行业中
11:21
to the semiconductor industry
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引入这种全新的
11:23
as a revolutionary new
manufacturing process
manufacturing process
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变革型制造方法，
11:26
in just the next few years.
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11:29
And if we can do this,
if we're successful,
if we're successful,
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如果我们成功了，
我们将能够继续进行
11:32
we'll be able to continue
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低成本的晶体管小型化、
11:33
with the cost-effective
miniaturization of transistors,
miniaturization of transistors,
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计算能力的快速发展
11:36
continue with the spectacular
expansion of computing
expansion of computing
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以及数字的变革。
11:40
and the digital revolution.
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除此之外，这是将会是
11:42
And what's more, this could even
be the dawn of a new era
be the dawn of a new era
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分子制造新纪元的曙光。
11:46
of molecular manufacturing.
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听上去相当不错吧！
11:48
How cool is that?
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11:50
Thank you.
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谢谢。
（掌声）
11:51
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Karl Skjonnemand - Technology developerAs a passionate technology leader, Karl Skjonnemand has a hunger for solutions to advanced technology problems.
Why you should listen
Karl Skjonnemand has launched several new products and built new business in different industries with novel materials. He currently leads a diverse group of R&D teams working on innovative materials for semiconductor applications.
Skjonnemand grew up overseas then returned home to the UK where he studied physics followed by a PhD in molecular electronics. Since 1999, he's worked in industrial research and development in Taiwan, Japan, USA and the UK. He's a strong believer that thought diversity within R&D creates a powerhouse for innovation.
Karl Skjonnemand | Speaker | TED.com