TED2019
Sheperd Doeleman: Inside the black hole image that made history
谢博德 · 杜尔曼: 黑洞深处 —— 一张里程碑式的照片
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在5500万光年外的一个星系中心，存在着一个质量是太阳的数十亿倍的超大质量黑洞，周围围绕着数以万计的恒星。现在，我们在人类历史上首次观察到了它的模样。”事件视界望远镜”联合项目领导者，天体物理学家谢博德·杜尔曼来到TED，与克里斯·安德森一起站在台前，讲述这张史无前例的标志性黑洞照片背后的故事——以及背后所付出的艰辛。
Sheperd Doeleman - Astrophysicist
Sheperd Doeleman led the global team behind the Event Horizon Telescope that captured the historic, first-ever image of a black hole. Full bio
Sheperd Doeleman led the global team behind the Event Horizon Telescope that captured the historic, first-ever image of a black hole. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
克里斯·安德森：
谢普，感谢你的到来。
谢普，感谢你的到来。
00:13
Chris Anderson: Shep,
thank you so much for coming.
thank you so much for coming.
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我听说你乘坐的航班
两个小时前刚到达温哥华。
两个小时前刚到达温哥华。
00:15
I think your plane landed
literally two hours ago in Vancouver.
literally two hours ago in Vancouver.
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00:19
Such a treat to have you.
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非常高兴今天你能来这里。
00:21
So, talk us through how do you get
from Einstein's equation to a black hole?
from Einstein's equation to a black hole?
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那么，给我们讲讲你是如何
从爱因斯坦方程式中提取黑洞信息的？
从爱因斯坦方程式中提取黑洞信息的？
谢博德·杜尔曼：
100多年前，
100多年前，
00:27
Sheperd Doeleman: Over 100 years ago,
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爱因斯坦提出了引力的几何理论，
00:29
Einstein came up with this
geometric theory of gravity
geometric theory of gravity
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这个理论改变了时空。
00:32
which deforms space-time.
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所以，物质改变了时空，
00:34
So, matter deforms space-time,
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而时空反过来规定了物质的运行规律。
00:36
and then space-time tells matter in turn
how to move around it.
how to move around it.
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你可以将足够多的物质
聚集到一个非常小的空间里
聚集到一个非常小的空间里
00:39
And you can get enough matter
into a small enough region
into a small enough region
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撞击时空，
00:42
that it punctures space-time,
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即使是光也无法逃离，
00:45
and that even light can't escape,
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引力的作用会使得光困在里面。
00:46
the force of gravity
keeps even light inside.
keeps even light inside.
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安德森：在那之前，
地球之所以围绕太阳公转的理由
地球之所以围绕太阳公转的理由
00:49
CA: And so, before that,
the reason the Earth moves around the Sun
the reason the Earth moves around the Sun
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并不是我们以为的太阳吸引着地球，
00:52
is not because the Sun
is pulling the Earth as we think,
is pulling the Earth as we think,
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而是字面意义上的
太阳改变了宇宙的形状，
太阳改变了宇宙的形状，
00:54
but it's literally changed
the shape of space
the shape of space
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所以地球可以说是
正在向太阳靠近并公转。
正在向太阳靠近并公转。
00:57
so that we just
sort of fall around the Sun.
sort of fall around the Sun.
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杜尔曼：没错，时空的几何结构
00:59
SD: Exactly, the geometry of space-time
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规定了地球围绕太阳公转的轨道。
01:01
tells the Earth
how to move around the Sun.
how to move around the Sun.
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你几乎能看到一个黑洞穿过时空，
01:03
You're almost seeing a black hole
puncture through space-time,
puncture through space-time,
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当它进入很深的时候，
01:06
and when it goes so deeply in,
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在某个时刻光就会围绕黑洞运转。
01:08
then there's a point at which
light orbits the black hole.
light orbits the black hole.
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安德森：我猜这就是
现在我们所看到的景象。
现在我们所看到的景象。
01:12
CA: And so that's, I guess,
is what's happening here.
is what's happening here.
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这不是一张照片，
01:14
This is not an image,
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这是电脑模拟下我们所想象的
01:15
this is a computer simulation
of what we always thought,
of what we always thought,
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在黑洞周围的事件视界。
01:18
like, the event horizon
around the black hole.
around the black hole.
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杜尔曼：直到上周，我们才
知道黑洞的真实样貌。
知道黑洞的真实样貌。
01:21
SD: Until last week, we had no idea
what a black hole really looked like.
what a black hole really looked like.
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我们所能做的就是用超级电脑
构建类似的模拟场景，
构建类似的模拟场景，
01:25
The best we could do were simulations
like this in supercomputers,
like this in supercomputers,
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但即使是现在，你看到的这个光圈，
01:29
but even here you see this ring of light,
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其实是光子的运行轨道，
01:31
which is the orbit of photons.
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它展现了光子围绕黑洞的运行轨道，
01:33
That's where photons
literally move around the black hole,
literally move around the black hole,
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在它的周围是高热气体，被拉近黑洞，
01:36
and around that is this hot gas
that's drawn to the black hole,
that's drawn to the black hole,
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它们之所以很热是因为摩擦。
01:39
and it's hot because of friction.
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这些气体试图压缩体积，
所以它们的温度会上升。
所以它们的温度会上升。
01:41
All this gas is trying to get
into a very small volume, so it heats up.
into a very small volume, so it heats up.
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安德森：几年前，你接受这项任务
01:45
CA: A few years ago,
you embarked on this mission
you embarked on this mission
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来尝试并且、构想出这些东西的样子。
01:47
to try and actually image
one of these things.
one of these things.
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我猜——
01:50
And I guess you took --
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01:52
you focused on this galaxy way out there.
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你一直在研究宇宙中的这个星系。
给我们介绍一下这个星系吧。
01:54
Tell us about this galaxy.
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杜尔曼：这就是我研究的星系。
01:56
SD: This is the galaxy --
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我们现在要放大M87星系，
它距离我们5500万光年。
它距离我们5500万光年。
01:58
we're going to zoom into the galaxy M87,
it's 55 million light-years away.
it's 55 million light-years away.
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安德森：5500万。
02:02
CA: Fifty-five million.
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杜尔曼：距离非常远。
02:03
SD: Which is a long way.
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在这个星系的中心，
02:05
And at its heart,
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有一个相当于65亿倍太阳质量的黑洞。
02:07
there's a six-and-a-half-billion-
solar-mass black hole.
solar-mass black hole.
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对于我们而言很难
准确测量其质量，对吧？
准确测量其质量，对吧？
02:09
That's hard for us
to really fathom, right?
to really fathom, right?
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65亿倍太阳质量的物质
压缩在这一点。
压缩在这一点。
02:12
Six and a half billion suns
compressed into a single point.
compressed into a single point.
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并且这个黑洞掌管着
这个星系中心的一部分能量。
这个星系中心的一部分能量。
02:16
And it's governing some of the energetics
of the center of this galaxy.
of the center of this galaxy.
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安德森：虽然它这么大，
但因为它距离地球很远，
但因为它距离地球很远，
02:21
CA: But even though that thing is so huge,
because it's so far away,
because it's so far away,
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要想拍摄到它的照片，
02:24
to actually dream
of getting an image of it,
of getting an image of it,
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这非常困难。
02:27
that's incredibly hard.
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分辨率要求之高令人难以想象。
02:28
The resolution would be incredible
that you need.
that you need.
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杜尔曼：黑洞是宇宙中
已知的最小的物质。
已知的最小的物质。
02:31
SD: Black holes are the smallest
objects in the known universe.
objects in the known universe.
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02:34
But they have these outsize effects
on whole galaxies.
on whole galaxies.
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但它们对于星系整体而言
有着巨大的影响。
有着巨大的影响。
02:37
But to see one,
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想要看到它，
你需要一个像地球那么大的望远镜，
02:38
you would need to build a telescope
as large as the Earth,
as large as the Earth,
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因为我们正在观察的这个黑洞
02:41
because the black hole
that we're looking at
that we're looking at
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会发出大量的无线电波。
02:43
gives off copious radio waves.
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它无时无刻不在发出这些电波。
02:44
It's emitting all the time.
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安德森：这就是你所做的事。
02:46
CA: And that's exactly what you did.
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杜尔曼：没错。你现在所看到的
02:47
SD: Exactly. What you're seeing here
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是我们部署在全球的望远镜，
02:49
is we used telescopes
all around the world,
all around the world,
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我们让它们与原子钟完美同步，
02:51
we synchronized them perfectly
with atomic clocks,
with atomic clocks,
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让它们接收黑洞发出的光波，
02:54
so they received the light waves
from this black hole,
from this black hole,
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然后我们将所有数据
拼接在一起组成黑洞的照片。
拼接在一起组成黑洞的照片。
02:56
and then we stitched all of that data
together to make an image.
together to make an image.
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安德森：为了达成这个目标，
03:00
CA: To do that
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03:03
the weather had to be right
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所有望远镜所在地的天气状况
都必须达到一定条件，
03:04
in all of those locations
at the same time,
at the same time,
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这样你们才能有清晰的视角。
03:06
so you could actually get a clear view.
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杜尔曼：在很多方面
我们都需要幸运的眷顾。
我们都需要幸运的眷顾。
03:08
SD: We had to get lucky
in a lot of different ways.
in a lot of different ways.
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03:11
And sometimes, it's better
to be lucky than good.
to be lucky than good.
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有时，运气比正确操作更重要。
03:14
In this case, we were both,
I like to think.
I like to think.
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我认为这一次，我们不但
操作正确，运气也很好。
操作正确，运气也很好。
但我们需要接收来自黑洞的光线。
03:16
But light had to come from the black hole.
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它必须穿过星际空间。
03:19
It had to come
through intergalactic space,
through intergalactic space,
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穿过地球的大气层，
中途还有可能被水蒸气吸收，
中途还有可能被水蒸气吸收，
03:23
through the Earth's atmosphere,
where water vapor can absorb it,
where water vapor can absorb it,
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但一切都非常完美。
03:27
and everything worked out perfectly,
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地球的大小，
03:29
the size of the Earth
at that wavelength of light,
at that wavelength of light,
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在波长一毫米的光线下，
03:31
one millimeter wavelength,
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正好能够展现5500万光年外
那个黑洞的样子。
那个黑洞的样子。
03:33
was just right to resolve that black hole,
55 million light-years away.
55 million light-years away.
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宇宙正在告诉我们应该做什么。
03:37
The universe was telling us what to do.
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安德森：所以你们开始收集海量的数据。
03:40
CA: So you started capturing
huge amounts of data.
huge amounts of data.
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这些只是其中一台
望远镜所收集的数据的一半？
望远镜所收集的数据的一半？
03:43
I think this is like half the data
from just one telescope.
from just one telescope.
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杜尔曼：是的，这是
我们小组的一员，林迪·布莱克本，
我们小组的一员，林迪·布莱克本，
03:46
SD: Yeah, this is one of the members
of our team, Lindy Blackburn,
of our team, Lindy Blackburn,
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在他旁边的是
03:49
and he's sitting with half the data
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大型毫米波望远镜
记录下的一半的数据，
记录下的一半的数据，
03:51
recorded at the Large
Millimeter Telescope,
Millimeter Telescope,
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这架望远镜位于墨西哥
一座近5000米高的山上。
一座近5000米高的山上。
03:53
which is atop a 15,000-foot
mountain in Mexico.
mountain in Mexico.
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他手上拿着的数据
大约有拍字节的一半。
大约有拍字节的一半。
03:56
And what he's holding there
is about half a petabyte.
is about half a petabyte.
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用易于想象的东西来比喻的话，
03:59
Which, to put it in terms
that we might understand,
that we might understand,
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大约能存放5千人一辈子的自拍照。
04:03
it's about 5,000 people's
lifetime selfie budget.
lifetime selfie budget.
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（笑声）
04:07
(Laughter)
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安德森：数据非常多。
04:09
CA: It's a lot of data.
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所以只能通过线下运输，
你们没办法在互联网上传输。
你们没办法在互联网上传输。
04:10
So this was all shipped,
you couldn't send this over the internet.
you couldn't send this over the internet.
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所有的数据都被运送到一个地方，
04:13
All this data was shipped to one place
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然后计算机开始解析这些数据。
04:15
and the massive computer effort began
to try and analyze it.
to try and analyze it.
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当时你并不知道
04:19
And you didn't really know
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最终的结果是什么样的。
04:20
what you were going to see
coming out of this.
coming out of this.
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杜尔曼：我们是这么工作的。
04:23
SD: The way this technique
works that we used --
works that we used --
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想象打碎一面镜子，
04:25
imagine taking an optical mirror
and smashing it
and smashing it
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然后把所有的碎片四散开来。
04:28
and putting all the shards
in different places.
in different places.
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普通镜子的工作原理
04:30
The way a normal mirror works
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是通过镜面反射，
04:32
is the light rays bounce
off the surface, which is perfect,
off the surface, which is perfect,
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所有的光在同时聚焦在某个特定的点。
04:35
and they focus in a certain point
at the same time.
at the same time.
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我们有了所有的数据，
04:38
We take all these recordings,
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在原子钟精度的帮助下，
04:40
and with atomic clock precision
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我们将这些数据准确输入超级计算机。
04:41
we align them perfectly,
later in a supercomputer.
later in a supercomputer.
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然后我们重构了一个地球大小的透镜。
04:45
And we recreate
kind of an Earth-sized lens.
kind of an Earth-sized lens.
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只能通过飞机运送数据。
04:47
And the only way to do that
is to bring the data back by plane.
is to bring the data back by plane.
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没有哪个网络比一架满载硬盘的
波音747飞机更快的了。
波音747飞机更快的了。
04:50
You can't beat the bandwidth
of a 747 filled with hard discs.
of a 747 filled with hard discs.
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04:54
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
04:55
CA: And so, I guess a few weeks
or a few months ago,
or a few months ago,
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安德森：那么我猜，在几周或几个月前，
在某地一台电脑的显示器上，
04:58
on a computer screen somewhere,
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04:59
this started to come into view.
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黑洞的形象在那一刻
渐渐成形。
05:03
This moment.
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杜尔曼：嗯，这花了好一会儿工夫。
05:04
SD: Well, it took a long time.
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安德森：看看这张照片。
05:06
CA: I mean, look at this.
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05:09
That was it.
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这就是黑洞。
这就是黑洞的第一张照片。
05:11
That was the first image.
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（掌声）
05:12
(Applause)
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给我们介绍一下这张照片吧。
05:18
So tell us what
we're really looking at there.
we're really looking at there.
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杜尔曼：我依然非常喜欢这张照片。
05:20
SD: I still love it.
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（笑声）
05:22
(Laughter)
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现在你所看到的是
光子最后一次运动的轨迹。
光子最后一次运动的轨迹。
05:25
So what you're seeing
is that last orbit of photons.
is that last orbit of photons.
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爱因斯坦的几何学说
彻底展现在你们眼前。
彻底展现在你们眼前。
05:29
You're seeing Einstein's
geometry laid bare.
geometry laid bare.
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这次对时空的撞击之深，
05:32
The puncture in space-time is so deep
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使得光子在轨道上绕圈，
05:35
that light moves around in orbit,
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这样黑洞身后的光，我觉得
我们马上就可以看到它了，
我们马上就可以看到它了，
05:37
so that light behind the black hole,
as I think we'll see soon,
as I think we'll see soon,
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05:40
moves around and comes to us
on these parallel lines
on these parallel lines
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就会绕圈，并且在
这个轨道上的平行光线
这个轨道上的平行光线
马上就会来到我们这里。
05:43
at exactly that orbit.
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事实上，这个轨道是27的平方根，
05:44
It turns out, that orbit is
the square root of 27
the square root of 27
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与一些基本常数相乘。
05:49
times just a handful
of fundamental constants.
of fundamental constants.
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如果你认真思考，就会发现它非常奇妙。
05:52
It's extraordinary
when you think about it.
when you think about it.
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安德森：当...
05:54
CA: When ...
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在我脑海里，我最初认为
05:56
In my head, initially,
when I thought of black holes,
when I thought of black holes,
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黑洞就是一个事件视界。
05:59
I'm thinking that is the event horizon,
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有许多物质和光线围绕着它转。
06:01
there's lots of matter and light
whirling around in that shape.
whirling around in that shape.
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但事实远比我想象的要复杂。
06:05
But it's actually
more complicated than that.
more complicated than that.
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给我们解释一下这个动画，
它展现了光正在透过这个黑洞。
它展现了光正在透过这个黑洞。
06:08
Well, talk us through this animation,
because it's light being lensed around it.
because it's light being lensed around it.
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杜尔曼：你现在看到的是
在黑洞后面的一些光透过它，
在黑洞后面的一些光透过它，
06:12
SD: You'll see here that some light
from behind it gets lensed,
from behind it gets lensed,
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有些光的确会一直绕着黑洞转。
06:16
and some light does a loop-the-loop
around the entire orbit of the black hole.
around the entire orbit of the black hole.
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但如果光足够多，
06:20
But when you get enough light
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它们来自黑洞周围的高温气体中，
06:22
from all this hot gas
swirling around the black hole,
swirling around the black hole,
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那么最终你将看到这些光线
06:24
then you wind up seeing
all of these light rays
all of these light rays
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以屏幕上所呈现的方式聚集在一起，
06:27
come together on this screen,
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06:29
which is a stand-in
for where you and I are.
for where you and I are.
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就像你和我现在站在台上一样。
然后你会发现这个环逐渐成型。
06:31
And you see the definition of this ring
begin to come into shape.
begin to come into shape.
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这就是爱因斯坦
在百年前所预测的事情。
在百年前所预测的事情。
06:36
And that's what Einstein predicted
over 100 years ago.
over 100 years ago.
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06:40
CA: Yeah, that is amazing.
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安德森：这真是令人吃惊。
现在，能不能再解释一下这张图片？
06:42
So tell us more about
what we're actually looking at here.
what we're actually looking at here.
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首先，为什么有些地方
比其他地方更亮呢？
比其他地方更亮呢？
06:48
First of all, why is part of it
brighter than the rest?
brighter than the rest?
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杜尔曼：事实上这个黑洞正在旋转。
06:50
SD: So what's happening
is that the black hole is spinning.
is that the black hole is spinning.
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最终靠近地球的气体运动到了下方，
06:54
And you wind up with some of the gas
moving towards us below
moving towards us below
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而远离地球的气体运动到了上方。
06:57
and receding from us on the top.
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06:59
And just as the train whistle
has a higher pitch
has a higher pitch
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正如火车的鸣笛，当它靠近你的时候，
音高会增高，
07:02
when it's coming towards you,
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比起远离地球的气体，
靠近的气体蕴含很多能量，
靠近的气体蕴含很多能量，
07:03
there's more energy from the gas
coming towards us than going away from us.
coming towards us than going away from us.
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你可以看到下方更亮一点
07:07
You see the bottom part brighter
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07:08
because the light is actually
being boosted in our direction.
being boosted in our direction.
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是因为下方光线正加速向我们靠近。
安德森：这个黑洞有多大？
07:12
CA: And how physically big is that?
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杜尔曼：它能容下我们整个太阳系。
07:14
SD: Our entire solar system
would fit well within that dark region.
would fit well within that dark region.
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并且，我想打断你一下，
07:20
And if I may,
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这个黑暗区域标志了事件视界。
07:22
that dark region is the signature
of the event horizon.
of the event horizon.
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我们之所以无法看到里面的光，
07:26
The reason we don't see light from there,
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是因为这里面朝地球靠近的光
07:28
is that the light that would come
to us from that place
to us from that place
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已经被事件视界吞噬了。
07:30
was swallowed by the event horizon.
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这就是黑洞。
07:32
So that -- that's it.
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安德森：所以，当我们
谈起黑洞的时候，
谈起黑洞的时候，
07:34
CA: And so when we think of a black hole,
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你想说的是它向外发射的射线，
07:36
you think of these huge rays
jetting out of it,
jetting out of it,
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它们朝我们而来。
07:39
which are pointed
directly in our direction.
directly in our direction.
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为什么我们看不见他们呢？
07:41
Why don't we see them?
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杜尔曼：这是一个强有力的黑洞。
07:42
SD: This is a very powerful black hole.
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虽然不是公认的，但它依然非常强大，
07:44
Not by universal standards,
it's still powerful,
it's still powerful,
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在这个黑洞的北极和南极，
07:48
and from the north and south poles
of this black hole
of this black hole
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我们认为射线正从这两段过来。
07:50
we think that jets are coming.
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我们距离太近，
所以无法看到这些射线的结构，
所以无法看到这些射线的结构，
07:52
Now, we're too close
to really see all the jet structure,
to really see all the jet structure,
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但这些射线能够展示时空的样子，
07:56
but it's the base of those jets
that are illuminating the space-time.
that are illuminating the space-time.
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同时也能展现在黑洞周围
空间扭曲的状况。
空间扭曲的状况。
07:59
And that's what's being bent
around the black hole.
around the black hole.
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08:03
CA: And if you were in a spaceship
whirling around that thing somehow,
whirling around that thing somehow,
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安德森：如果某天你在一架太空飞船上，
正在绕这这个东西飞行，
正在绕这这个东西飞行，
绕场一周需要多久呢？
08:07
how long would it take
to actually go around it?
to actually go around it?
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杜尔曼：首先，我愿意付出一切代价
登上那艘太空飞船。
登上那艘太空飞船。
08:09
SD: First, I would give anything
to be in that spaceship.
to be in that spaceship.
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（笑声）
08:12
(Laughter)
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帮我抢一个位置。
08:14
Sign me up.
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08:16
There’s something called the --
if I can get wonky for one moment --
if I can get wonky for one moment --
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让我想一下，有一个东西叫做
最内侧稳定圆形轨道，
08:19
the innermost stable circular orbit,
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这是轨道最内侧，物质在
这个轨道上绕着黑洞运行，
这个轨道上绕着黑洞运行，
08:21
that's the innermost orbit at which
matter can move around a black hole
matter can move around a black hole
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之后它们会旋转入黑洞。
08:25
before it spirals in.
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08:26
And for this black hole, it's going to be
between three days and about a month.
between three days and about a month.
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对于这个黑洞而言，
这个过程大约会持续三天到一个月。
这个过程大约会持续三天到一个月。
08:32
CA: It's so powerful,
it's weirdly slow at one level.
it's weirdly slow at one level.
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安德森：它的力量这么强大，
我甚至觉得这个过程有点慢。
我甚至觉得这个过程有点慢。
我的意思是，如果你在场，
你甚至不会注意到
你甚至不会注意到
08:35
I mean, you wouldn't even notice
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自己进入这个事件视界。
08:38
falling into that event horizon
if you were there.
if you were there.
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杜尔曼：你可能听说过
一个词叫“面条化”，
一个词叫“面条化”，
08:42
SD: So you may have heard
of "spaghettification,"
of "spaghettification,"
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当你掉入一个黑洞的时候，
08:45
where you fall into a black hole
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你的脚所受的引力场
远大于你的头所受的引力场，
远大于你的头所受的引力场，
08:46
and the gravitational field on your feet
is much stronger than on your head,
is much stronger than on your head,
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所以你就会被拉扯破碎。
08:50
so you're ripped apart.
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这个黑洞太大了，
08:51
This black hole is so big
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你甚至来不及变成意大利面那么长。
08:54
that you're not going to become
a spaghetti noodle.
a spaghetti noodle.
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你会直接掉入那个事件视界。
08:57
You're just going to drift
right through that event horizon.
right through that event horizon.
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安德森：这就像一个巨大的龙卷风。
09:00
CA: So, it's like a giant tornado.
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当桃乐丝被卷入龙卷风的时候，
她最后到了奥兹国。
她最后到了奥兹国。
09:02
When Dorothy was whipped by a tornado,
she ended up in Oz.
she ended up in Oz.
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09:05
Where do you end up
if you fall into a black hole?
if you fall into a black hole?
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如果你掉入黑洞，最后你会到哪儿？
09:08
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
杜尔曼：温哥华。
09:09
SD: Vancouver.
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（笑声）
09:11
(Laughter)
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安德森：天呐。
09:13
CA: Oh, my God.
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（掌声）
09:14
(Applause)
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这个红色的圈太吓人了。
09:16
It's the red circle, that's terrifying.
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你在开玩笑。
09:20
No, really.
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杜尔曼：黑洞可谓是
我们这个时代的中心之谜。
我们这个时代的中心之谜。
09:21
SD: Black holes really are
the central mystery of our age,
the central mystery of our age,
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因为它是量子世界与引力世界的交合点。
09:25
because that's where the quantum world
and the gravitational world come together.
and the gravitational world come together.
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黑洞的中心是一个奇点。
09:29
What's inside is a singularity.
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在这里所有的力都会趋于统一，
09:30
And that's where
all the forces become unified,
all the forces become unified,
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09:33
because gravity finally is strong enough
to compete with all the other forces.
to compete with all the other forces.
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因为引力是如此之大，
其他力无法与之抗衡。
其他力无法与之抗衡。
但它隐藏了起来，
09:37
But it's hidden from us,
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09:39
the universe has cloaked it
in the ultimate invisibility cloak.
in the ultimate invisibility cloak.
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宇宙用终极隐形斗篷把它遮掩了起来。
所以我们不知道在那里面
究竟发生了什么。
究竟发生了什么。
09:43
So we don't know what happens in there.
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安德森：所以在我们的星系中
有一个较小的黑洞。
有一个较小的黑洞。
09:45
CA: So there's a smaller one of these
in our own galaxy.
in our own galaxy.
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可以回到我们自己美丽的星系吗？
09:47
Can we go back
to our own beautiful galaxy?
to our own beautiful galaxy?
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这是银河，是我们的家。
09:49
This is the Milky Way, this is home.
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而在银河的某个地方，
存在着另外一个黑洞，
存在着另外一个黑洞，
09:51
And somewhere in the middle of that
there's another one,
there's another one,
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你正在努力把它找出来。
09:54
which you're trying to find as well.
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杜尔曼：我们已经发现了它的存在，
也已经采集到了它的数据。
也已经采集到了它的数据。
09:56
SD: We already know it's there,
and we've already taken data on it.
and we've already taken data on it.
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我们现在就在研究这些数据，
09:59
And we're working on those data right now.
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希望在将来能够研究出结果，
虽然我不敢对时间打包票。
虽然我不敢对时间打包票。
10:01
So we hope to have something
in the near future, I can't say when.
in the near future, I can't say when.
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安德森：这个黑洞距离较近，但体积较小，
10:05
CA: It's way closer
but also a lot smaller,
but also a lot smaller,
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也许和我们现在看到的这个差不多大？
10:07
maybe the similar kind of size
to what we saw?
to what we saw?
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杜尔曼：是的。事实证明
M87星系中的黑洞，
M87星系中的黑洞，
10:09
SD: Right. So it turns out
that the black hole in M87,
that the black hole in M87,
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就是我们之前看到的那个，
10:13
that we saw before,
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重达65亿太阳的质量。
10:14
is six and a half billion solar masses.
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但由于它距离太远了，所以看起来很小。
10:16
But it's so far away
that it appears a certain size.
that it appears a certain size.
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我们星系里的这个黑洞比它小一千倍，
10:20
The black hole in the center of our galaxy
is a thousand times less massive,
is a thousand times less massive,
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但也比它近一千倍。
10:23
but also a thousand times closer.
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所以它们两个在空中
看起来差不多大小。
看起来差不多大小。
10:25
So it looks the same
angular size on the sky.
angular size on the sky.
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安德森：最后，我猜，
我们要认识一下一群了不起的人。
我们要认识一下一群了不起的人。
10:29
CA: Finally, I guess,
a nod to a remarkable group of people.
a nod to a remarkable group of people.
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他们是谁？
10:32
Who are these guys?
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杜尔曼：这些仅是我们小组的部分成员。
10:33
SD: So these are only some of the team.
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我们惊叹于这张照片所引起的反响。
10:36
We marveled at the resonance
that this image has had.
that this image has had.
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如果在过去你告诉我
这张照片会占据所有报纸的头条，
这张照片会占据所有报纸的头条，
10:42
If you told me that it would be
above the fold in all of these newspapers,
above the fold in all of these newspapers,
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我觉得我可能不会相信你，
但事实就是如此。
但事实就是如此。
10:45
I'm not sure I would
have believed you, but it was.
have believed you, but it was.
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因为这是一项非常重大的谜题，
10:48
Because this is a great mystery,
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它激励着我们，我希望
它也能激励其他所有人。
它也能激励其他所有人。
10:49
and it's inspiring for us,
and I hope it's inspiring to everyone.
and I hope it's inspiring to everyone.
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但更重要的是，这只是
我们团队的一小部分人。
我们团队的一小部分人。
10:53
But the more important thing is that
this is just a small number of the team.
this is just a small number of the team.
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我们一共有200人，分别来自60个机构、
10:57
We're 200 people strong with 60 institutes
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20个国家和地区。
10:59
and 20 countries and regions.
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如果你想建造一个国际望远镜，
你就需要一个国际团队。
你就需要一个国际团队。
11:01
If you want to build a global telescope
you need a global team.
you need a global team.
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我们用来连接全球望远镜的这项技术
11:04
And this technique that we use
of linking telescopes around the world
of linking telescopes around the world
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轻松地帮助我们回避了
一些可能会导致我们分裂的问题。
一些可能会导致我们分裂的问题。
11:08
kind of effortlessly sidesteps
some of the issues that divide us.
some of the issues that divide us.
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作为科学家，我们自然而然地
聚集在了一起，来完成类似的任务。
聚集在了一起，来完成类似的任务。
11:13
And as scientists, we naturally
come together to do something like this.
come together to do something like this.
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11:17
CA: Wow, boy, that's inspiring
for our whole team this week.
for our whole team this week.
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安德森：哦天呐，这对于
我们所有人都有教育意义。
我们所有人都有教育意义。
谢普，非常感谢你所做的一切，
同时感谢你今天来参加这个活动。
同时感谢你今天来参加这个活动。
11:21
Shep, thank you so much for what you did
and for coming here.
and for coming here.
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杜尔曼：谢谢。
11:24
SD: Thank you.
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（掌声）
11:25
(Applause)
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Translated by Buyun Ping
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sheperd Doeleman - AstrophysicistSheperd Doeleman led the global team behind the Event Horizon Telescope that captured the historic, first-ever image of a black hole.
Why you should listen
Sheperd Doeleman is the project director of the Event Horizon Telescope and an astrophysicist with the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. His research focuses on problems in astrophysics that require ultra-high resolving power. His work employs the technique of very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI), synchronizing geographically distant radio dishes into an Earth-sized virtual telescope. In addition to his work at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics and for the Event Horizon Telescope, Doeleman is a Harvard senior research fellow and a project coleader of Harvard's Black Hole Initiative.
Doeleman's research includes work at the McMurdo Station on the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica and as assistant director of the MIT Haystack Observatory. He is a Guggenheim Fellow and was the recipient of the DAAD German Academic Exchange grant for research at the Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie. He leads and coleads research programs supported by grants from the National Science Foundation, the National Radio Astronomy Observatory ALMA-NA Development Fund, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, the MIT International Science & Technology Initiatives (MISTI), the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and the John Templeton Foundation. Doeleman received his BA from Reed College and completed a PhD in astrophysics at MIT.
Sheperd Doeleman | Speaker | TED.com