TEDSalon 2009 Compassion
Robert Wright: The evolution of compassion
羅伯特·萊特:同情心進化論
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Robert Wright用進化論與博弈論解釋為什麼我們欣賞“勿施於人”的黄金法则，為什麼我們有時會忽略它,以及為什麼還懷抱著希望，在不久的將來，我們全體都可能有同情心去遵循它。
Robert Wright - Journalist, philosopher
The best-selling author of "Nonzero," "The Moral Animal" and "The Evolution of God," Robert Wright draws on his wide-ranging knowledge of science, religion, psychology, history and politics to figure out what makes humanity tick -- and what makes us moral. Full bio
The best-selling author of "Nonzero," "The Moral Animal" and "The Evolution of God," Robert Wright draws on his wide-ranging knowledge of science, religion, psychology, history and politics to figure out what makes humanity tick -- and what makes us moral. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
I'm going to talk about compassion and the golden rule
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我來談論關於同情心與黃金法則
00:17
from a secular perspective and even from a kind of scientific perspective.
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不僅從世俗的觀點,某一程度也會從科學的觀點來看
00:23
I'm going to try to give you a little bit of a natural history
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我會試著帶領你從自然的歷史來看
00:26
of compassion and the golden rule.
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同情心與黃金法則
00:28
So, I'm going to be sometimes using kind of clinical language,
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所以，有時候我會用到臨床診斷上所使用的語言
00:33
and so it's not going to sound as warm and fuzzy
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而且聽起來也許不會溫馨及暖昧
00:35
as your average compassion talk.
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較不同於一般關於同情心的言論
00:37
I want to warn you about that.
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我想先提醒你這點
00:40
So, I do want to say, at the outset, that I think compassion's great.
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因此，我想說的是， 一開始我覺得同情心很棒
00:44
The golden rule is great. I'm a big supporter of both.
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黃金法則也是。我是這倆者很大的支持者
00:47
And I think it's great that
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另外，我覺得很棒的是這世上的宗教
00:49
the leaders of the religions of the world
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以及世上的宗教領袖們
00:52
are affirming compassion and the golden rule as fundamental principles
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都肯定同心情和黃金法則是信仰的基礎
00:57
that are integral to their faiths.
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是不可或缺的一部分
01:00
At the same time, I think religions don't deserve all the credit.
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但同時，我覺得宗教不是唯一的功臣
01:03
I think nature gave them a helping hand here.
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自然某一程度也幫了我們一把
01:07
I'm going to argue tonight that compassion and the golden rule
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今晚我要強調的是，同情心及黃金法則
01:12
are, in a certain sense, built into human nature.
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在一定程度上，存在於人性中
01:15
But I'm also going to argue
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好！我即將要討論的是
01:17
that once you understand the sense in which they are built into human nature,
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一旦你理解了兩者是建立在人性自然的感官中，
01:21
you realize that just affirming compassion,
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當你認同時，那確認同情心存在，
01:25
and affirming the golden rule, is really not enough.
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確認黃金法則的存在，是遠遠不夠的。
01:28
There's a lot of work to be done after that.
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之後還有很多工作要做。好。
01:31
OK so, a quick natural history, first of compassion.
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好。所以，很快的看一下自然歷史，首先，同情心。
01:36
In the beginning, there was compassion,
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在最初，出現了同情心，
01:39
and I mean not just when human beings first showed up,
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但我指的不是人類第一次出現在世上的時候，
01:42
but actually even before that.
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而是更早。
01:44
I think it's probably the case that, in the human evolutionary lineage,
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我想可能是這樣，在人類的演化譜系中，
01:48
even before there were homo sapiens,
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甚至比智人出現更早的時候，
01:51
feelings like compassion and love and sympathy
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同情心、愛和憐憫
01:53
had earned their way into the gene pool,
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已經進入了基因庫
01:57
and biologists have a pretty clear idea of how this first happened.
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而生物學家對於這個現象是如何發生有清楚的想法
02:00
It happened through a principle known as kin selection.
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它是通過親屬選擇而發生的
02:04
And the basic idea of kin selection is that,
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親屬選擇的基本想法是，
02:10
if an animal feels compassion for a close relative,
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如果一個動物對近親有同情的感覺，
02:13
and this compassion leads the animal to help the relative,
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而且這種同情的感覺使這個動物去幫助牠的親戚，
02:17
then, in the end, the compassion actually winds up helping the genes
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最终，這種同情心最終幫助了
02:22
underlying the compassion itself.
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隱含在這同情心裡的基因。
02:25
So, from a biologist's point of view, compassion is actually
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所以，從一個生物學家的角度，同情心是事實上
02:29
a gene's way of helping itself. OK.
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一個基因幫助自己的方式。好。
02:33
I warned you this was not going to be very warm and fuzzy.
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我提醒過你演講內容不會溫馨及暖昧。好吧。
02:37
I'll get there -- I hope to get a little fuzzier.
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我繼續。我希望說得更模糊點。
02:40
This doesn't bother me so much,
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對我而言，我不會覺得困擾
02:42
that the underlying Darwinian rationale of compassion
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隱含著達爾文原理的同情心
02:46
is kind of self-serving at the genetic level.
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從基因的角度來看有點利己
02:48
Actually, I think the bad news about kin selection
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事實上，我覺得壞消息是關於親屬選擇
02:51
is just that it means that this kind of compassion
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只是說明這種同情心
02:55
is naturally deployed only within the family.
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只在家庭裡自然地被運用。
02:58
That's the bad news. The good news is compassion is natural.
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這是壞消息。好消息是同情心是自然的。
03:01
The bad news is that this kin selected compassion
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壞消息是這種親屬選擇的同情心
03:04
is naturally confined to the family.
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自然地被局限在家庭中。
03:06
Now, there's more good news that came along later in evolution,
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現在，在之後的進化過程中有了更多的好消息，
03:10
a second kind of evolutionary logic.
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第二種進化的邏輯。
03:13
Biologists call that "reciprocal altruism." OK.
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生物學家稱它是互利主義。好的。
03:16
And there, the basic idea is that
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互利主義的基本觀點是
03:19
compassion leads you to do good things for people who then will return the favor.
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同情心帶領你去为那些能回報你的人做好事。
03:27
Again, I know this is not as inspiring a notion of compassion
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再一次，你知道，這不是像
03:32
as you may have heard in the past,
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你過去聽到過的同情心概念那樣鼓舞人心，
03:34
but from a biologist's point of view, this reciprocal altruism kind of compassion
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但是從一個生物學家的角度來看，這種互利主義的同情心，
03:39
is ultimately self-serving too.
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最終還是為自我服務的。
03:42
It's not that people think that, when they feel the compassion.
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這不是說當人們給予同情心時會這樣子想。
03:44
It's not consciously self-serving, but to a biologist, that's the logic.
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那不是有意識的自我服務，但是，對於一個生物學家來說，那就是他的邏輯。
03:49
And so, you wind up most easily extending compassion to friends and allies.
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所以，你最終會容易對你的朋友和同盟者產生同情心。
03:55
I'm sure a lot of you, if a close friend has something really terrible happen to them,
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我確信你們大多數人，當一個親近的朋友發生了嚴重的事情，
04:01
you feel really bad.
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你會感覺很糟。
04:03
But if you read in the newspaper
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但是如果你是在看電視
04:04
that something really horrible happened to somebody you've never heard of,
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上寫有一些很可怕的事情發生在一些你從來不認識的人身上的時候
04:07
you can probably live with that.
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你知道，你不會有事。好的。
04:09
That's just human nature.
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那只是人類的本性。
04:11
So, it's another good news/bad news story.
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所以，這是另一個好消息壞消息的故事。
04:13
It's good that compassion was extended beyond the family
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好消息是因為同情心超越了家庭的範籌
04:15
by this kind of evolutionary logic.
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依照這種進化的邏輯來說的話
04:17
The bad news is this doesn't bring us universal compassion by itself.
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壞消息這沒有給我們帶來普遍存在的同情心。好的。
04:22
So, there's still work to be done.
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所以，還有工作要做。
04:24
Now, there's one other result of this dynamic called reciprocal altruism,
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現在，這種互利主義帶來了另一種結果
04:29
which I think is kind of good news,
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我覺得是個很好的消息，
04:31
which is that the way that this is played out in the human species,
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那是以人類物種作爲完結，好的，
04:35
it has given people an intuitive appreciation of the golden rule.
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那使人們對黃金法則有一種直覺的鑒賞。好的。
04:39
I don't quite mean that the golden rule itself is written in our genes,
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我不是指黃金法則存在於我們的基因之中
04:43
but you can go to a hunter gatherer society
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但是你可以追溯到遠古獵物採集的社會，
04:47
that has had no exposure to any of the great religious traditions,
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没有任何宗教傳統的社會，
04:50
no exposure to ethical philosophy,
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没有倫理道德哲學的顯現，
04:52
and you'll find, if you spend time with these people,
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然後你會發現，如果你花時間和這些人在一起，
04:54
that, basically, they believe that one good turn deserves another,
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那麽，基本上，他們做好事應該得到回報，
04:57
and that bad deeds should be punished.
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而做壞事應該得到懲罰
04:59
And evolutionary psychologists think that these intuitions have a basis in the genes.
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而且進化論的心理學家認爲這些直覺在基因中是有基礎的
05:05
So, they do understand that if you want to be treated well,
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所以, 他們了解如果你想要別人對你好
05:09
you treat other people well.
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你就會對別人好
05:11
And it's good to treat other people well.
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而且對別人好也是一件好事
05:13
That's close to being a kind of built-in intuition.
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那差不多是在直覺中被建立的。
05:17
So, that's good news. Now, if you've been paying attention,
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所以，那是好消息。現在，如果你注意聽了，
05:20
you're probably anticipating that there's bad news here;
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你可能正在想壞消息是什麽，好的，
05:23
we still aren't to universal love,
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那就是我們還沒達到普遍存在的愛，
05:25
and it's true because, although an appreciation of the golden rule is natural,
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而且那是真的，因爲，雖然對黃金法則的理解是自然的，
05:30
it's also natural to carve out exceptions to the golden rule.
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但是這也很自然地雕刻出黃金法則的例外情況。
05:35
I mean, for example, none of us, probably, want to go to prison,
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我的意思是，例如，我們中間沒有人，或許，想進監獄，
05:39
but we all think that there are some people who should go to prison. Right?
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但是我們老是覺得有一些人應該被關在監獄裏。對吧？
05:42
So, we think we should treat them differently than we would want to be treated.
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所以，我們覺得我們應該對他們和他們對我們不一樣
05:46
Now, we have a rationale for that.
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現在，我們對于這個有一個基本原理。
05:48
We say they did these bad things that make it just that they should go to prison.
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我們說他們做了壞事所以他們就應該進監獄。
05:53
None of us really extends the golden rule in truly diffuse and universal fashion.
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我們中間沒有人真的將用真實的擴散的並且全面的方式將黃金法則擴大。
05:57
We have the capacity to carve out exceptions,
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我們有這個能力去雕刻出例外情況，
06:00
put people in a special category.
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將人放在一個特殊的類別裏。
06:02
And the problem is that -- although in the case of sending people to prison,
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問題是，雖然是這種把人送進監獄的情況，
06:06
you have this impartial judiciary
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你有中立的法官
06:09
determining who gets excluded from the golden rule --
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來決定，你知道，那是黃金法則之外的人，
06:13
that in everyday life, the way we all make these decisions
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在每一天生活中，我們作出對于]於
06:17
about who we're not going to extend the golden rule to,
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誰將被排除在黃金法則之外的決定，
06:20
is we use a much rougher and readier formula.
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我們用一個更加粗糙和準備好的公式，
06:23
Basically it's just like, if you're my enemy, if you're my rival --
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並且基本上是，如果你是我的敵人，如果你是我的競爭對手，好的，
06:27
if you're not my friend, if you're not in my family --
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如果你不是我的朋友，如果你不是我的家庭成員，
06:29
I'm much less inclined to apply the golden rule to you.
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我將更少的傾向於將你納入黃金法則。好的。
06:34
We all do that,
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我們都差不多這樣做，
06:36
and you see it all over the world.
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而且你可以看到整個世界都是這樣。
06:39
You see it in the Middle East:
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你知道，你看中東
06:42
people who, from Gaza, are firing missiles at Israel.
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從加沙來的人正在向以色列發射導彈。
06:45
They wouldn't want to have missiles fired at them, but they say,
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他們不想向他們發射導彈，但是他們說，
06:47
"Well, but the Israelis, or some of them have done things
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“那，但是以色列人，或者一些以色列人以前做過一些事情
06:49
that put them in a special category."
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可以使被放在一個特殊的類別裏。”
06:51
The Israelis would not want to have an economic blockade imposed on them,
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以色列人不希望經濟封鎖強加在他們身上，
06:54
but they impose one on Gaza, and they say,
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但是他們希望強加在加沙，而且他們說，
06:56
"Well, the Palestinians, or some of them, have brought this on themselves."
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“那，巴勒斯坦人，或者是一些巴勒斯坦人，他們自找的。“
06:59
So, it's these exclusions to the golden rule that amount to a lot of the world's trouble.
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所以，正是這些黃金法則的例外情況給世界造成了很多麻煩。
07:07
And it's natural to do that.
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而且他們是很自然的這樣做的。
07:10
So, the fact that the golden rule is in some sense built in to us
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所以，在某種程度上黃金發則是我們一部分的這個事實，
07:13
is not, by itself, going to bring us universal love.
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靠它自己不能給我們帶來普遍性的愛。
07:19
It's not going to save the world.
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它拯救不了世界。
07:21
Now, there's one piece of good news I have that may save the world. Okay.
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現在，我有一個能拯救世界的好消息。好。
07:26
Are you on the edges of your seats here?
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你現在夠專心嗎？
07:29
Good, because before I tell you about that good news,
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好，因為在我告訴你這個好消息之前，
07:31
I'm going to have to take a little excursion through some academic terrain.
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我將不得不涉獵一下學術的領域。
07:36
So, I hope I've got your attention with this promise of good news
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所以，我希望我已經得到了你對於
07:39
that may save the world.
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這個能拯救世界的好消息的關注。
07:42
It's this non-zero-sumness stuff you just heard a little bit about.
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它是們們剛聽到一點的總和非零。
07:45
It's just a quick introduction to game theory.
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這只是對遊戲理論的一個很快介紹。
07:48
This won't hurt. Okay.
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不會讓人很難受。好。
07:50
It's about zero-sum and non-zero-sum games.
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這是有關零和與非零和的遊戲。
07:52
If you ask what kind of a situation
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如果你問什麼樣的情況
07:56
is conducive to people becoming friends and allies,
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有利於人們成爲朋友和盟友， 有利於人們成爲朋友和盟友，
07:59
the technical answer is a non-zero-sum situation.
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技術的回答是非零總和的情況。
08:02
And if you ask what kind of situation
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如果你問什麽樣的情況
08:04
is conducive to people defining people as enemies,
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有利於人們定義敵人的概念
08:06
it's a zero-sum situation.
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那是零和的情況。好。
08:08
So, what do those terms mean?
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那麽，這些詞彙的意思是什麽？
08:10
Basically, a zero-sum game is the kind you're used to in sports,
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基本上，一個零和的遊戲，是你習慣在運動會中遇到的，
08:13
where there's a winner and a loser.
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其中有優勝者和失敗者
08:15
So, their fortunes add up to zero.
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所以，他們的情況加起來是零。
08:18
So, in tennis, every point is either good for you and bad for the other person,
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那麽，在網球比賽中，每一分都是對于你是好的，對于另外那個人是壞的，
08:23
or good for them, bad for you.
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或者是對於另外那些人是好的，對于你是壞的。
08:25
Either way, your fortunes add up to zero. That's a zero-sum game.
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不管怎麽看，你們的情況加起來都是零。這就是零和遊戲。
08:28
Now, if you're playing doubles,
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現在，如果你玩雙打，
08:30
then the person on your side of the net
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那麽在你網子這邊的人
08:32
is in a non-zero-sum relationship with you,
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與你就是非零和的關系。
08:35
because every point is either good for both of you -- positive, win-win --
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因爲每一分不是對你們倆同時都是好的，積極的，雙贏，
08:38
or bad for both of you, it's lose-lose.
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就是對你們兩個同時都是壞的，雙輸。好。
08:40
That's a non-zero-sum game.
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那個是非零和的遊戲。
08:42
And in real life, there are lots of non-zero-sum games.
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那麽在現實生活中，有很多非零和的遊戲
08:45
In the realm of economics, say, if you buy something:
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在經濟領域中，比方說，如果你買東西，
08:48
that means you'd rather have the merchandise than the money,
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那意味著寧願要商品也不要錢，
08:51
but the merchant would rather have the money than the merchandise.
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但是商人是寧願要錢也不要商品。
08:54
You both feel you've won.
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你們兩個都感覺你們贏了。好。
08:56
In a war, two allies are playing a non-zero-sum game.
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在戰爭中，兩個同盟正在玩非零和的遊戲。
08:59
It's going to either be win-win or lose-lose for them.
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那對于他們將是雙贏或者雙輸。
09:02
So, there are lots of non-zero-sum games in real life.
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這樣，在現實生活中有很多的非零和的遊戲。
09:09
And you could basically reformulate what I said earlier,
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那麽你基本上可以再用形式表示我剛才說的，
09:13
about how compassion is deployed and the golden rule is deployed,
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關於同情心和黃金法則是怎麽被調用的話，
09:16
by just saying, well, compassion most naturally flows along non-zero-sum channels
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只是說的話，那麽，同情心最自然地在非零和的渠道中流淌，
09:22
where people perceive themselves as being in a potentially win-win situation
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那樣人們把他們自己看成與他們的
09:25
with some of their friends or allies.
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朋友或者同盟是潛在的雙贏關系。
09:28
The deployment of the golden rule
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黃金法則的調用
09:30
most naturally happens along these non-zero-sum channels.
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最自然的發生在這些非零和的遇到中。
09:33
So, kind of webs of non-zero-sumness
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所以，非零和的網，
09:35
are where you would expect compassion and the golden rule
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是你可以期待同情心和黃金法則
09:39
to kind of work their magic.
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發揮他們神奇力量的地方。
09:41
With zero-sum channels you would expect something else.
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零和的渠道，你只能期待別的了。
09:43
Okay. So, now you're ready for the good news that I said might save the world.
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好。那麽，現在你已經准備好來聽我剛才說可能拯救世界的那個好消息了。
09:47
And now I can admit that it might not too,
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那現在我可以承認那也不一定能拯救世界，
09:50
now that I've held your attention for three minutes of technical stuff.
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現在我已經讓你注意了三分鐘的技術東西。
09:56
But it may. And the good news is that history
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但是它是有可能的。而且好消息是歷史
10:01
has naturally expanded these webs of non-zero-sumness,
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已經自然地將非零和的網擴展，
10:05
these webs that can be these channels for compassion.
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這些網可以是同情心的渠道。
10:09
You can go back all the way to the stone age:
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你可以一直回溯到石器時代，
10:12
technological evolution -- roads, the wheel, writing,
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而且，我想從技術革命、公路、輪胎、寫字，
10:20
a lot of transportation and communication technologies --
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很多交通和交流技術
10:23
has just inexorably made it so that more people
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正是勢不可擋地使更多的人
10:26
can be in more non-zero-sum relationships
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能夠進入非零和的關係中
10:29
with more and more people at greater and greater distances.
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更多的人在更遠的距離中擁有很多的非零和關係。
10:32
That's the story of civilization.
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那也差不多使人類文明的故事。
10:35
It's why social organization has grown from the hunter-gatherer village
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這是為什麼社會組織已經從獵採的村子
10:40
to the ancient state, the empire, and now here we are in a globalized world.
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發展成古代的國家，王國，和現在我們在的全球世界。
10:43
And the story of globalization is largely a story of non-zero-sumness.
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全球化的故事是一個很大的非零和故事
10:47
You've probably heard the term "interdependence"
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你可以已經聽說了互相依賴這個詞
10:49
applied to the modern world. Well, that's just another term for non-zero-sum.
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應用於當今世界。那，這只是非零和的另一個說法。
10:53
If your fortunes are interdependent with somebody,
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如果你的命運和另一個人的命運相互依賴，
10:56
then you live in a non-zero-sum relationship with them.
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你麼你和那些人的關係就是非零和關係。
10:59
And you see this all the time in the modern world.
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而且你總是可以在當今世界看到這種關係。
11:01
You saw it with the recent economic crash,
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你可以看到在近期的金融危機，
11:03
where bad things happen in the economy --
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經濟發生了很多不好的事，
11:06
bad for everybody, for much of the world.
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對每個人都不好，對世界都不好。
11:09
Good things happen, and it's good for much of the world.
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好事發生了，這對世界都好。
11:12
And, you know, I'm happy to say, I think there's really evidence
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而且，你知道我很高興可以說，我想確實有証據
11:15
that this non-zero-sum kind of connection
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証明這種非零和的關係
11:18
can expand the moral compass.
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可以擴大道德的範籌。
11:21
I mean, if you look at the American attitudes
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我的意思是，如果你看美國
11:24
toward Japanese during World War II --
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對日本的態度，在二戰期間，
11:28
look at the depictions of Japanese
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看對日本人的描寫，
11:30
in the American media as just about subhuman,
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在美國的媒體中，就是不是人，
11:32
and look at the fact that we dropped atomic bombs,
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而且看我們仍了原子彈的事實，
11:34
really without giving it much of a thought --
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真是沒有考慮很多。
11:37
and you compare that to the attitude now,
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但是你對比現在對日本的態度，
11:39
I think part of that is due to a kind of economic interdependence.
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我覺得那部分是根據一種經濟互相依賴的關係。
11:42
Any form of interdependence, or non-zero-sum relationship
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任何形式的互相依賴，非零和的關係
11:45
forces you to acknowledge the humanity of people.
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迫使你了解人們的人性。
11:48
So, I think that's good.
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所以，我想那很好。
11:50
And the world is full of non-zero-sum dynamics.
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而且世界上充滿了非零和的動態。
11:53
Environmental problems, in many ways, put us all in the same boat.
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環境問題，在很多角度，把我們所有人放在同一個船上。
11:57
And there are non-zero-sum relationships that maybe people aren't aware of.
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而且還有一些人們可能還沒注意到的非零和的關系。
12:02
For example, probably a lot of American Christians
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好，所以，舉個例子，可能很多的美國基督徒
12:06
don't think of themselves as being in a non-zero-sum relationship
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並不認爲他們和
12:10
with Muslims halfway around the world,
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世界另一頭的穆斯林是非零和的關系，
12:12
but they really are, because if these Muslims become happier and happier
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但是他們確實是，因爲如果穆斯林
12:17
with their place in the world and feel that they have a place in it,
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在他們的地方變得越來越高興，而且覺得他們在世界上擁有一個地方，
12:20
that's good for Americans, because there will be fewer terrorists
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那對美國人來說是好事，因爲那樣會減少威脅
12:23
to threaten American security.
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美國安全的恐怖分子。
12:25
If they get less and less happy, that will be bad for Americans.
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如果穆斯林們越來越不快樂，那對美國人來說是壞事兒。好。
12:29
So, there's plenty of non-zero-sumness.
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所以，有很多非零和的存在。
12:32
And so, the question is: If there's so much non-zero-sumness,
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那所以，問題是：如果有這麽多的非零和存在，
12:37
why has the world not yet been suffused in love, peace, and understanding?
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那爲什麽這個世界現在還沒有充滿愛，和平與理解呢？
12:41
The answer's complicated. It's the occasion for a whole other talk.
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這個答案很複雜。它可能可以促成整個另外一個演講。
12:44
Certainly, a couple of things are that,
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但是當然有一些事情是那樣，
12:48
first of all, there are a lot of zero-sum situations in the world.
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首先，世界上有很多零和的情況。
12:52
And also, sometimes people don't recognize
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而且，你知道，有時候，一次一次地，人們不能識別出
12:56
the non-zero-sum dynamics in the world.
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世界上的非零和的動態情況
13:01
In both of these areas,
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而且我想，在這兩個領域，
13:03
I think politicians can play a role.
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我想政治家都可以扮演一個角色。
13:06
This isn't only about religion.
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這並不只是關於宗教。
13:08
I think politicians can help foster non-zero-sum relationships,
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我認爲政治家可以幫助建立非零和的關係，
13:13
Economic engagement is generally better than blockades and so on,
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訂立經濟合約比經濟封鎖好，
13:16
in this regard.
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我認爲至少就這反面來說是這樣。
13:18
And politicians can be aware, and should be aware that,
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政治家需要注意，
13:21
when people around the world are looking at them,
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當世界各地的人們都注視著他們時，
13:23
are looking at their nation
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他們其實是在注視他們所代表的國家，
13:25
and picking up their cues
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人們在他們身上尋找線索，
13:27
for whether they are in a zero-sum or a non-zero-sum relationship with a nation --
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他們與其他國家是零和或者非零和的關係，
13:31
like, say, America, or any other nation --
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例如，與美國，或者其他什麽國家，
13:34
human psychology is such that they use cues like:
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人們通常的心理就是利用線索：
13:37
Do we feel we're being respected?
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我們是否得到了應有的尊重？
13:39
Because, you know, historically, if you're not being respected,
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因爲，他人不尊重你，
13:42
you're probably not going to wind up in a non-zero-sum,
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從曆史上來看，那雙方很難進入非零和的結局，
13:45
mutually profitable relationship with people.
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或者建立其他互惠的關係。
13:48
So, we need to be aware of what kind of signals we're sending out.
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所以，我們必須注意我們在發出什麽樣的信號。
13:53
And some of this, again, is in the realm of political work.
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其中有些信號是類似于政治領域的工作。
13:58
If there's one thing I can encourage everyone to do,
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讓我鼓勵大家去做什麽的話，
14:00
politicians, religious leaders, and us,
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無論是政治家、宗教領袖或者我們自己，
14:03
it would be what I call "expanding the moral imagination" --
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我唯一鼓勵的是擴展我們的道德想象力。
14:08
that is to say, your ability to put yourself in the shoes
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也就是你理解
14:11
of people in very different circumstances.
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處於各種不同情況下人們的能力。
14:14
This is not the same as compassion,
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這與同情不同，
14:16
but it's conducive to compassion. It opens the channels for compassion.
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但是對施加同情有利。因爲它開辟了同情的渠道。
14:22
And I'm afraid we have another good news/bad news story,
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我們還有一個喜憂參半的故事，
14:25
which is that the moral imagination is part of human nature.
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那就是：道德想像力是人類本性的一部分。
14:28
That's good, but again we tend to deploy it selectively.
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這是個好消息。但是，我們通常有選擇性的在利用這一本性。
14:33
Once we define somebody as an enemy,
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一旦我們將某人劃爲敵人，
14:35
we have trouble putting ourselves in their shoes, just naturally.
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就很自然地無法理解他們的感受。
14:40
So, if you want to take a particularly hard case for an American:
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典型的例子就是美國，
14:44
somebody in Iran who is burning an American flag, and you see them on TV.
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那些你從電視上看到的燒美國國旗的伊朗人。
14:48
Well, the average American is going to resist
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普通美國人都會
14:51
the moral exercise of putting themselves in that person's head
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拒絕站在對方的角度上思考問題 這樣的道德實踐
14:55
and is going to resist the idea that they have much in common with that person.
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也會抵制這樣的想法: 他們與伊朗人在大多數方面具有相同點。
14:58
And if you tell them, "Well, they think America disrespects them
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如果你告訴美國人，伊朗人是因爲感覺美國人不尊重他們
15:02
and even wants to dominate them, and they hate America.
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甚至是妄圖統治他們，所以他們憎恨美國人。
15:05
Has there ever been somebody who disrespected you so much
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有沒有什麽人不尊重你
15:07
that you kind of hated them briefly"?
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使得你就因此很憎恨他們呢？
15:09
You know, they'll resist that comparison and that's natural, that's human.
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他們會自發地拒絕同情心，並且這種做法也是自然的，符合人性的。
15:12
And, similarly, the person in Iran:
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與之類似，伊朗人，
15:14
when you try to humanize somebody in America who said that Islam is evil,
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當他們試圖教化那些說穆斯林是魔鬼的美國人時，
15:18
they'll have trouble with that.
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他們也感到了困難
15:20
So, it's a very difficult thing to get people to expand the moral imagination
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所以很難擴大人民的道德想像力
15:25
to a place it doesn't naturally go.
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在那些不符合人類天性的領域。
15:28
I think it's worth the trouble because,
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但是我認為即使困難也是值得的，因為
15:31
again, it just helps us to understand.
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這幫助我們理解，
15:33
If you want to reduce the number of people who are burning flags,
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如果你想減少燒國旗的人數，
15:35
it helps to understand what makes them do it.
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那麽去了解他們爲什麽會那麽做就很重要。
15:37
And I think it's good moral exercise.
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並且我認爲這是好的道德練習。
15:40
I would say here is where religious leaders come in,
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我再次強調宗教領袖就是這麽來的，
15:43
because religious leaders are good at reframing issues for people,
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因爲宗教領袖善于把事情重述給人們，
15:50
at harnessing the emotional centers of the brain
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同時控制大腦中情緒的強度
15:52
to get people to alter their awareness and reframe the way they think.
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使得人們改變他們的認知，改變思考的方式。
15:57
I mean, religious leaders are kind of in the inspiration business.
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我的意思是宗教領袖是在激發心靈的。
16:01
It's their great calling right now,
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這就是當前來自上帝的、對他們的召喚
16:03
to get people all around the world better at expanding their moral imaginations,
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讓全世界的人們有更強的道德想象力，
16:07
appreciating that in so many ways they're in the same boat.
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認識到所有的人在很多方面是相同的。
16:11
I would just sum up the way things look, at least from this secular perspective,
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我想總結一下事情的表象，從現實的角度，
16:17
as far as compassion and the golden rule go,
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就同情和黃金法則來說，
16:21
by saying that it's good news that compassion and the golden rule
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黃金法則和同情
16:27
are in some sense built into human nature.
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都是人本性的一部分，這是一個好消息。
16:32
It's unfortunate that they tend to be selectively deployed.
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不幸的是，對它們的開發是選擇性地。
16:37
And it's going to take real work to change that.
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需要我們付出努力來改變這種現狀。
16:41
But, nobody ever said that doing God's work was going to be easy. Thanks.
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當然這很難，但是就像上帝的工作一樣偉大，值得我們去做。謝謝。
16:46
(Applause)
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掌聲
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Robert Wright - Journalist, philosopherThe best-selling author of "Nonzero," "The Moral Animal" and "The Evolution of God," Robert Wright draws on his wide-ranging knowledge of science, religion, psychology, history and politics to figure out what makes humanity tick -- and what makes us moral.
Why you should listen
Author Robert Wright thinks the crises the human species now faces are moral in nature, and that our salvation lies in the intelligent pursuit of self-interest. In his book Nonzero, Wright argues that life depends on a non-zero-sum dynamic. While a zero-sum game depends on a winner and loser, all parties in a non-zero-sum game win or lose together, so players will more likely survive if they cooperate. This points to an optimistic future of ultimate cooperation among humans -- if we recognize the game.
Well-respected for his erudition and original thinking (Bill Clinton hailed him as a genius), Wright draws from multiple disciplines -- including science, religion, history and politics -- in his search for big-picture perspectives on today's problems, particularly terrorism, while offering guarded hope for where we might be headed. A Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, Wright also hosts an interview series with celebrated thinkers at Meaningoflifetv.com.
Wright's newest book, The Evolution of God, explores the history of the idea of God in the three Abrahamic religions, Judaism, Islam and Christianity.
Robert Wright | Speaker | TED.com