TEDGlobal 2011
Jessica Green: Are we filtering the wrong microbes?
Jessica Green: Filtrerer vi de forkerter mikrober?
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Skal vi holde det udendørs, ude af hospitalerne? Økolog og TED stipendiat Jessica Green, har opdaget at mekanisk udluftning fjerner mange typer mikroorganismer, men de forkerte slags: Dem tilbage i hospitalerne har større risiko for være sygdomsfremkaldende.
Jessica Green - Engineer and biodiversity scientist
Jessica Green wants people to understand the important role microbes play in every facet of our lives: climate change, building ecosystems, human health, even roller derby -- using nontraditional tools like art, animation and film to help people visualize the invisible world. Full bio
Jessica Green wants people to understand the important role microbes play in every facet of our lives: climate change, building ecosystems, human health, even roller derby -- using nontraditional tools like art, animation and film to help people visualize the invisible world. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Humans in the developed world
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Mennesker i den udviklede verden,
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spend more than 90 percent of their lives indoors,
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bruger mere end 90 procent af deres liv indenfor,
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where they breathe in and come into contact
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hvor de indånder og kommer i kontakt
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with trillions of life forms invisible to the naked eye:
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med trillioner af livsformer, usynlige for det blotte øje:
00:26
microorganisms.
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Mikroorganismer.
00:28
Buildings are complex ecosystems
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Bygninger er komplekse økosystemer,
00:30
that are an important source
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som er en vigtig kilde
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of microbes that are good for us,
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af mikrober der er gode for os,
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and some that are bad for us.
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og nogle der er dårlige for os.
00:36
What determines the types and distributions
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Hvad bestemmer hvilke typer, og fordelingen
00:39
of microbes indoors?
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af mikrober indenfor?
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Buildings are colonized by airborne microbes
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Bygninger er koloniseret af luftbårne mikrober
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that enter through windows
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der kommer ind gennem vinduer
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and through mechanical ventilation systems.
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og gennem mekaniske ventilationssystemer.
00:49
And they are brought inside
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Og de bliver båret indenfor
00:51
by humans and other creatures.
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af mennesker og andre dyr.
00:54
The fate of microbes indoors
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Mikrobernes skæbne indenfor,
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depends on complex interactions
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afhænger af komplekse sammenspil
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with humans,
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med mennsker,
01:00
and with the human-built environment.
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og med det menneskebyggede miljø.
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And today, architects and biologists
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Og i dag, arbejder arkitekter og biologer
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are working together
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sammen om
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to explore smart building design
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at udforske smarte bygnings løsninger,
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that will create
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der vil skabe
01:11
healthy buildings for us.
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sunde bygninger for os.
01:14
We spend an extraordinary amount of time
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Vi bruger utroligt meget tid
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in buildings
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inde i bygninger
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that are extremely controlled environments,
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der er ekstremt kontrollerede miljøer,
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like this building here --
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som denne bygning her --
01:23
environments that have mechanical ventilation systems
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omgivelser der har mekanisk udluftende systemer
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that include filtering,
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der indeholder filtrering,
01:28
heating and air conditioning.
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opvarmning og klimaanlæg.
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Given the amount of time that we spend indoors,
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Eftersom vi bruger al den tid indenfor,
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it's important to understand
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er det vigtigt at forstå
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how this affects our health.
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hvordan det påvirker vores helbred.
01:36
At the Biology and the Built Environment Center,
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Ved "Centret for Biologi og det Konstruerede Miljø",
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we carried out a study in a hospital
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udførte vi et studie i et hospital
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where we sampled air
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hvor vi tog prøver af luften
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and pulled the DNA
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og udvandt DNA
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out of microbes in the air.
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fra mikroberne i luften.
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And we looked at three different types of rooms.
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Her kiggede vi på 3 forskellige typer rum.
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We looked at rooms that were mechanically ventilated,
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Vi kigggede på rum med mekanisk udluftning,
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which are the data points in the blue.
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disse er de blå datapunkter.
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We looked at rooms that were naturally ventilated,
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Vi kiggede på rum med naturlig udluftning,
01:58
where the hospital let us turn off the mechanical ventilation
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hvor hospitalet lod os slukke for den mekaniske udluftning
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in a wing of the building
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i en fløj af bygningen
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and pry open the windows
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og lirke de vinduer åbne
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that were no longer operable,
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der ikke længere var i brug,
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but they made them operable for our study.
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de satte dem dog i brug på grund af vores studie.
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And we also sampled the outdoor air.
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Vi tog også prøver af luften udenfor.
02:10
If you look at the x-axis of this graph,
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Hvis du ser på x-aksen af denne graf,
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you'll see that what we commonly want to do --
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vil du se hvad vi normalt gerne vil opnå --
02:16
which is keeping the outdoors out --
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hvilket er at holde alt udendørs, ude --
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we accomplished that with mechanical ventilation.
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det klarer vi med mekanisk udluftning.
02:21
So if you look at the green data points,
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Så hvis du kigger på de grønne datapunkter,
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which is air that's outside,
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hvilket er luft udefra,
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you'll see that there's a large amount of microbial diversity,
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vil du se, at der er en stor mangfoldighed blandt mikroberne,
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or variety of microbial types.
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eller forskellige typer af mikrober.
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But if you look at the blue data points,
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Hvis du kigger på de blå datapunkter,
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which is mechanically ventilated air,
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som er mekanisk udluftet luft,
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it's not as diverse.
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er det ikke lige så mangfoldigt.
02:37
But being less diverse
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Men mindre mangfoldighed
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is not necessarily good for our health.
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er ikke nødvendigvis godt for helbredet.
02:41
If you look at the y-axis of this graph,
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Hvis du kigger på y-aksen på denne graf,
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you'll see that, in the mechanically ventilated air,
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vil du se, at i den mekanisk udluftede luft,
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you have a higher probability
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har du en større sandsynlighed
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of encountering a potential pathogen,
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for at støde på potentielle sygdomsfremkaldende organismer,
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or germ,
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eller 'baktusser',
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than if you're outdoors.
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end hvis du er udendørs.
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So to understand why this was the case,
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For at forstå hvorfor,
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we took our data
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tog vi vores data
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and put it into an ordination diagram,
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og satte det ind i et ordinations diagram,
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which is a statistical map
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hvilket er et statistisk kort
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that tells you something
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der fortæller dig noget
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about how related the microbial communities are
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om hvor meget de enkelte gupper af mikrober har til fælles
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in the different samples.
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i de forskellige prøver.
03:10
The data points that are closer together
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Datapunkterne tæt på hinanden
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have microbial communities that are more similar
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er mikroorganismer med flere ligheder med hinanden
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than data points that are far apart.
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end datapunkter langt fra hinanden.
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And the first things that you can see from this graph
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Og det første du kan se fra denne graf,
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is, if you look at the blue data points,
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er, hvis du kigger på de blå datapunkter,
03:21
which are the mechanically ventilated air,
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som er mekanisk ventileret luft
03:24
they're not simply a subset of the green data points,
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de er ikke blot en delmængde af de grønne datapunkter,
03:27
which are the outdoor air.
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som er udendørs luft.
03:29
What we've found is that mechanically ventilated air
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Vi har fundet ud af, at mekanisk ventileret luft,
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looks like humans.
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ligner mennesker.
03:34
It has microbes on it
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Det har mikrober i sig
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that are commonly associated with our skin
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der normalt ses i sammenhæng med din hud,
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and with our mouth, our spit.
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og med din mund - vores spyt.
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And this is because
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Og det er fordi
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we're all constantly shedding microbes.
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vi alle konstant frigiver mikrober.
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So all of you right now
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Så alle jer lige nu
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are sharing your microbes with one another.
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deler jeres mikrober med hinanden.
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And when you're outdoors,
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Og når man er udenfor,
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that type of air has microbes
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har den type luft mikrober
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that are commonly associated with plant leaves and with dirt.
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der normalt er i sammenhæng med blade fra planter og jord.
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Why does this matter?
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Hvorfor betyder dette noget?
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It matters because the health care industry
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Det er brugbart fordi sundhedspleje industrien
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is the second most energy intensive industry
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er den næststørste forbruger af energi
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in the United States.
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i USA.
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Hospitals use two and a half times
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Hospitaler bruger to en halv gange
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the amount of energy as office buildings.
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så meget energi som kontorbygninger.
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And the model that we're working with
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Og denne model vi arbejder med
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in hospitals,
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i hospitaler,
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and also with many, many different buildings,
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og mange, mange andre slags bygninger,
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is to keep the outdoors out.
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er at holde det udendørs ude.
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And this model
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Og denne model
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may not necessarily be the best for our health.
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er ikke nødvendigvis det bedste for vores helbred.
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And given the extraordinary amount
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Og denne kæmpe mængde
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of nosocomial infections,
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nosokomielle infektioner,
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or hospital-acquired infections,
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eller infektioner opstået på hospitaler,
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this is a clue that it's a good time
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er et tegn på det er på tide
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to reconsider our current practices.
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vi genovervejer vores nuværende metoder.
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So just as we manage national parks,
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Så ligesom vi kontrollerer nationalparker,
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where we promote the growth of some species
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hvor vi fremmer vækst blandt visse arter
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and we inhibit the growth of others,
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og vi mindsker væksten blandt andre,
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we're working towards thinking about buildings
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arbejder vi mod at tænke på bygninger
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using an ecosystem framework
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der benytter rammerne bag et økosystem
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where we can promote the kinds of microbes
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hvor vi kan fremme de typer mikrober
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that we want to have indoors.
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vi gerne vil have indendørs.
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I've heard somebody say
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Jeg har hørt nogen sige
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that you're as healthy as your gut.
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at du er lige så sund som din mave.
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And for this reason, many people eat probiotic yogurt
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Og derfor spiser mange mennesker probiotisk yoghurt
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so they can promote a healthy gut flora.
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for at fremme en sund flora i maven.
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And what we ultimately want to do
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Og hvad vi i sidste ende gerne vil gøre
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is to be able to use this concept
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er at kunne bruge dette koncept
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to promote a healthy group
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til at fremme en sund gruppe
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of microorganisms inside.
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af mikroorganismer indenfor.
05:14
Thank you.
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Tak.
05:16
(Applause)
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(Bifald)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jessica Green - Engineer and biodiversity scientistJessica Green wants people to understand the important role microbes play in every facet of our lives: climate change, building ecosystems, human health, even roller derby -- using nontraditional tools like art, animation and film to help people visualize the invisible world.
Why you should listen
Jessica Green, a TED2010 Fellow and TED2011 Senior Fellow, is an engineer and ecologist who specializes in biodiversity theory and microbial systems. As a professor at both the University of Oregon and the Santa Fe Institute, she is the founding director of the innovative Biology and the Built Environment (BioBE) Center that bridges biology and architecture.
Green envisions a future with genomic-driven approaches to architectural design that promote sustainability, human health and well-being. She is spearheading efforts to model buildings as complex ecosystems that house trillions of diverse microorganisms interacting with each other, with humans, and with their environment. This framework uses next-generation sequencing technology to characterize the “built environment microbiome” and will offer site-specific design solutions to minimize the spread of infectious disease and maximize building energy efficiency.
Jessica Green | Speaker | TED.com