ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jessica Green - Engineer and biodiversity scientist
Jessica Green wants people to understand the important role microbes play in every facet of our lives: climate change, building ecosystems, human health, even roller derby -- using nontraditional tools like art, animation and film to help people visualize the invisible world.

Why you should listen

Jessica Green, a TED2010 Fellow and TED2011 Senior Fellow, is an engineer and ecologist who specializes in biodiversity theory and microbial systems. As a professor at both the University of Oregon and the Santa Fe Institute, she is the founding director of the innovative Biology and the Built Environment (BioBE) Center that bridges biology and architecture.

Green envisions a future with genomic-driven approaches to architectural design that promote sustainability, human health and well-being. She is spearheading efforts to model buildings as complex ecosystems that house trillions of diverse microorganisms interacting with each other, with humans, and with their environment. This framework uses next-generation sequencing technology to characterize the “built environment microbiome” and will offer site-specific design solutions to minimize the spread of infectious disease and maximize building energy efficiency.

More profile about the speaker
Jessica Green | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2011

Jessica Green: Are we filtering the wrong microbes?

Jessica Green: Estamos filtrando os micróbios errados?

Filmed:
639,339 views

Devemos controlar o ar dos hospitais? Jessica Green, ecologista e parceira TED descobriu que a ventilação mecânica realmente elimina muitos tipos de micróbios, mas os do tipo errado: os que ficam nos hospitais são muito mais propensos a serem patógenos.
- Engineer and biodiversity scientist
Jessica Green wants people to understand the important role microbes play in every facet of our lives: climate change, building ecosystems, human health, even roller derby -- using nontraditional tools like art, animation and film to help people visualize the invisible world. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

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Humans in the developed world
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Seres humanos no mundo desenvolvido
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spend more than 90 percent of their lives indoors,
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passam mais de 90% de suas vidas em ambientes fechados.
00:20
where they breathe in and come into contact
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onde respiram e entram em contato
00:23
with trillions of life forms invisible to the naked eye:
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com trilhões de formas de vida invisíveis ao olho nu:
00:26
microorganisms.
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microorganismos.
00:28
Buildings are complex ecosystems
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Edifícios são ecossistemas complexos
00:30
that are an important source
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que são uma importante fonte
00:32
of microbes that are good for us,
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de micróbios que são benéficos para nós,
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and some that are bad for us.
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e alguns são maléficos.
00:36
What determines the types and distributions
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O que determina os tipos e distribuições
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of microbes indoors?
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dos micróbios em ambientes fechados?
00:41
Buildings are colonized by airborne microbes
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Edifícios são colonizados por micróbios que vivem no ar
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that enter through windows
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que entram pelas janelas
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and through mechanical ventilation systems.
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e pelos sistemas de ventilação mecânica.
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And they are brought inside
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E são trazidos para dentro
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by humans and other creatures.
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por seres humanos e outras criaturas.
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The fate of microbes indoors
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O destino dos micróbios nos ambientes
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depends on complex interactions
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depende das complexas interações
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with humans,
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com os seres humanos,
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and with the human-built environment.
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e com o ambiente construído pelo homem.
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And today, architects and biologists
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E atualmente, arquitetos e biólogos
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are working together
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estão trabalhando juntos
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to explore smart building design
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para explorar designs inteligentes de edifícios
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that will create
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que criarão
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healthy buildings for us.
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prédios mais saudáveis para nós.
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We spend an extraordinary amount of time
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Gastamos uma quantidade extraordinária de tempo
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in buildings
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em prédios
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that are extremely controlled environments,
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que são ambientes extremamente controlados,
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like this building here --
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como este aqui --
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environments that have mechanical ventilation systems
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ambientes que possuem sistemas de ventilação mecânica
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that include filtering,
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que incluem filtragem,
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heating and air conditioning.
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aquecimento e esfriamento.
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Given the amount of time that we spend indoors,
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Dada a quantidade de tempo que passamos em ambientes fechados,
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it's important to understand
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é importante compreender
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how this affects our health.
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como isto afeta nossa saúde.
01:36
At the Biology and the Built Environment Center,
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No Centro de Biologia e Ambiente Fabricado,
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we carried out a study in a hospital
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realizamos um estudo em um hospital
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where we sampled air
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onde retiramos amostras do ar
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and pulled the DNA
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e isolamos o DNA
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out of microbes in the air.
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dos micróbios presentes no ar.
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And we looked at three different types of rooms.
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E observamos três tipos diferentes de ambientes.
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We looked at rooms that were mechanically ventilated,
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Observamos o ambiente que é ventilado mecanicamente,
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which are the data points in the blue.
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que são os pontos azuis nesta tabela.
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We looked at rooms that were naturally ventilated,
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Observamos ambientes que são ventilados naturalmente,
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where the hospital let us turn off the mechanical ventilation
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onde o hospital nos permitiu desligar a ventilação mecânica
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in a wing of the building
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em uma ala do edifício
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and pry open the windows
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e manter as janelas abertas
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that were no longer operable,
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que não eram mais utilizadas,
02:06
but they made them operable for our study.
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mas que eles tornaram utilizáveis novamente para nossa pesquisa.
02:08
And we also sampled the outdoor air.
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E também colhemos amostras do ar do lado de fora do edifício.
02:10
If you look at the x-axis of this graph,
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Se olharmos no eixo x do gráfico,
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you'll see that what we commonly want to do --
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veremos que o que comumente queremos fazer --
02:16
which is keeping the outdoors out --
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o que está mantendo o ar do lado de fora --
02:18
we accomplished that with mechanical ventilation.
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nós conseguimos com a ventilação mecânica.
02:21
So if you look at the green data points,
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Então se olharmos os pontos verdes,
02:23
which is air that's outside,
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que é o ar externo,
02:25
you'll see that there's a large amount of microbial diversity,
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vocês verão que há uma grande diversidade microbiológica,
02:28
or variety of microbial types.
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ou variedade de tipos microbianos.
02:30
But if you look at the blue data points,
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Mas se olharem os pontos azuis,
02:32
which is mechanically ventilated air,
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que é o ar mecanicamente ventilado,
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it's not as diverse.
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ele não é diverso.
02:37
But being less diverse
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Mas sendo menos diverso
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is not necessarily good for our health.
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não significa necessariamente ser bom para nossa saúde.
02:41
If you look at the y-axis of this graph,
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Se olharmos o eixo y deste gráfico,
02:44
you'll see that, in the mechanically ventilated air,
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vocês verão que, no ar mecanicamente ventilado,
02:47
you have a higher probability
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vocês terão uma probabilidade maior
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of encountering a potential pathogen,
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de encontrar uma patogenia potencial,
02:51
or germ,
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ou germe,
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than if you're outdoors.
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do que se você estivesse em um ambiente aberto.
02:55
So to understand why this was the case,
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Então para compreender por que este era o caso,
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we took our data
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nós coletamos dados
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and put it into an ordination diagram,
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e os ordenamos em um diagrama,
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which is a statistical map
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que é um mapa estatístico
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that tells you something
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que nos fala sobre
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about how related the microbial communities are
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como as comunidades microbianas são correlacionadas
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in the different samples.
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em diferentes amostras.
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The data points that are closer together
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Os pontos de dados que estão mais próximos
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have microbial communities that are more similar
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possuem comunidades microbiológicas que são mais semelhantes
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than data points that are far apart.
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do que os pontos que estão mais distantes.
03:17
And the first things that you can see from this graph
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E a primeira coisa que podem ver neste gráfico
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is, if you look at the blue data points,
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é, se olharem os pontos azuis,
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which are the mechanically ventilated air,
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que se referem ao ar mecanicamente ventilado,
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they're not simply a subset of the green data points,
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eles não são simplesmente um subgrupo dos pontos verdes,
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which are the outdoor air.
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que é o ar do lado externo.
03:29
What we've found is that mechanically ventilated air
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O que descobrimos é que o ar mecanicamente ventilado
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looks like humans.
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parece com seres humanos.
03:34
It has microbes on it
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Há micróbios nele
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that are commonly associated with our skin
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que são comumente associados a nossa pele
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and with our mouth, our spit.
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e a nossa boca, nossa saliva.
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And this is because
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E isto é porque
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we're all constantly shedding microbes.
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nós estamos constantemente espalhando micróbios.
03:45
So all of you right now
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Assim todos vocês neste momento
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are sharing your microbes with one another.
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estão compartilhando micróbios uns com os outros.
03:49
And when you're outdoors,
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E quando estamos ao ar livre,
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that type of air has microbes
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aquele tipo de ar possui micróbios
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that are commonly associated with plant leaves and with dirt.
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que são comumente associados às folhas de plantas e à poeira.
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Why does this matter?
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Por que isto importa?
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It matters because the health care industry
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Importa porque a indústria de cuidados médicos
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is the second most energy intensive industry
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é a segunda indústria de energia mais intensiva
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in the United States.
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nos Estados Unidos.
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Hospitals use two and a half times
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Hospitais usam duas vezes e meio mais
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the amount of energy as office buildings.
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a quantidade de energia do que os prédios de escritórios.
04:10
And the model that we're working with
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E o modelo com o qual estamos trabalhando
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in hospitals,
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nos hopitais,
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and also with many, many different buildings,
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e também com muitos, muitos edifícios diferentes,
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is to keep the outdoors out.
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é para manter o ar externo do lado de fora.
04:18
And this model
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E este modelo
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may not necessarily be the best for our health.
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pode não ser necessariamente o melhor para a nossa saúde.
04:23
And given the extraordinary amount
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e dada a quantidade extraordinária
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of nosocomial infections,
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de infecões nosocomiais,
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or hospital-acquired infections,
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ou infecções hospitalares adquiridas,
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this is a clue that it's a good time
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este é um sinal de que é uma boa hora
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to reconsider our current practices.
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de reconsiderar nossas práticas atuais.
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So just as we manage national parks,
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Então assim como administramos nossos parques nacionais,
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where we promote the growth of some species
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onde promovemos o crescimento de algumas espécies
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and we inhibit the growth of others,
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e inibimos o crescimento de outras,
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we're working towards thinking about buildings
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estamos trabalhando para pensar em edifícios
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using an ecosystem framework
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utilizando um molde de ecossistema
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where we can promote the kinds of microbes
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onde possamos promover os tipos de micróbios
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that we want to have indoors.
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que queremos em ambientes fechados.
04:55
I've heard somebody say
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Ouvi alguém dizer
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that you're as healthy as your gut.
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que você é tão saudável quanto o seu intestino.
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And for this reason, many people eat probiotic yogurt
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E por esta razão, muitas pessoas ingerem iogurte probiótico
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so they can promote a healthy gut flora.
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para promover a saúde da flora intestinal.
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And what we ultimately want to do
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E o queremos fazer
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is to be able to use this concept
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é sermos capazes de utilizar este conceito
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to promote a healthy group
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para promover um grupo saudável
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of microorganisms inside.
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de microorganismos de interior.
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Thank you.
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Obrigada.
05:16
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
Translated by Andrea Rojas
Reviewed by Viviane Ferraz Matos

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jessica Green - Engineer and biodiversity scientist
Jessica Green wants people to understand the important role microbes play in every facet of our lives: climate change, building ecosystems, human health, even roller derby -- using nontraditional tools like art, animation and film to help people visualize the invisible world.

Why you should listen

Jessica Green, a TED2010 Fellow and TED2011 Senior Fellow, is an engineer and ecologist who specializes in biodiversity theory and microbial systems. As a professor at both the University of Oregon and the Santa Fe Institute, she is the founding director of the innovative Biology and the Built Environment (BioBE) Center that bridges biology and architecture.

Green envisions a future with genomic-driven approaches to architectural design that promote sustainability, human health and well-being. She is spearheading efforts to model buildings as complex ecosystems that house trillions of diverse microorganisms interacting with each other, with humans, and with their environment. This framework uses next-generation sequencing technology to characterize the “built environment microbiome” and will offer site-specific design solutions to minimize the spread of infectious disease and maximize building energy efficiency.

More profile about the speaker
Jessica Green | Speaker | TED.com

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