TEDGlobal 2011
Jessica Green: Are we filtering the wrong microbes?
Džesika Grin: Da li selektujemo pogrešne mikrobe?
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Da li bi trebalo da zatvaramo vrata spoljašnjoj sredini u bolnicama? Pronalasci ekologa i TED Stipendiste, Džesike Grin, ukazuju na to da venitlacioni sistemi koje koristimo zaista sprečavaju ulazak različitih vrsta mikroba, ali pogešnih vrsta: velika je verovatnoća da su oni koji ostaju u bonicama patogeni.
Jessica Green - Engineer and biodiversity scientist
Jessica Green wants people to understand the important role microbes play in every facet of our lives: climate change, building ecosystems, human health, even roller derby -- using nontraditional tools like art, animation and film to help people visualize the invisible world. Full bio
Jessica Green wants people to understand the important role microbes play in every facet of our lives: climate change, building ecosystems, human health, even roller derby -- using nontraditional tools like art, animation and film to help people visualize the invisible world. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
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Humans in the developed world
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Ljudi u razvijenom svetu
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spend more than 90 percent of their lives indoors,
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provode vise od 90% svog života u zatvorenom prostoru,
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where they breathe in and come into contact
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gde dišu i dolaze u kontakt
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with trillions of life forms invisible to the naked eye:
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sa trilionima različitih životnih formi koje su nevidljive golim okom
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microorganisms.
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mikroorganizmima.
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Buildings are complex ecosystems
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Zgrade su kompleksni ekosistemi
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that are an important source
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koji su važan izvor
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of microbes that are good for us,
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mikroba koji čine dobro ljudima,
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and some that are bad for us.
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ali i onih koji imaju loš uticaj na naše zdravlje.
00:36
What determines the types and distributions
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Šta određuje vrste i distribuciju
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of microbes indoors?
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mikroba u zatvorenom prostoru?
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Buildings are colonized by airborne microbes
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Zgrade su naseljene mikorbima koji se prenose vazduhom,
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that enter through windows
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koji ulazi kroz prozore
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and through mechanical ventilation systems.
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ali i kroz mehaničke venitilacione sisteme.
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And they are brought inside
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I takođe mi, ljudi, ih sami unosimo
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by humans and other creatures.
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unutra kao i druga živa bića.
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The fate of microbes indoors
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Sudbina mikroba u zatvorenom prostoru
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depends on complex interactions
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zavisi od složenih interakcija
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with humans,
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sa ljudima,
01:00
and with the human-built environment.
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i sa okolinom koju su izgradili ljudi.
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And today, architects and biologists
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I danas, arhitekte i biolozi
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are working together
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rade zajedno
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to explore smart building design
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ne bi li došli do pametnijeg dizajniranja zgrada
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that will create
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kako bismo stvorili
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healthy buildings for us.
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zdrava zdanja za nas.
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We spend an extraordinary amount of time
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Mi provodimo zavidljiv procenat našeg vremena
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in buildings
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u zgradama
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that are extremely controlled environments,
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koje su visoko kotrolisane sredine,
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like this building here --
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kao ova zgrada u kojoj smo sada
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environments that have mechanical ventilation systems
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sredine koje imaju mehanički ventilacioni sistem
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that include filtering,
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koji uključuje filtriranje vazduha,
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heating and air conditioning.
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grejanje i klima uređaje.
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Given the amount of time that we spend indoors,
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Uzmemo li u obzir količinu vremena koju provodimo u zatvorenom prostoru,
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it's important to understand
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veoma je važno da shvatimo
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how this affects our health.
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kakav to uticaj ima na naše zdravlje.
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At the Biology and the Built Environment Center,
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U Centru za biologiju i izgrađenu životnu sredinu
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we carried out a study in a hospital
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smo sproveli jednu studiju u bolnici
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where we sampled air
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u kojoj smo uzeli uzorke vazduha
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and pulled the DNA
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i skupili DNK
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out of microbes in the air.
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iz mikroba koje smo pronašli u vazduhu.
01:48
And we looked at three different types of rooms.
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Analizirali smo tri različita tipa soba.
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We looked at rooms that were mechanically ventilated,
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Analizirali smo sobe koje su imale mehanički ventilacioni sistem,
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which are the data points in the blue.
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koje su predstavljene rezulatatima prikazanim u plavoj boji.
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We looked at rooms that were naturally ventilated,
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Analizirali smo sobe koje su imale prirodan protok vazduha,
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where the hospital let us turn off the mechanical ventilation
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u kojima nam je boničko osoblje dozvolilo da isključimo mehaničke ventilacione sisteme
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in a wing of the building
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u krilima zgrada
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and pry open the windows
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i silom otvorimo prozore
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that were no longer operable,
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koji nisu bili više u upotrebi,
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but they made them operable for our study.
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ali su ih oni učinili dostupnim za naše istraživanje.
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And we also sampled the outdoor air.
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I takođe smo analizirali vazduh iz spoljašnje sredine.
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If you look at the x-axis of this graph,
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Ukoliko pogledate X-osu ovog grafika,
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you'll see that what we commonly want to do --
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uočićete da mi uobičajano želimo da
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which is keeping the outdoors out --
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zadržimo spoljašnju sredinu izvan
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we accomplished that with mechanical ventilation.
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i to postižemo mehaničkim ventilacionim sistemom.
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So if you look at the green data points,
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Ako pogledate skupove podataka predstavljene zelenom bojom,
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which is air that's outside,
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koje predstavljaju vazduh spoljašnje sredine,
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you'll see that there's a large amount of microbial diversity,
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uočićete veliku raznolikost mikroba,
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or variety of microbial types.
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ili različite tipove mirkoba.
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But if you look at the blue data points,
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Ali ukoliko pogledate rezultate predstavljene plavom bojom,
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which is mechanically ventilated air,
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a to je mehanički filtriran vazduh,
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it's not as diverse.
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tu nema biološke raznovrsnosti.
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But being less diverse
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Ali manja raznovrsnost
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is not necessarily good for our health.
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ne znači da je to bezuslovno dobro za naše zdravlje.
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If you look at the y-axis of this graph,
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Ukoliko pogledate y-osu grafikona,
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you'll see that, in the mechanically ventilated air,
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uočićete da u mehanički filtriranom vazduhu,
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you have a higher probability
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postoji veća verovatnoća
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of encountering a potential pathogen,
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da pronađemo patogen
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or germ,
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ili klicu,
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than if you're outdoors.
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u poređenju sa spoljašnjom sredinom.
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So to understand why this was the case,
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Kako bismo razumeli zašto se ovo dešava,
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we took our data
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mi smo analizirali naše podatke
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and put it into an ordination diagram,
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u ordinatnom dijagramu,
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which is a statistical map
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koji je statisička mapa
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that tells you something
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koja vam govori
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about how related the microbial communities are
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koliko su povezane zajednice mikroba
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in the different samples.
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u različitim uzorcima.
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The data points that are closer together
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Bliži skupovi podataka
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have microbial communities that are more similar
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imaju zajednice mikroba koje su međusobno sličnije
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than data points that are far apart.
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u odnosu na skupve podataka koji su udaljeniji.
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And the first things that you can see from this graph
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I prva stvar koju možete pročitati sa ovog grafika
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is, if you look at the blue data points,
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je, da ukoliko pogledate podatke u plavoj boji,
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which are the mechanically ventilated air,
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koji predstavaljaju mehanički filtritan vazduh,
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they're not simply a subset of the green data points,
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to nije prosto podskup grupe podataka u zelenoj boji,
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which are the outdoor air.
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koji predsatvlja spoljašnji vazduh.
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What we've found is that mechanically ventilated air
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Ono što smo mi pronašli jeste da mehanički filtriran vazduh
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looks like humans.
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podseća na ljudska bića.
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It has microbes on it
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Sastoji se od mikroba
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that are commonly associated with our skin
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koji uobičajeno obitavaju na našoj kozi,
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and with our mouth, our spit.
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u našim ustima, pljuvački.
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And this is because
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I to je usled toga što
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we're all constantly shedding microbes.
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mi konstantno širimo mikrobe oko sebe.
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So all of you right now
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Tako da svi vi ovog trenutka
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are sharing your microbes with one another.
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delite vaše mikrobe jedni sa drugima.
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And when you're outdoors,
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I kada ste napolju,
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that type of air has microbes
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taj tip vazduha ima mikrobe
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that are commonly associated with plant leaves and with dirt.
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koji se uglavnom nalaze na lišću biljaka i u prljavštini.
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Why does this matter?
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Zašto je ovo važno?
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It matters because the health care industry
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Važno je jer zdravstvena industrija
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is the second most energy intensive industry
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jeste druga po redu po količini energije koju koristi
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in the United States.
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u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama.
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Hospitals use two and a half times
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Bolnice koriste dva i po puta
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the amount of energy as office buildings.
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više energije u poređenju sa kancelarijskim zgradama.
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And the model that we're working with
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I model po kojem funkcionišu
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in hospitals,
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bolnice,
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and also with many, many different buildings,
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i takođe mnoge druge građevine,
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is to keep the outdoors out.
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radi po principu blokiranja spoljašnje sredine.
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And this model
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A taj model
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may not necessarily be the best for our health.
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nije neophodno najbolji za naše zdravlje.
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And given the extraordinary amount
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Uzimajući u obzir zavidan procenat
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of nosocomial infections,
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nozokomijalnih infekcija,
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or hospital-acquired infections,
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odnosno infekcija koje pacijenti zarade u bolnicama,
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this is a clue that it's a good time
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to je naznaka da je pravo vreme
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to reconsider our current practices.
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da ponovo razmislimo o našim sadašnjim navikama.
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So just as we manage national parks,
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Tako da na isti način kojim rukovodimo nacionalnim parkovima,
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where we promote the growth of some species
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u kojima stimulišemo rast određenih vrsta,
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and we inhibit the growth of others,
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i sprečavamo rast drugih,
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we're working towards thinking about buildings
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mi radimo sa istim ciljem-da izgradimo zgrade
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using an ecosystem framework
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koristeći ekosistem kao uzor
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where we can promote the kinds of microbes
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u kojim možemo da stimulšemo rast onih tipova mikroba
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that we want to have indoors.
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koje želimo da se nađu u zatvorenom prostoru.
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I've heard somebody say
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Čula sam nekoga kako kaže
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that you're as healthy as your gut.
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da smo onoliko zdravi koliko je zdrav naš probavni sistem.
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And for this reason, many people eat probiotic yogurt
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I iz tog razloga, mnogi ljudi jedu probiotički jogurt
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so they can promote a healthy gut flora.
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kako bi promovisali rast zdrave flore u crevima.
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And what we ultimately want to do
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I naš kranji cilj je
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is to be able to use this concept
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da uspemo da iskoristimo ovaj pojam
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to promote a healthy group
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kako bismo pospešili rast zdrave grupe
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of microorganisms inside.
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mikroorganizama u zatvorenom prostoru.
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Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
05:16
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jessica Green - Engineer and biodiversity scientistJessica Green wants people to understand the important role microbes play in every facet of our lives: climate change, building ecosystems, human health, even roller derby -- using nontraditional tools like art, animation and film to help people visualize the invisible world.
Why you should listen
Jessica Green, a TED2010 Fellow and TED2011 Senior Fellow, is an engineer and ecologist who specializes in biodiversity theory and microbial systems. As a professor at both the University of Oregon and the Santa Fe Institute, she is the founding director of the innovative Biology and the Built Environment (BioBE) Center that bridges biology and architecture.
Green envisions a future with genomic-driven approaches to architectural design that promote sustainability, human health and well-being. She is spearheading efforts to model buildings as complex ecosystems that house trillions of diverse microorganisms interacting with each other, with humans, and with their environment. This framework uses next-generation sequencing technology to characterize the “built environment microbiome” and will offer site-specific design solutions to minimize the spread of infectious disease and maximize building energy efficiency.
Jessica Green | Speaker | TED.com