TEDGlobal 2011
Misha Glenny: Hire the hackers!
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Despite multibillion-dollar investments in cybersecurity, one of its root problems has been largely ignored: who are the people who write malicious code? Underworld investigator Misha Glenny profiles several convicted coders from around the world and reaches a startling conclusion.
Misha Glenny - Underworld investigator
Journalist Misha Glenny leaves no stone unturned (and no failed state unexamined) in his excavation of criminal globalization. Full bio
Journalist Misha Glenny leaves no stone unturned (and no failed state unexamined) in his excavation of criminal globalization. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Now this is a very un-TED-like thing to do,
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but let's kick off the afternoon
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with a message
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from a mystery sponsor.
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Anonymous: Dear Fox News,
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it has come to our unfortunate attention
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that both the name and nature of Anonymous
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has been ravaged.
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We are everyone. We are no one.
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We are anonymous. We are legion.
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We do not forgive. We do not forget.
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We are but the base of chaos.
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Misha Glenny: Anonymous, ladies and gentlemen --
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a sophisticated group
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of politically motivated hackers
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who have emerged in 2011.
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And they're pretty scary.
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You never know when they're going to attack next,
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who or what the consequences will be.
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But interestingly,
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they have a sense of humor.
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These guys hacked into Fox News' Twitter account
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to announce President Obama's assassination.
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Now you can imagine the panic that would have generated
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in the newsroom at Fox.
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"What do we do now?
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Put on a black armband, or crack open the champagne?"
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(Laughter)
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And of course, who could escape the irony
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of a member of Rupert Murdoch's News Corp.
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being a victim of hacking for a change.
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(Laughter)
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(Applause)
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Sometimes you turn on the news
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and you say, "Is there anyone left to hack?"
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Sony Playstation Network -- done,
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the government of Turkey -- tick,
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Britain's Serious Organized Crime Agency -- a breeze,
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the CIA -- falling off a log.
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In fact, a friend of mine from the security industry
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told me the other day
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that there are two types of companies in the world:
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those that know they've been hacked, and those that don't.
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I mean three companies
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providing cybersecurity services to the FBI
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have been hacked.
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Is nothing sacred anymore, for heaven's sake?
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Anyway, this mysterious group Anonymous --
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and they would say this themselves --
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they are providing a service
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by demonstrating how useless companies are
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at protecting our data.
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But there is also a very serious aspect to Anonymous --
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they are ideologically driven.
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They claim that they are battling
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a dastardly conspiracy.
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They say that governments are trying
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to take over the Internet and control it,
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and that they, Anonymous,
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are the authentic voice of resistance --
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be it against Middle Eastern dictatorships,
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against global media corporations,
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or against intelligence agencies,
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or whoever it is.
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And their politics are not entirely unattractive.
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Okay, they're a little inchoate.
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There's a strong whiff
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of half-baked anarchism about them.
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But one thing is true:
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we are at the beginning
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of a mighty struggle
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for control of the Internet.
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The Web links everything,
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and very soon
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it will mediate most human activity.
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Because the Internet has fashioned
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a new and complicated environment
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for an old-age dilemma
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that pits the demands of security
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with the desire for freedom.
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Now this is a very complicated struggle.
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And unfortunately, for mortals like you and me,
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we probably can't understand it very well.
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Nonetheless,
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in an unexpected attack of hubris
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a couple of years ago,
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I decided I would try and do that.
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And I sort of get it.
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These were the various things that I was looking at
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as I was trying to understand it.
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But in order to try and explain the whole thing,
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I would need another 18 minutes or so to do it,
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so you're just going to have to take it on trust from me on this occasion,
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and let me assure you that all of these issues
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are involved in cybersecurity and control of the Internet
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one way or the other,
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but in a configuration
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that even Stephen Hawking would probably have difficulty
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trying to get his head around.
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So there you are.
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And as you see, in the middle,
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there is our old friend, the hacker.
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The hacker is absolutely central
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to many of the political, social
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and economic issues affecting the Net.
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And so I thought to myself,
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"Well, these are the guys who I want to talk to."
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And what do you know,
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nobody else does talk to the hackers.
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They're completely anonymous, as it were.
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So despite the fact
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that we are beginning to pour billions,
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hundreds of billions of dollars,
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into cybersecurity --
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for the most extraordinary technical solutions --
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no one wants to talk
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to these guys, the hackers,
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who are doing everything.
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Instead, we prefer these really dazzling technological solutions,
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which cost a huge amount of money.
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And so nothing is going into the hackers.
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Well, I say nothing,
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but actually there is one teeny weeny little research unit
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in Turin, Italy
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called the Hackers Profiling Project.
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And they are doing some fantastic research
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into the characteristics,
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into the abilities
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and the socialization of hackers.
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But because they're a U.N. operation,
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maybe that's why governments and corporations
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are not that interested in them.
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Because it's a U.N. operation,
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of course, it lacks funding.
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But I think they're doing very important work.
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Because where we have a surplus of technology
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in the cybersecurity industry,
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we have a definite lack of --
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call me old-fashioned --
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human intelligence.
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Now, so far I've mentioned
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the hackers Anonymous
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who are a politically motivated hacking group.
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Of course, the criminal justice system
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treats them as common old garden criminals.
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But interestingly,
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Anonymous does not make use of its hacked information
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for financial gain.
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But what about the real cybercriminals?
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Well real organized crime on the Internet
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goes back about 10 years
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when a group of gifted Ukrainian hackers
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developed a website,
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which led to the industrialization
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of cybercrime.
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Welcome to the now forgotten realm of CarderPlanet.
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This is how they were advertising themselves
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a decade ago on the Net.
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Now CarderPlanet was very interesting.
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Cybercriminals would go there
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to buy and sell stolen credit card details,
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to exchange information
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about new malware that was out there.
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And remember, this is a time
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when we're seeing for the first time
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so-called off-the-shelf malware.
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This is ready for use, out-of-the-box stuff,
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which you can deploy
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even if you're not a terribly sophisticated hacker.
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And so CarderPlanet became a sort of supermarket
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for cybercriminals.
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And its creators
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were incredibly smart and entrepreneurial,
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because they were faced
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with one enormous challenge as cybercriminals.
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And that challenge is:
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How do you do business,
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how do you trust
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somebody on the Web who you want to do business with
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when you know that they're a criminal?
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(Laughter)
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It's axiomatic that they're dodgy,
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and they're going to want to try and rip you off.
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So the family, as the inner core of CarderPlanet was known,
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came up with this brilliant idea
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called the escrow system.
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They appointed an officer
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who would mediate between the vendor and the purchaser.
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The vendor, say, had stolen credit card details;
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the purchaser wanted to get a hold of them.
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The purchaser would send the administrative officer
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some dollars digitally,
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and the vendor would sell the stolen credit card details.
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And the officer would then verify
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if the stolen credit card worked.
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And if they did,
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he then passed on the money to the vendor
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and the stolen credit card details to the purchaser.
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And it was this
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which completely revolutionized cybercrime on the Web.
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And after that, it just went wild.
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We had a champagne decade
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for people who we know as Carders.
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Now I spoke to one of these Carders
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who we'll call RedBrigade --
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although that wasn't even his proper nickname --
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but I promised I wouldn't reveal who he was.
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And he explained to me how in 2003 and 2004
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he would go on sprees in New York,
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taking out $10,000 from an ATM here,
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$30,000 from an ATM there,
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using cloned credit cards.
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He was making, on average a week,
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$150,000 --
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tax free of course.
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And he said
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that he had so much money
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stashed in his upper-East side apartment at one point
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that he just didn't know what to do with it
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and actually fell into a depression.
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But that's a slightly different story,
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which I won't go into now.
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Now the interesting thing about RedBrigade
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is that he wasn't an advanced hacker.
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He sort of understood the technology,
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and he realized that security was very important
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if you were going to be a Carder,
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but he didn't spend his days and nights
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bent over a computer, eating pizza,
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drinking coke and that sort of thing.
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He was out there on the town
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having a fab time enjoying the high life.
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And this is because
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hackers are only one element
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in a cybercriminal enterprise.
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And often they're the most vulnerable element of all.
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And I want to explain this to you
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by introducing you to six characters
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who I met
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while I was doing this research.
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Dimitry Golubov, aka SCRIPT --
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born in Odessa, Ukraine in 1982.
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Now he developed his social and moral compass
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on the Black Sea port during the 1990s.
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This was a sink-or-swim environment
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where involvement in criminal or corrupt activities
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was entirely necessary
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if you wanted to survive.
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As an accomplished computer user,
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what Dimitry did
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was to transfer the gangster capitalism of his hometown
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onto the Worldwide Web.
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And he did a great job in it.
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You have to understand though
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that from his ninth birthday,
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the only environment he knew
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was gangsterism.
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He knew no other way of making a living
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and making money.
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Then we have Renukanth Subramaniam,
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aka JiLsi --
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founder of DarkMarket,
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born in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
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As an eight year-old,
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he and his parents fled the Sri Lankan capital
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because Singhalese mobs were roaming the city,
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looking for Tamils like Renu to murder.
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At 11, he was interrogated by the Sri Lankan military,
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accused of being a terrorist,
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and his parents sent him on his own to Britain
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as a refugee seeking political asylum.
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At 13,
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with only little English and being bullied at school,
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he escaped into a world of computers
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where he showed great technical ability,
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but he was soon being seduced
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by people on the Internet.
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He was convicted of mortgage and credit card fraud,
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and he will be released from Wormwood Scrubs jail in London
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in 2012.
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Matrix001,
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who was an administrator at DarkMarket.
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Born in Southern Germany
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to a stable and well-respected middle class family,
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his obsession with gaming as a teenager
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led him to hacking.
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And he was soon controlling huge servers around the world
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where he stored his games
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that he had cracked and pirated.
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His slide into criminality
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was incremental.
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And when he finally woke up to his situation
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and understood the implications,
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he was already in too deep.
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Max Vision, aka ICEMAN --
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mastermind of cardersMarket.
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Born in Meridian, Idaho.
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Max Vision was one of the best penetration testers
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working out of Santa Clara, California
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in the late 90s for private companies
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and voluntarily for the FBI.
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Now in the late 1990s,
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he discovered a vulnerability
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on all U.S. government networks,
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and he went in and patched it up --
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because this included nuclear research facilities --
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sparing the American government
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a huge security embarrassment.
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But also, because he was an inveterate hacker,
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he left a tiny digital wormhole
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through which he alone could crawl.
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But this was spotted by an eagle-eye investigator,
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and he was convicted.
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At his open prison,
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he came under the influence of financial fraudsters,
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and those financial fraudsters
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persuaded him to work for them
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on his release.
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And this man with a planetary-sized brain
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is now serving a 13-year sentence
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in California.
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Adewale Taiwo, aka FeddyBB --
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master bank account cracker
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from Abuja in Nigeria.
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He set up his prosaically entitled newsgroup,
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bankfrauds@yahoo.co.uk
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before arriving in Britain
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in 2005
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to take a Masters in chemical engineering
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at Manchester University.
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He impressed in the private sector,
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developing chemical applications for the oil industry
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while simultaneously running
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a worldwide bank and credit card fraud operation that was worth millions
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until his arrest in 2008.
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And then finally, Cagatay Evyapan,
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aka Cha0 --
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one of the most remarkable hackers ever,
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from Ankara in Turkey.
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He combined the tremendous skills of a geek
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with the suave social engineering skills
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of the master criminal.
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One of the smartest people I've ever met.
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He also had the most effective
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virtual private network security arrangement
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the police have ever encountered
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amongst global cybercriminals.
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Now the important thing
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about all of these people
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is they share certain characteristics
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despite the fact that they come from very different environments.
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They are all people who learned their hacking skills
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in their early to mid-teens.
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They are all people
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who demonstrate advanced ability
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in maths and the sciences.
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Remember that, when they developed those hacking skills,
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their moral compass had not yet developed.
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And most of them, with the exception of SCRIPT and Cha0,
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they did not demonstrate
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any real social skills in the outside world --
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only on the Web.
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And the other thing is
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the high incidence of hackers like these
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who have characteristics which are consistent
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with Asperger's syndrome.
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Now I discussed this
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with Professor Simon Baron-Cohen
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who's the professor of developmental psychopathology at Cambridge.
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And he has done path-breaking work on autism
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and confirmed, also for the authorities here,
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that Gary McKinnon --
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who is wanted by the United States
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for hacking into the Pentagon --
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suffers from Asperger's
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and a secondary condition
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of depression.
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And Baron-Cohen explained
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that certain disabilities
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can manifest themselves in the hacking and computing world
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as tremendous skills,
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and that we should not be throwing in jail
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people who have such disabilities and skills
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because they have lost their way socially
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or been duped.
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Now I think we're missing a trick here,
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because I don't think people like Max Vision should be in jail.
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And let me be blunt about this.
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In China, in Russia and in loads of other countries
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that are developing cyber-offensive capabilities,
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this is exactly what they are doing.
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They are recruiting hackers
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both before and after they become involved
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in criminal and industrial espionage activities --
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are mobilizing them
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on behalf of the state.
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We need to engage
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and find ways of offering guidance
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to these young people,
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because they are a remarkable breed.
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And if we rely, as we do at the moment,
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solely on the criminal justice system
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and the threat of punitive sentences,
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we will be nurturing a monster we cannot tame.
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Thank you very much for listening.
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(Applause)
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Chris Anderson: So your idea worth spreading
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is hire hackers.
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How would someone get over that kind of fear
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that the hacker they hire
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might preserve that little teensy wormhole?
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MG: I think to an extent,
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you have to understand
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that it's axiomatic among hackers that they do that.
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They're just relentless and obsessive
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about what they do.
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But all of the people who I've spoken to
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who have fallen foul of the law,
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they have all said, "Please, please give us a chance
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to work in the legitimate industry.
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We just never knew how to get there, what we were doing.
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We want to work with you."
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Chris Anderson: Okay, well that makes sense. Thanks a lot Misha.
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(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Misha Glenny - Underworld investigatorJournalist Misha Glenny leaves no stone unturned (and no failed state unexamined) in his excavation of criminal globalization.
Why you should listen
In minute detail, Misha Glenny's 2008 book McMafia illuminates the byzantine outlines of global organized crime. Whether it's pot smugglers in British Columbia, oil/weapons/people traffickers in Eastern Europe, Japanese yakuza or Nigerian scammers, to research this magisterial work Glenny penetrated the convoluted, globalized and franchised modern underworld -- often at considerable personal risk.
The book that resulted is an exhaustive look at an unseen industry that Glenny believes may account for 15% of the world's GDP.
Legal society ignores this world at its peril, but Glenny suggests that conventional law enforcement might not be able to combat a problem whose roots lie in global instability.
While covering the Central Europe beat for the Guardian and the BBC, Glenny wrote several acclaimed books on the fall of Yugoslavia and the rise of the Balkan nations. He's researching a new book on cybercrime, of which he says: "The key to cybercrime is what we call social engineering. Or to use the technical term for it, there's one born every minute."
Watch TED's exclusive video Q&A with Glenny: "Behind the Scenes of McMafia" >>
Misha Glenny | Speaker | TED.com