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Mikko Hypponen: Three types of online attack
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Cybercrime expert Mikko Hypponen talks us through three types of online attack on our privacy and data -- and only two are considered crimes. "Do we blindly trust any future government? Because any right we give away, we give away for good."
Mikko Hypponen - Cybersecurity expert
As computer access expands, Mikko Hypponen asks: What's the next killer virus, and will the world be able to cope with it? And also: How can we protect digital privacy in the age of government surveillance? Full bio
As computer access expands, Mikko Hypponen asks: What's the next killer virus, and will the world be able to cope with it? And also: How can we protect digital privacy in the age of government surveillance? Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
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In the 1980s
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in the communist Eastern Germany,
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if you owned a typewriter,
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you had to register it with the government.
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You had to register
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a sample sheet of text
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out of the typewriter.
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And this was done
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so the government could track where text was coming from.
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If they found a paper
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which had the wrong kind of thought,
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they could track down
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who created that thought.
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And we in the West
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couldn't understand how anybody could do this,
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how much this would restrict freedom of speech.
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We would never do that
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in our own countries.
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But today in 2011,
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if you go and buy a color laser printer
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from any major laser printer manufacturer
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and print a page,
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that page will end up
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having slight yellow dots
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printed on every single page
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in a pattern which makes the page unique
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to you and to your printer.
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This is happening
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to us today.
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And nobody seems to be making a fuss about it.
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And this is an example
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of the ways
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that our own governments
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are using technology
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against us, the citizens.
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And this is one of the main three sources
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of online problems today.
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If we take a look at what's really happening in the online world,
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we can group the attacks based on the attackers.
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We have three main groups.
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We have online criminals.
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Like here, we have Mr. Dimitry Golubov
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from the city of Kiev in Ukraine.
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And the motives of online criminals
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are very easy to understand.
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These guys make money.
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They use online attacks
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to make lots of money,
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and lots and lots of it.
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We actually have several cases
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of millionaires online, multimillionaires,
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who made money with their attacks.
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Here's Vladimir Tsastsin form Tartu in Estonia.
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This is Alfred Gonzalez.
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This is Stephen Watt.
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This is Bjorn Sundin.
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This is Matthew Anderson, Tariq Al-Daour
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and so on and so on.
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These guys
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make their fortunes online,
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but they make it through the illegal means
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of using things like banking trojans
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to steal money from our bank accounts
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while we do online banking,
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or with keyloggers
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to collect our credit card information
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while we are doing online shopping from an infected computer.
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The U.S. Secret Service,
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two months ago,
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froze the Swiss bank account
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of Mr. Sam Jain right here,
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and that bank account had 14.9 million U.S. dollars on it
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when it was frozen.
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Mr. Jain himself is on the loose;
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nobody knows where he is.
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And I claim it's already today
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that it's more likely for any of us
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to become the victim of a crime online
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than here in the real world.
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And it's very obvious
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that this is only going to get worse.
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In the future, the majority of crime
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will be happening online.
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The second major group of attackers
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that we are watching today
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are not motivated by money.
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They're motivated by something else --
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motivated by protests,
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motivated by an opinion,
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motivated by the laughs.
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Groups like Anonymous
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have risen up over the last 12 months
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and have become a major player
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in the field of online attacks.
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So those are the three main attackers:
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criminals who do it for the money,
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hacktivists like Anonymous
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doing it for the protest,
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but then the last group are nation states,
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governments doing the attacks.
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And then we look at cases
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like what happened in DigiNotar.
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This is a prime example of what happens
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when governments attack
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against their own citizens.
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DigiNotar is a Certificate Authority
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from The Netherlands --
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or actually, it was.
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It was running into bankruptcy
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last fall
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because they were hacked into.
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Somebody broke in
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and they hacked it thoroughly.
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And I asked last week
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in a meeting with Dutch government representatives,
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I asked one of the leaders of the team
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whether he found plausible
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that people died
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because of the DigiNotar hack.
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And his answer was yes.
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So how do people die
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as the result of a hack like this?
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Well DigiNotar is a C.A.
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They sell certificates.
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What do you do with certificates?
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Well you need a certificate
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if you have a website that has https,
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SSL encrypted services,
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services like Gmail.
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Now we all, or a big part of us,
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use Gmail or one of their competitors,
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but these services are especially popular
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in totalitarian states
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like Iran,
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where dissidents
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use foreign services like Gmail
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because they know they are more trustworthy than the local services
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and they are encrypted over SSL connections,
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so the local government can't snoop
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on their discussions.
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Except they can if they hack into a foreign C.A.
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and issue rogue certificates.
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And this is exactly what happened
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with the case of DigiNotar.
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What about Arab Spring
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and things that have been happening, for example, in Egypt?
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Well in Egypt,
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the rioters looted the headquarters
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of the Egyptian secret police
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in April 2011,
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and when they were looting the building they found lots of papers.
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Among those papers,
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was this binder entitled "FINFISHER."
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And within that binder were notes
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from a company based in Germany
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which had sold the Egyptian government
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a set of tools
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for intercepting --
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and in very large scale --
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all the communication of the citizens of the country.
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They had sold this tool
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for 280,000 Euros to the Egyptian government.
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The company headquarters are right here.
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So Western governments
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are providing totalitarian governments with tools
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to do this against their own citizens.
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But Western governments are doing it to themselves as well.
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For example, in Germany,
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just a couple of weeks ago
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the so-called State Trojan was found,
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which was a trojan
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used by German government officials
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to investigate their own citizens.
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If you are a suspect in a criminal case,
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well it's pretty obvious, your phone will be tapped.
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But today, it goes beyond that.
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They will tap your Internet connection.
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They will even use tools like State Trojan
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to infect your computer with a trojan,
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which enables them
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to watch all your communication,
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to listen to your online discussions,
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to collect your passwords.
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Now when we think deeper
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about things like these,
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the obvious response from people should be
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that, "Okay, that sounds bad,
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but that doesn't really affect me because I'm a legal citizen.
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Why should I worry?
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Because I have nothing to hide."
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And this is an argument,
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which doesn't make sense.
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Privacy is implied.
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Privacy is not up for discussion.
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This is not a question
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between privacy
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against security.
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It's a question of freedom
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against control.
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And while we might trust our governments
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right now, right here in 2011,
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any right we give away will be given away for good.
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And do we trust, do we blindly trust,
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any future government,
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a government we might have
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50 years from now?
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And these are the questions
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that we have to worry about for the next 50 years.
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mikko Hypponen - Cybersecurity expertAs computer access expands, Mikko Hypponen asks: What's the next killer virus, and will the world be able to cope with it? And also: How can we protect digital privacy in the age of government surveillance?
Why you should listen
The chief research officer at F-Secure Corporation in Finland, Mikko Hypponen has led his team through some of the largest computer virus outbreaks in history. His team took down the world-wide network used by the Sobig.F worm. He was the first to warn the world about the Sasser outbreak, and he has done classified briefings on the operation of the Stuxnet worm -- a hugely complex worm designed to sabotage Iranian nuclear enrichment facilities.
As a few hundred million more Internet users join the web from India and China and elsewhere, and as governments and corporations become more sophisticated at using viruses as weapons, Hypponen asks, what's next? Who will be at the front defending the world’s networks from malicious software? He says: "It's more than unsettling to realize there are large companies out there developing backdoors, exploits and trojans."
Even more unsettling: revelations this year that the United States' NSA is conducting widespread digital surveillance of both US citizens and anyone whose data passes through a US entity, and that it has actively sabotaged encryption algorithms. Hypponen has become one of the most outspoken critics of the agency's programs and asks us all: Why are we so willing to hand over digital privacy?
Read his open-season Q&A on Reddit:"My TED Talk was just posted. Ask me anything.
See the full documentary on the search for the Brain virus.
Mikko Hypponen | Speaker | TED.com