TEDxBrussels
Mikko Hypponen: Three types of online attack
Mikko Hypponen: 線上攻擊的三種類型
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網路犯罪專家 Mikko Hypponen 給我們講述危害我們隱私和資料的三類線上攻擊--只有兩種被視為犯罪。"我們該盲目的相信未來的政府嗎？因為我們放棄的任何權利，將永遠的失去了"
Mikko Hypponen - Cybersecurity expert
As computer access expands, Mikko Hypponen asks: What's the next killer virus, and will the world be able to cope with it? And also: How can we protect digital privacy in the age of government surveillance? Full bio
As computer access expands, Mikko Hypponen asks: What's the next killer virus, and will the world be able to cope with it? And also: How can we protect digital privacy in the age of government surveillance? Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:20
In the 1980s
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1980年代
00:23
in the communist Eastern Germany,
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在共產主義的東德
00:26
if you owned a typewriter,
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如果你擁有一部打字機
00:30
you had to register it with the government.
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你得去跟政府登記
00:32
You had to register
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你必須登記
00:34
a sample sheet of text
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出自這台打字機的
00:36
out of the typewriter.
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範例文件
00:38
And this was done
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這麼做以後
00:40
so the government could track where text was coming from.
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政府就能追蹤文件的來源
00:43
If they found a paper
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如果他們發現了
00:46
which had the wrong kind of thought,
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寫著錯誤觀點的文件
00:49
they could track down
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他們就可以追蹤到
00:51
who created that thought.
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是誰創造了這觀點
00:53
And we in the West
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在西方世界中
00:56
couldn't understand how anybody could do this,
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我們不能理解怎麼有人能這麼做
00:59
how much this would restrict freedom of speech.
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這將會多麼限制言論自由啊
01:02
We would never do that
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在我們國家
01:04
in our own countries.
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我們絕不這麼做
01:07
But today in 2011,
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但來到現今2011年
01:10
if you go and buy a color laser printer
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如果你從任何一家大型雷射印表機製造商
01:14
from any major laser printer manufacturer
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買一部彩色雷射印表機
01:17
and print a page,
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然後印出一張紙
01:19
that page will end up
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這張紙最後
01:21
having slight yellow dots
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會有一些小黃點
01:24
printed on every single page
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印在每一頁上
01:26
in a pattern which makes the page unique
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圖案使這張紙是獨特的
01:29
to you and to your printer.
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對你和你的印表機都是
01:33
This is happening
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這就是現在
01:35
to us today.
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發生在我們身上的
01:38
And nobody seems to be making a fuss about it.
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似乎沒有人為此大驚小怪
01:42
And this is an example
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這裡
01:45
of the ways
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展示了
01:47
that our own governments
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我們的政府
01:50
are using technology
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使用科技
01:52
against us, the citizens.
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來對付我們這些公民們的例子
01:56
And this is one of the main three sources
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這是今天網路問題的
01:59
of online problems today.
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三大來源之一
02:01
If we take a look at what's really happening in the online world,
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如果我們看一下網路世界到底發生了什麼
02:04
we can group the attacks based on the attackers.
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我們根據攻擊者來分組
02:07
We have three main groups.
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我們有三個主要的組
02:09
We have online criminals.
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我們有網路罪犯
02:11
Like here, we have Mr. Dimitry Golubov
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就像這位，Dimitry Golubov先生
02:13
from the city of Kiev in Ukraine.
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來自烏克蘭的基輔市
02:15
And the motives of online criminals
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網路罪犯的犯罪動機
02:18
are very easy to understand.
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很容易了解
02:20
These guys make money.
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這些傢伙為了賺錢
02:22
They use online attacks
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他們利用線上攻擊
02:24
to make lots of money,
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來拿取很多的錢
02:26
and lots and lots of it.
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很多很多錢
02:28
We actually have several cases
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實際上我們有好幾個案子
02:30
of millionaires online, multimillionaires,
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都是線上百萬富翁 千萬富翁
02:33
who made money with their attacks.
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都是利用線上攻擊來賺錢的
02:35
Here's Vladimir Tsastsin form Tartu in Estonia.
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這是來自愛沙尼亞 塔爾圖市的Vladimir Tsastsin
02:38
This is Alfred Gonzalez.
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還有這是Alfred Gonzalez
02:40
This is Stephen Watt.
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Stephen Watt
02:42
This is Bjorn Sundin.
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Bjorn Sundin.
02:44
This is Matthew Anderson, Tariq Al-Daour
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Matthew Anderson 及 Tariq Al-Daour
02:47
and so on and so on.
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等等等等
02:49
These guys
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這些人
02:51
make their fortunes online,
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在線上賺取他們的財富
02:53
but they make it through the illegal means
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卻是透過違法的手段
02:56
of using things like banking trojans
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像是使用銀行木馬
02:58
to steal money from our bank accounts
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在我們使用線上銀行服務時
03:00
while we do online banking,
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竊取我們銀行中的錢
03:02
or with keyloggers
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或者 我們使用一台中毒的電腦在線上購物時
03:04
to collect our credit card information
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他們使用鍵盤記錄器
03:07
while we are doing online shopping from an infected computer.
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來收集我們信用卡的資訊
03:10
The U.S. Secret Service,
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美國特勤局
03:12
two months ago,
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在2個月前
03:14
froze the Swiss bank account
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凍結了Sam Jain先生
03:16
of Mr. Sam Jain right here,
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在瑞士銀行的帳戶
03:18
and that bank account had 14.9 million U.S. dollars on it
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這個帳戶裡有著 一千四百九十萬 美元
03:21
when it was frozen.
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當它被凍結後
03:23
Mr. Jain himself is on the loose;
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Sam Jain也消失無蹤
03:25
nobody knows where he is.
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沒人知道他在哪裡
03:28
And I claim it's already today
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今日我斷言
03:31
that it's more likely for any of us
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任何一個在場的人
03:34
to become the victim of a crime online
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都很可能成為線上犯罪的受害者
03:37
than here in the real world.
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甚至超越了現實生活
03:40
And it's very obvious
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而且很明顯的
03:42
that this is only going to get worse.
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這將會變的更糟
03:44
In the future, the majority of crime
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在未來 主要的犯罪行為
03:46
will be happening online.
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都會發生在網路上
03:50
The second major group of attackers
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第二組我們關切的
03:52
that we are watching today
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主要犯罪集團
03:54
are not motivated by money.
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它們的動機不在於錢
03:56
They're motivated by something else --
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他們的動機源自別處
03:58
motivated by protests,
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出於抗議
04:00
motivated by an opinion,
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出於表達意見
04:02
motivated by the laughs.
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出於被嘲笑
04:05
Groups like Anonymous
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過去12個月中 這類集團活躍了起來
04:07
have risen up over the last 12 months
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像是匿名客組識(Anonymous)
04:10
and have become a major player
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並且變成線上攻擊領域的
04:12
in the field of online attacks.
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主要參與者
04:15
So those are the three main attackers:
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這些就是三組主要的攻擊者
04:17
criminals who do it for the money,
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為了錢的罪犯
04:19
hacktivists like Anonymous
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還有為了抗議
04:22
doing it for the protest,
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像是匿名客組織(Anonymous)的駭客們
04:24
but then the last group are nation states,
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但第三組來源是民族國家們
04:27
governments doing the attacks.
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政府正進行這樣的攻擊
04:31
And then we look at cases
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我們看一下例子
04:33
like what happened in DigiNotar.
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像是 DigiNotar 公司所發生的
04:35
This is a prime example of what happens
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這是一個典型例子
04:37
when governments attack
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當政府攻擊他們的公民
04:39
against their own citizens.
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的一個犯罪案例
04:41
DigiNotar is a Certificate Authority
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DigiNotar 是一個荷蘭的
04:44
from The Netherlands --
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憑證發行機構
04:46
or actually, it was.
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或者說 它曾經是
04:48
It was running into bankruptcy
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它在去年秋天時
04:50
last fall
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破產了
04:53
because they were hacked into.
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因為它們遭到入侵
04:55
Somebody broke in
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有人闖進去
04:57
and they hacked it thoroughly.
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徹底的毀了它
05:00
And I asked last week
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我上周
05:02
in a meeting with Dutch government representatives,
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在與荷蘭政府代表開會時問過
05:06
I asked one of the leaders of the team
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我問一位領導
05:11
whether he found plausible
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他有否發現有可能
05:14
that people died
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有人會
05:17
because of the DigiNotar hack.
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因為DigiNotar 攻擊而死亡
05:20
And his answer was yes.
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他的回答是肯定的
05:25
So how do people die
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那麼 究竟為什麼人們的死亡
05:27
as the result of a hack like this?
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會源自於這樣的一個攻擊呢
05:30
Well DigiNotar is a C.A.
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DigiNotar是個憑證發行機構
05:32
They sell certificates.
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他們販售憑證
05:34
What do you do with certificates?
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你會用憑證來做什麼
05:36
Well you need a certificate
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嗯 當你經營一個有https的網站
05:38
if you have a website that has https,
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你會需要一個憑證
05:40
SSL encrypted services,
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會以SSL加密的服務
05:43
services like Gmail.
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像是Gmail
05:46
Now we all, or a big part of us,
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現在 我們所有人 或是大部份
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use Gmail or one of their competitors,
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使用Gmail 或是他對手們的其中一家
05:50
but these services are especially popular
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但這樣的服務
05:52
in totalitarian states
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在極權主義國家更為盛行
05:54
like Iran,
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像是伊朗
05:56
where dissidents
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異議人士
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use foreign services like Gmail
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會使用像Gmail 這樣的國外服務
06:01
because they know they are more trustworthy than the local services
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因為他們知道 這些服務比起國內服務更可以信任
06:04
and they are encrypted over SSL connections,
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而且這些服務是由SSL加密連線
06:07
so the local government can't snoop
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所以當地政府沒辦法竊聽
06:09
on their discussions.
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他們的討論
06:11
Except they can if they hack into a foreign C.A.
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除非政府可以駭入國外的憑證發行機構
06:14
and issue rogue certificates.
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然後發行出假憑證
06:16
And this is exactly what happened
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而這就是在 DigiNotar 案子中
06:18
with the case of DigiNotar.
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所發生的
06:24
What about Arab Spring
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來談談阿拉伯之春
06:26
and things that have been happening, for example, in Egypt?
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例如埃及所發生的事
06:29
Well in Egypt,
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在埃及
06:31
the rioters looted the headquarters
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暴民洗劫了
06:33
of the Egyptian secret police
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埃及秘密警察的總部
06:35
in April 2011,
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在2011年4月
06:37
and when they were looting the building they found lots of papers.
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當他們洗劫時發現很多文件
06:40
Among those papers,
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在這些文件中
06:42
was this binder entitled "FINFISHER."
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有一個名叫FINFISHER的夾子
06:44
And within that binder were notes
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這個夾子裡有些記錄
06:47
from a company based in Germany
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一間德國的公司
06:49
which had sold the Egyptian government
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賣給了埃及政府
06:52
a set of tools
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一套可以用來竊聽
06:54
for intercepting --
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的工具
06:56
and in very large scale --
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有很大的比例
06:58
all the communication of the citizens of the country.
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國家公眾的所有通信
07:00
They had sold this tool
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他們把這套工具
07:02
for 280,000 Euros to the Egyptian government.
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以28萬歐元賣給了埃及政府
07:05
The company headquarters are right here.
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這間公司的總部就在這
07:08
So Western governments
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所以 西方政府
07:10
are providing totalitarian governments with tools
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提供工具給極權政府
07:13
to do this against their own citizens.
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來竊聽他們的人民
07:16
But Western governments are doing it to themselves as well.
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但西方政府對他們自己的人民也這麼做
07:19
For example, in Germany,
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例如說 在德國
07:21
just a couple of weeks ago
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幾個星期前
07:23
the so-called State Trojan was found,
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有個叫 State Trojan 的木馬被找到
07:26
which was a trojan
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這是個被德國政府官方
07:28
used by German government officials
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用來調查他們公民
07:30
to investigate their own citizens.
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的一支木馬
07:32
If you are a suspect in a criminal case,
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如果你是個犯罪案件的嫌疑犯
07:36
well it's pretty obvious, your phone will be tapped.
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很明顯的 你的電話會被監聽
07:38
But today, it goes beyond that.
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但在今日 不只是如此
07:40
They will tap your Internet connection.
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他們還會監聽你的網路連線
07:42
They will even use tools like State Trojan
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他們甚至使用使用像是 State Trojan 的工具
07:45
to infect your computer with a trojan,
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使你的電腦感染木馬
07:48
which enables them
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這使他們能夠
07:50
to watch all your communication,
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監看你所有的通訊
07:52
to listen to your online discussions,
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查看你線上的發言
07:55
to collect your passwords.
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並收集你的密碼
08:01
Now when we think deeper
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當我們對這樣的事情
08:03
about things like these,
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做更深的思考
08:06
the obvious response from people should be
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人們的反應顯然會是
08:11
that, "Okay, that sounds bad,
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"嗯，這聽起來不好"
08:14
but that doesn't really affect me because I'm a legal citizen.
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"但我是個合法的公民，這並不影響我"
08:17
Why should I worry?
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"我何必擔心呢"
08:19
Because I have nothing to hide."
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"因為我沒什麼可隱藏的"
08:22
And this is an argument,
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但這是個不合理
08:24
which doesn't make sense.
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的論點
08:26
Privacy is implied.
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隱私是不言而喻
08:29
Privacy is not up for discussion.
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隱私用不著討論
08:34
This is not a question
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這不是個
08:36
between privacy
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隱私對抗安全
08:40
against security.
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的問題
08:43
It's a question of freedom
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這是個 自由對抗控制
08:46
against control.
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的問題
08:49
And while we might trust our governments
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我們在2011年的當下
08:53
right now, right here in 2011,
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我們信任我們的政府
08:56
any right we give away will be given away for good.
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任何我們放棄的權利 會永久的失去
08:59
And do we trust, do we blindly trust,
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而我們能不能信任 盲目的信任
09:02
any future government,
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未來的政府
09:04
a government we might have
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譬如說50年後
09:06
50 years from now?
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的政府呢?
09:10
And these are the questions
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這就是接下來的五十年中，
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that we have to worry about for the next 50 years.
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我們要擔憂的問題
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mikko Hypponen - Cybersecurity expertAs computer access expands, Mikko Hypponen asks: What's the next killer virus, and will the world be able to cope with it? And also: How can we protect digital privacy in the age of government surveillance?
Why you should listen
The chief research officer at F-Secure Corporation in Finland, Mikko Hypponen has led his team through some of the largest computer virus outbreaks in history. His team took down the world-wide network used by the Sobig.F worm. He was the first to warn the world about the Sasser outbreak, and he has done classified briefings on the operation of the Stuxnet worm -- a hugely complex worm designed to sabotage Iranian nuclear enrichment facilities.
As a few hundred million more Internet users join the web from India and China and elsewhere, and as governments and corporations become more sophisticated at using viruses as weapons, Hypponen asks, what's next? Who will be at the front defending the world’s networks from malicious software? He says: "It's more than unsettling to realize there are large companies out there developing backdoors, exploits and trojans."
Even more unsettling: revelations this year that the United States' NSA is conducting widespread digital surveillance of both US citizens and anyone whose data passes through a US entity, and that it has actively sabotaged encryption algorithms. Hypponen has become one of the most outspoken critics of the agency's programs and asks us all: Why are we so willing to hand over digital privacy?
Read his open-season Q&A on Reddit:"My TED Talk was just posted. Ask me anything.
See the full documentary on the search for the Brain virus.
Mikko Hypponen | Speaker | TED.com