TED2003
Steven Pinker: Human nature and the blank slate
Steven Pinker kritiseerib "puhta lehe" teooriat
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Steven Pinkeri raamat "Puhas leht" väidab, et kõigil inimestel on teatud omadused kaasasündinud. Selles kõnes selgitab Pinker oma vaatenurka ning seda, miks mõned inimesed sellest uskumatult närvi lähevad.
Steven Pinker - Psychologist
Steven Pinker is a professor of cognitive science (the study of the human mind) who writes about language, mind and human nature. Full bio
Steven Pinker is a professor of cognitive science (the study of the human mind) who writes about language, mind and human nature. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:18
A year ago, I spoke to you about a book
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Aasta eest rääkisin ma teile ühest raamatust,
00:22
that I was just in the process of completing,
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mida ma parasjagu lõpetasin ning
00:25
that has come out in the interim, and I would like to talk to you today
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mis on nüüd vahepeal ilmunud, ja täna tahaksin rääkida teile
00:28
about some of the controversies that that book inspired.
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mõnedest vastuoludest, mida see raamat lõkkele puhus.
00:32
The book is called "The Blank Slate,"
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Raamatu nimi on "Puhas leht",
00:34
based on the popular idea
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mis viitab levinud arusaamale,
00:36
that the human mind is a blank slate,
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et inimteadvus on puhas leht
00:38
and that all of its structure comes from
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ja et kogu tema struktuur tuleneb
00:41
socialization, culture, parenting, experience.
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sotsialiseerimisest, kultuurist, kasvatusest, kogemusest.
00:45
The "blank slate" was an influential idea in the 20th century.
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"Puhas leht" oli 20. sajandil mõjukas idee.
00:49
Here are a few quotes indicating that:
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Siin on mõned tsitaadid, mis sellele viitavad:
00:52
"Man has no nature," from the historian
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"Inimsele puudub loomus," ütles ajaloolane
00:54
Jose Ortega y Gasset;
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Jose Ortega y Gasset;
00:56
"Man has no instincts," from the
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"Inimesel puuduvad instinktid" -
00:58
anthropologist Ashley Montagu;
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antropoloog Ashley Montagu;
01:00
"The human brain is capable of a full range of behaviors
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"Inimaju on võimeline käituma igat moodi
01:03
and predisposed to none," from the late scientist Stephen Jay Gould.
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ja tal puudub soodumus ühekski käitumismalliks," teadlane Stephen Jay Gould.
01:08
There are a number of reasons to doubt that the human mind
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On mitu põhjust kahelda, et inimteadvus
01:10
is a blank slate,
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on puhas leht,
01:12
and some of them just come from common sense.
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ja mõned neist tulenevad igapäevatarkusest.
01:14
As many people have told me over the years,
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Nagu paljud inimesed on mulle aastate jooksul öelnud,
01:17
anyone who's had more than one child
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igaüks, kellel on rohkem kui üks laps,
01:19
knows that kids come into the world
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teab, et lapsed tulevad maailma
01:22
with certain temperaments and talents;
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teatud temperamendi ja annetega -
01:24
it doesn't all come from the outside.
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need ei tule täielikult väljaspoolt.
01:27
Oh, and anyone who
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Ja igaüks, kellel
01:29
has both a child and a house pet
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on nii laps kui ka koduloom,
01:32
has surely noticed that the child, exposed to speech,
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on kindlasti märganud, et laps, kes kuuleb rääkimist,
01:34
will acquire a human language,
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omandab mingi inimkeele,
01:36
whereas the house pet won't,
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aga koduloom mitte,
01:38
presumably because of some innate different between them.
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ja seda eeldatavasti mingi kaasasündinud erinevuse tõttu.
01:41
And anyone who's ever been
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Ja igaüks, kes on olnud
01:43
in a heterosexual relationship knows that
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heteroseksuaalses suhtes, teab,
01:45
the minds of men and the minds of women are not indistinguishable.
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et meeste ja naiste peas toimuv ei ole täpselt ühesugune.
01:49
There are also, I think,
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Minu meelest on ka
01:51
increasing results from
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üha rohkem teaduslike
01:53
the scientific study of humans
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inimuuringute tulemusi,
01:55
that, indeed, we're not born blank slates.
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et me tõesti ei sünni puhaste lehtedena.
01:58
One of them, from anthropology,
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Üks neist on antropoloogia vallast -
02:01
is the study of human universals.
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uuring inimeste ühiste joonte kohta.
02:03
If you've ever taken anthropology, you know that it's a --
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Kui oled antropoloogiaga kokku puutunud, siis tead,
02:05
kind of an occupational
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et antropoloogid tunnevad
02:07
pleasure of anthropologists to show
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professionaalset rõõmu, kui saavad näidata,
02:09
how exotic other cultures can be,
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kui eksootilised on teised kultuurid
02:12
and that there are places out there where, supposedly,
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ja et leidub paiku, kus väidetavalt
02:14
everything is the opposite to the way it is here.
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on kõik vastupidi kui meil.
02:17
But if you instead
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Aga kui selle asemel
02:19
look at what is common to the world's cultures,
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vaadata, mis on kõigil maailma kultuuridel ühist,
02:23
you find that there is an enormously rich set
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siis selgub, et on olemas väga suur hulk
02:25
of behaviors and emotions
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käitumismalle ja emotsioone
02:28
and ways of construing the world
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ja maailma seletamise viise,
02:30
that can be found in all of the world's 6,000-odd cultures.
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mida võib leida igast maailma ligi 6000 kultuurist.
02:34
The anthropologist Donald Brown has tried to list them all,
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Antropoloog Donald Brown proovis kõiki neid loetleda,
02:37
and they range from aesthetics,
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ja nende hulgas on esteetika,
02:39
affection and age statuses
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kiindumus ja ealine staatus,
02:42
all the way down to weaning, weapons, weather,
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aga ka piimast võõrutamine, relvad, ilm,
02:45
attempts to control, the color white
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kontrollimispüüded, valge värv
02:47
and a worldview.
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ja maailmavaade.
02:49
Also, genetics and neuroscience
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Ka geneetika ja neuroteadus
02:51
are increasingly showing that the brain
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tõestavad üha enam, et ajul
02:53
is intricately structured.
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on ülimalt peen struktuur.
02:56
This is a recent study by the neurobiologist Paul Thompson
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Selle uurimuse tegid neurobioloog Paul Thompson
02:58
and his colleagues in which they --
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ja tema kolleegid, mille käigus
03:00
using MRI --
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nad mõõtsid
03:02
measured the distribution of gray matter --
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tomograafiga hallolluse jaotumist
03:05
that is, the outer layer of the cortex --
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ajukoore pindmises osas
03:08
in a large sample of pairs of people.
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suurel hulgal inimeste paaridel.
03:11
They coded correlations in the thickness
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Nad kasutasid värviskeemi, mis näitab
03:15
of gray matter in different parts of the brain
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miline on aju erinevates osades oleva hallolluse
03:17
using a false color scheme, in which
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paksuse seos eri inimeste puhul.
03:20
no difference is coded as purple,
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Lilla tähendab, et seost pole, ja kõik värvid
03:23
and any color other than purple indicates
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peale lilla tähendavad
03:25
a statistically significant correlation.
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statistiliselt olulist seost.
03:27
Well, this is what happens when you pair people up at random.
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Nii juhtub siis kui võrrelda kahte suvalist inimest.
03:30
By definition, two people picked at random
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Kui defineerida, siis kahel suvalisel inimesel
03:33
can't have correlations in the distribution
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ei saa hallolluse jaotus ajukoores
03:35
of gray matter in the cortex.
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olla vastastikkuses seoses.
03:38
This is what happens in people who share
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Selline on pilt, kui inimestel on pool
03:41
half of their DNA -- fraternal twins.
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DNA-st ühine - nagu erimunakaksikutel.
03:44
And as you can see, large amounts of the brain
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Ja nagu näha, suured osad ajust
03:46
are not purple, showing that if one person
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ei ole lillad, mis tähendab, et kui ühel
03:49
has a thicker bit of cortex
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on ajukoor kusagilt veidi paksem,
03:52
in that region, so does his fraternal twin.
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siis on tema erimunakaksikul samuti.
03:55
And here's what happens if you
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Ja siin me näeme, mis juhtub,
03:59
get a pair of people who share all their DNA --
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kui tegu on kahe inimesega, kellel on kogu DNA ühine -
04:01
namely, clones or identical twins.
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nimelt kloonide või ühemunakaksikutega.
04:04
And you can see huge areas of cortex where there are
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Ja nagu te näete, suurel osal ajukoorest on
04:08
massive correlations in the distribution of gray matter.
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hallolluse jaotusel tihe vastastikune seos.
04:11
Now, these aren't just
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Need ei ole mitte ainult
04:13
differences in anatomy,
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anatoomilised erinevused,
04:15
like the shape of your ear lobes,
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nagu kõrvanibude kuju,
04:17
but they have consequences in thought and behavior
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vaid need mõjutavad mõtlemist ja käitumist,
04:21
that are well illustrated in this famous cartoon by Charles Addams:
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nagu kujutab hästi see kuulus Charles Addamsi koomiks:
04:25
"Separated at birth, the Mallifert twins meet accidentally."
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"Sündides lahutatud Malliferti kaksikud kohtuvad juhuslikult."
04:30
As you can see, there are two inventors
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Nagu näete, siin on kaks leiutajat,
04:32
with identical contraptions in their lap, meeting
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mõlemal ühesugused seadeldised süles, ja nad kohtuvad
04:34
in the waiting room of a patent attorney.
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patendiameti ooteruumis.
04:36
Now, the cartoon is not such an exaggeration, because
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See koomiks polegi väga suur liialdus, sest
04:39
studies of identical twins who were separated at birth
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uuringud identsete kaksikute kohta, kes sündides lahutati
04:42
and then tested in adulthood
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ja keda siis täiskasvanuna testiti,
04:44
show that they have astonishing similarities.
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näitavad, et nad on hämmastavalt sarnased.
04:47
And this happens in every pair of identical twins
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Ja nii on iga sündides lahutatud identsete kaksikute paariga,
04:50
separated at birth ever studied --
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keda kunagi on uuritud -
04:52
but much less so with fraternal twins separated at birth.
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aga vähem peab see paika sündides lahutatud erimunakaksikute puhul.
04:55
My favorite example is a pair of twins,
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Mu lemmiknäiteks on kaksikud,
04:58
one of whom was brought up
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kellest üks kasvas üles
05:00
as a Catholic in a Nazi family in Germany,
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katoliiklasena Saksamaal natside peres,
05:04
the other brought up in a Jewish family in Trinidad.
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teine juudi peres Trinidadis.
05:08
When they walked into the lab in Minnesota,
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Kui nad Minnesotas uurijate laborisse jalutasid,
05:10
they were wearing identical navy blue shirts with epaulettes;
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kandsid nad täpselt ühesuguseid tumesiniseid pagunitega särke,
05:13
both of them liked to dip buttered toast in coffee,
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mõlemale meeldis võisaia kohvi sisse kasta,
05:16
both of them kept rubber bands around their wrists,
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mõlemad kandsid ümber randme kummipaelu,
05:20
both of them flushed the toilet before using it as well as after,
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mõlemad loputasid WC-d nii enne kui ka pärast selle kasutamist,
05:23
and both of them liked to surprise people
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ning mõlemale meeldis inimesi ehmatada
05:26
by sneezing in crowded elevators to watch them jump.
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liftis aevastamisega ja siis vaadata kuidas inimesed ehmatusest hüppavad.
05:30
Now --
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Muidugi -
05:32
the story might seem to good to be true,
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see lugu võib tunduda liiga hea, et olla tõsi,
05:34
but when you administer
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aga kui ka viia läbi
05:36
batteries of psychological tests,
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virnade viisi psühholoogilisi teste,
05:39
you get the same results -- namely,
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on tulemused samad - nimelt,
05:41
identical twins separated at birth show
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sündides lahutatud identsetel kaksikutel
05:43
quite astonishing similarities.
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on üsna hämmastavad sarnasused.
05:45
Now, given both the common sense
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Kui nüüd arvestada, et nii terve mõistus, kui ka
05:47
and scientific data
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teaduslikud andmed
05:49
calling the doctrine of the blank slate into question,
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seavad "puhta lehe" doktriini kahtluse alla,
05:51
why should it have been such an appealing notion?
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siis miks on see ikkagi nii populaarne idee?
05:54
Well, there are a number of political reasons why people have found it congenial.
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On mitu poliitilist põhjust, miks inimesed seda heaks mõtteks peavad.
05:57
The foremost is that if we're blank slates,
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Esiteks, kui me oleme puhtad lehed,
06:00
then, by definition, we are equal,
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siis järelikult me oleme võrdsed,
06:02
because zero equals zero equals zero.
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sest null võrdub null võrdub null.
06:05
But if something is written on the slate,
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Aga kui lehele on midagi kirjutatud,
06:07
then some people could have more of it than others,
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siis mõnel võib seal olla rohkem kui teistel,
06:09
and according to this line of thinking, that would justify
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ja selle arusaama järgi õigustaks see
06:11
discrimination and inequality.
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diskrimineerimist ja ebavõrdsust.
06:14
Another political fear of human nature
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Teine inimloomuse poliitiline hirm on see,
06:17
is that if we are blank slates,
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et kui me oleme puhtad lehed,
06:19
we can perfect mankind --
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siis saab inimesi paremaks muuta -
06:21
the age-old dream of the perfectibility of our species
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igivana unistus meie liigi täiuslikustamisest
06:24
through social engineering.
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sotsiaalse inseneritöö kaudu.
06:26
Whereas, if we're born with certain instincts,
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Aga kui teatud instinktid on kaasa sündinud,
06:28
then perhaps some of them might condemn us
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siis äkki mõned neist neavad meid igaveseks
06:30
to selfishness, prejudice and violence.
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isekaks, eelarvamuslikuks ja vägivaldseks.
06:34
Well, in the book, I argue that these are, in fact, non sequiturs.
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Oma raamatus ma räägin sellest, miks need argumendid on tegelikult absurdsed.
06:38
And just to make a long story short:
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Lühidalt öeldes,
06:40
first of all, the concept of fairness
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esiteks, õiglus
06:42
is not the same as the concept of sameness.
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ei ole sama mis ühetaolisus.
06:45
And so when Thomas Jefferson wrote
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Nii et kui Thomas Jefferson
06:47
in the Declaration of Independence,
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Iseseisvusdeklaratsioonis kirjutas,
06:49
"We hold these truths to be self-evident,
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"Me peame iseenesestmõistetavaks tõde,
06:51
that all men are created equal,"
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et kõik inimesed on loodud võrdsena,"
06:54
he did not mean "We hold these truths to be self-evident,
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siis ta ei pidanud silmas, et "me peame iseenesestmõistetavaks,
06:56
that all men are clones."
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et kõik inimesed on kloonid."
06:59
Rather, that all men are equal in terms of their rights,
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Vaid hoopis, et kõik inimesed on oma õiguste poolest võrdsed
07:02
and that every person ought to be treated
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ja et iga inimest tuleb kohelda kui
07:05
as an individual, and not prejudged
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indiviidi, mitte suhtuda temasse
07:07
by the statistics of particular groups
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eelarvamustega tema kuuluvuse põhjal
07:09
that they may belong to.
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mingisse inimrühma.
07:12
Also, even if we were born
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Samuti, isegi kui me sündisime
07:14
with certain ignoble motives,
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mingite halbade motiividega,
07:16
they don't automatically lead to ignoble behavior.
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siis ei vii see automaatselt halva käitumiseni.
07:19
That is because the human mind
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Sest inimmõistus on
07:21
is a complex system with many parts,
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keerukas mitmeosaline süsteem
07:23
and some of them can inhibit others.
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ja mõned neist osadest saavad teisi vaos hoida.
07:26
For example, there's excellent reason to believe
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Näiteks on suurepäraseid põhjuseid uskuda,
07:29
that virtually all humans are born with a moral sense,
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et praktiliselt kõik inimesed sünnivad moraalitunnetusega
07:33
and that we have cognitive abilities that allow us
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ja et meil on vaimsed võimed, mis lasevad meil
07:36
to profit from the lessons of history.
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ajaloost õppust võtta.
07:38
So even if people did have impulses
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Nii et isegi kui inimestel on
07:40
towards selfishness or greed,
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isekaid ja ahneid impulsse,
07:42
that's not the only thing in the skull,
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siis see pole koljus ainus asi,
07:44
and there are other parts of the mind that can counteract them.
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vaid seal on teised osad, mis neile vastu töötavad.
07:47
In the book, I
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Oma raamatus ma käsitlen
07:49
go over controversies such as this one,
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selliseid vastuolusid nagu need
07:51
and a number of other hot buttons,
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ja veel muid tulipunkte,
07:54
hot zones, Chernobyls, third rails, and so on --
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kitsaskohti, valupunkte, tabuteemasid ja nii edasi -
07:57
including the arts, cloning, crime,
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nagu kunst, kloonimine, kuritegevus,
07:59
free will, education, evolution,
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vaba tahe, haridus, evolutsioon,
08:01
gender differences, God, homosexuality,
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soolised erinevused, jumal, homoseksuaalsus,
08:04
infanticide, inequality, Marxism, morality,
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lapsetapp, ebavõrdsus, marksism, moraal,
08:06
Nazism, parenting, politics,
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natsism, laste kasvatamine, poliitika,
08:08
race, rape, religion, resource depletion,
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rass, vägistamine, usk, loodusvarade hävitamine,
08:10
social engineering, technological risk and war.
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ühiskonnaehitus, tehnoloogiline risk ja sõda.
08:13
And needless to say, there were certain risks
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Ja pole vaja mainidagi, et nende teemade
08:15
in taking on these subjects.
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puudutamisega on seotud teatud riskid.
08:19
When I wrote a first draft of the book,
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Kui ma raamatu mustandi valmis sain,
08:22
I circulated it to a number of colleagues for comments,
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saatsin selle mitmele kolleegile kommenteerida
08:24
and here are some of
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ning siin on näited
08:27
the reactions that I got:
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nende vastukajast:
08:29
"Better get a security camera for your house."
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"Pane oma maja juurde kohe heaga turvakaamera."
08:33
"Don't expect to get any more awards, job offers
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"Ära looda enam kunagi saada mingeid auhindu, tööpakkumisi
08:36
or positions in scholarly societies."
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või kõrgeid kohti teadusühingutes."
08:39
"Tell your publisher not to list your hometown
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"Ütle oma toimetajale, et ta autori biograafias
08:41
in your author bio."
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ei mainiks su kodulinna."
08:44
"Do you have tenure?"
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"On sul tähtajatu leping?"
08:46
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
08:48
Well, the book came out in October,
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Raamat ilmus oktoobris
08:50
and nothing terrible has happened.
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ja midagi koledat pole juhtunud.
08:55
I -- I like --
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Ma - nagu -
08:58
There was indeed reason to be nervous,
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põhjust närvis olla oli küll
09:00
and there were moments in which I did feel nervous,
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ja oli hetki, kui ma olingi närvis,
09:02
knowing the history
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teades ajaloost,
09:04
of what has happened to people
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mis on juhtunud inimestega,
09:06
who've taken controversial stands
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kes on võtnud vastuolulise seisukoha
09:08
or discovered disquieting findings
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või avastanud midagi jahmatavat
09:11
in the behavioral sciences.
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käitumisteaduste vallas.
09:13
There are many cases, some of which I talk about in the book,
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On palju juhtumeid, millest mõnesid ma raamatus mainin,
09:16
of people who have been slandered, called Nazis,
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kus inimesi on mõnitatud, natsideks nimedatud,
09:20
physically assaulted, threatened with criminal prosecution
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füüsiliselt rünnatud, kriminaalkohtuga ähvardatud
09:23
for stumbling across or arguing
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pelgalt vastuoluliste avastuste
09:27
about controversial findings.
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või nende üle argumenteerimise eest.
09:30
And you never know when you're going to
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Ja sa ei tea kunagi, millal sa
09:32
come across one of these booby traps.
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mõne sellise miini otsa astud.
09:34
My favorite example is a pair of psychologists
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Mu lemmiknäide on kaks psühholoogi,
09:36
who did research on left-handers,
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kes uurisid vasakukäelisi
09:39
and published some data showing that left-handers are, on average,
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ja avaldasid mõned andmed, mis näitasid, et vasakukäelised keskmiselt
09:42
more susceptible to disease, more prone to accidents
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jäävad kergemini haigeks, satuvad sagedamini õnnetustesse
09:45
and have a shorter lifespan.
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ja nende eluiga on lühem.
09:47
It's not clear, by the way, since then,
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Muide tänini pole veel selge,
09:49
whether that is an accurate generalization,
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kas nende üldistus oli täpne,
09:52
but the data at the time seemed to support that.
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aga nende andmed tol hetkel näisid neid väiteid toetavat.
09:55
Well, pretty soon they were barraged
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Igatahes, üsna pea pommitati neid
09:57
with enraged letters,
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vihaste kirjade,
10:00
death threats,
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surmaähvarduste
10:02
ban on the topic in a number of scientific journals,
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ja selle teema keelustamisega mitmes teadusväljaandes,
10:05
coming from irate left-handers
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pahaste vasakukäeliste
10:08
and their advocates,
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ja nende toetajate poolt.
10:10
and they were literally afraid to open their mail
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Ja nad tõesti kartsid postkastigi lahti teha,
10:13
because of the venom and vituperation
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kogu selle sapi ja viha tõttu,
10:16
that they had inadvertently inspired.
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mille nad tahtmatult esile olid kutsunud.
10:19
Well,
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Noh,
10:21
the night is young, but the book has been out
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õhtu on noor, aga raamat on juba pool aastat
10:23
for half a year,
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müügis olnud
10:25
and nothing terrible has happened.
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ja midagi koledat pole juhtunud.
10:27
None of the dire professional consequences
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Ühtegi hullu tööalast tagajärge
10:29
has taken place --
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pole olnud -
10:31
I haven't been
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Mind ei ole
10:33
exiled from the city of Cambridge.
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Cambridge'i linnast pagendatud.
10:36
But what I wanted to talk about
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Aga ma tahtsin rääkida
10:38
are two of these hot buttons
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kahest tulipunktist,
10:41
that have aroused the strongest response
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mis on äratanud kõige tugevamat vastukaja
10:45
in the 80-odd reviews
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nende umbes 80 kriitiku poolt,
10:47
that The Blank Slate has received.
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kes on "Puhast lehte" kommenteerinud.
10:50
I'll just put that list up for a few seconds,
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Ma panen selle nimekirja korraks üles
10:53
and see if you can guess which two
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ja vaadake, kas te arvate ära, millised kaks -
10:55
-- I would estimate that probably two of these topics
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ma pakun, et ilmselt kaks neist teemadest
10:57
inspired probably 90 percent
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põhjustasid ligi 90%
11:00
of the reaction in the various reviews
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vastukajast kõigis kriitikaartiklites
11:03
and radio interviews.
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ja raadiointervjuudes.
11:05
It's not violence and war,
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Need ei ole vägivald ega sõda
11:07
it's not race, it's not gender,
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ega rass ega sugu
11:09
it's not Marxism, it's not Nazism.
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ega marksism ega natsism.
11:12
They are: the arts and parenting.
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Nendeks on: kunst ja lastekasvatus.
11:15
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
11:17
So let me tell you what
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Las ma jutustan teile,
11:19
aroused such irate responses,
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mis neid vihaseid vastukajasid tekitas,
11:21
and I'll let you decide if whether they --
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ja lasen teil otsustada, kas need
11:24
the claims are really that outrageous.
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väited on tõesti niivõrd üle mõistuse.
11:26
Let me start with the arts.
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Alustame kunstist.
11:29
I note that among the long list of human universals
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Inimeste ühiste joonte pikas nimekirjas,
11:31
that I presented a few slides ago
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mida ma ühel eelmisel slaidil näitasin,
11:34
are art.
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on kunst.
11:36
There is no society ever discovered
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Kunagi pole avastatud ühtegi ühiskonda
11:39
in the remotest corner of the world that has not had something
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ka kõige kaugemas maailma nurgas, kus ei esineks midagi
11:42
that we would consider the arts.
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kunsti sarnast.
11:46
Visual arts -- decoration of surfaces and bodies --
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Visuaalne kunst - pindade ja kehade kaunistamine -
11:48
appears to be a human universal.
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näib olevat inimkonna ühine joon.
11:50
The telling of stories, music,
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Lugude jutustamine, muusika,
11:52
dance, poetry -- found in all cultures,
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tants, luule - esinevad kõikides kultuurides
11:55
and many of the motifs and themes
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ja paljud motiivid ja teemad,
11:58
that
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mis meile
12:01
give us pleasure in the arts
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kunstis naudingut pakuvad,
12:03
can be found in all human societies:
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esinevad kõigis ühiskondades:
12:07
a preference for symmetrical forms,
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sümmeetriliste kujundite eelistamine,
12:10
the use of repetition and variation,
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korduse ja variatsioonide kasutamine,
12:12
even things as specific as the fact
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isegi nii spetsiifilised asjad, nagu see,
12:14
that in poetry all over the world,
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et igal pool maailmas on luules
12:16
you have lines that are very close
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read enam-vähem
12:19
to three seconds long, separated by pauses.
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kolm sekundit pikad ja pausidega eraldatud.
12:22
Now, on the other hand,
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Aga teisest küljest,
12:24
in the second half of the 20th century,
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20. sajandi teisel poolel räägiti tihti,
12:26
the arts are frequently said to be in decline.
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et kunst käib alla.
12:29
And I have a collection,
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Ja ma olen kogunud
12:31
probably 10 or 15 headlines, from highbrow magazines
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umbes 10-15 artiklit kultuuriajakirjadest,
12:34
deploring the fact that
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mis halavad selle üle,
12:36
the arts are in decline in our time.
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et kunst käib tänapäeval alla.
12:39
I'll give you a couple of representative quotes:
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Ma toon teile paar tüüpilist näidet:
12:42
"We can assert with some confidence that our own period is
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"Me võime üsna kindlalt väita, et meie ajastu on
12:44
one of decline, that the standards of culture are lower
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languse ajastu, et kultuuristandardid on madalamad
12:47
than they were 50 years ago, and that the evidences of this decline
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kui 50 aastat tagasi, ja et selle languse tõendeid
12:50
are visible in every department of human activity."
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võib näha igas inimtegevuse valdkonnas."
12:53
That's a quote from T. S. Eliot, a little more than 50 years ago.
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Seda ütles T. S. Eliot veidi rohkem kui 50 aastat tagasi.
12:56
And a more recent one:
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Ja üks hiljutisem:
12:58
"The possibility of sustaining high culture in our time
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"Lootus, et kõrgkultuur meie ajastul kestma jääb,
13:00
is becoming increasing problematical.
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muutub aina õhemaks.
13:03
Serious book stores are losing their franchise,
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Tõsiseltvõetavad raamatupoed sulgevad oma uksi,
13:05
nonprofit theaters are surviving primarily
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tulu mittetaotlevad teatrid püsivad elus tänu sellele,
13:07
by commercializing their repertory,
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et muudavad oma repertuaari kommertslikuks,
13:09
symphony orchestras are diluting their programs,
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sümfooniaorkestrid lahjendavad oma kavasid,
13:11
public television is increasing its dependence
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avalik televisioon suurendab oma sõltuvust
13:13
on reruns of British sitcoms,
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briti komöödiate kordussaadetest,
13:16
classical radio stations are dwindling,
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klassikalised raadiojaamad kärbuvad,
13:18
museums are resorting to blockbuster shows, dance is dying."
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muuseumid toetuvad odavatele šõudele, tants sureb välja."
13:20
That's from Robert Brustein,
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Nõnda kirjutas Robert Brustein,
13:22
the famous drama critic and director,
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kes oli kuulus teatrikriitik ja lavastaja,
13:25
in The New Republic about five years ago.
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umbes viis aastat tagasi ajakirjas "New Republic".
13:28
Well, in fact, the arts are not in decline.
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No tegelikult, kunst ei käi alla.
13:31
I don't think this will as a surprise to anyone in this room,
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Ma arvan, et see ei üllata siin ruumis kedagi,
13:34
but by any standard
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aga iga mõõdupuu kohaselt
13:36
they have never been flourishing
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vohab kunst praegu rohkem
13:38
to a greater extent.
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kui kunagi varem.
13:40
There are, of course, entirely new art forms
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Loomulikult on täiesti uusi kunstivorme
13:43
and new media, many of which you've heard
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ja vahendeid, millest mitmeid on siin nende
13:45
over these few days.
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päevade jooksul mainitud.
13:48
By any economic standard,
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Iga majandusliku mõõdupuu järgi
13:50
the demand for art of all forms
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on nõudlus kõigi kunstivormide järgi
13:53
is skyrocketing,
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teravalt tõusmas,
13:55
as you can tell from the price of opera tickets,
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nagu võib järeldada teatripiletite hinna,
13:57
by the number of books sold,
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müüdud raamatute arvu,
13:59
by the number of books published,
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avaldatud raamatute arvu,
14:01
the number of musical titles released,
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välja antud muusikasinglite või
14:04
the number of new albums and so on.
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uute albumite arvu ja kõige muu põhjal.
14:07
The only grain of truth to this
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Terake tõtt selles kaeblemises,
14:09
complaint that the arts are in decline
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et kunst käib alla,
14:11
come from three spheres.
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on seotud kolme alaga.
14:15
One of them is in elite art since the 1930s --
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Üks neist on eliitkunst alates 1930-ndatest -
14:18
say, the kinds of works performed
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näiteks teosed peamiste
14:20
by major symphony orchestras,
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sümfooniaorkestrite repertuaaris
14:22
where most of the repertory is before 1930,
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pärinevad ajast enne 1930-ndaid
14:26
or the works shown in
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või teosed, mida näidatakse
14:28
major galleries and prestigious museums.
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suurtes galeriides ja prestiižikates muuseumides.
14:32
In literary criticism and analysis,
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Kirjanduskriitika ja analüüsi valdkond -
14:34
probably 40 or 50 years ago,
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umbes 40 või 50 aastat tagasi,
14:36
literary critics were a kind of cultural hero;
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kirjanduskriitikud olid nagu kultuurikangelased,
14:39
now they're kind of a national joke.
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nüüd on nad nagu rahvuslik nali.
14:41
And the humanities and arts programs
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Ja humanitaaralade ja kunsti õppekavad
14:44
in the universities, which by many measures,
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ülikoolides, mis on mitme mõõdupuu järgi
14:46
indeed are in decline.
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tõesti alla käimas.
14:48
Students are staying away in droves,
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Õpilased hoiavad neist karjakaupa eemale,
14:50
universities are disinvesting
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ülikoolid vähendavad investeeringuid
14:52
in the arts and humanities.
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kunsti ja humanitaarainetesse.
14:54
Well, here's a diagnosis.
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Siin on diagnoos.
14:57
They didn't ask me, but by their own admission,
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Nad pole seda minult küsinud, aga nagu nad isegi tunnistavad,
14:59
they need all the help that they can get.
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vajavad nad kogu abi, mis on saadaval.
15:02
And I would like to suggest that it's not a coincidence
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Ja ma pakun, et see pole kokkusattumus,
15:04
that this supposed decline
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et see väidetav allakäik
15:06
in the elite arts and criticism
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eliitkunstis ja kriitikas
15:09
occurred in the same point in history in which
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toimus samal ajalooperioodil,
15:11
there was a widespread denial of human nature.
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kui inimloomuse eitamine oli laialt levinud.
15:14
A famous quotation can be found --
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Üks kuulus tsitaat -
15:16
if you look on the web, you can find it in
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internetist otsides võite seda leida
15:18
literally scores
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tõesti kümnete kaupa
15:20
of English core syllabuses --
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inglise kirjanduse õppekavadest -
15:23
"In or about December 1910,
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"1910. aasta detsembris või selle kandis
15:26
human nature changed."
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inimloomus muutus."
15:28
A paraphrase of a quote by Virginia Woolf,
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See on parafraseeritud tsitaat Virginia Wolffilt
15:31
and there's some debate
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ning on vaieldav,
15:33
as to what she actually meant by that.
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mida ta sellega täpselt silmas pidas.
15:35
But it's very clear, looking at these syllabuses,
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Aga on väga selge, vaadates neid õppekavasid,
15:37
that -- it's used now
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et nüüd kasutatakse seda
15:39
as a way of saying that all forms
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tsitaati selleks, et öelda, et kõigi
15:43
of appreciation of art
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nende kunstivormide väärtustamine,
15:45
that were in place for centuries, or millennia,
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mis olid sajandeid, aastatuhandeid paigas,
15:49
in the 20th century were discarded.
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hüljati 20. sajandil.
15:52
The beauty and pleasure in art --
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Ilu ja nauding kunstis -
15:54
probably a human universal --
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ilmselt inimkonna ühine omadus -
15:56
were -- began to be considered saccharine,
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oli - seda hakati pidama imalaks,
15:58
or kitsch, or commercial.
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kitšiks või kommertslikuks.
16:01
Barnett Newman had a famous quote that "the impulse of modern art
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Barnett Newmanil oli kuulus tsitaat, et "modernse kunsti impulss
16:04
is the desire to destroy beauty" --
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on iha hävitada ilu",
16:07
which was considered bourgeois or tacky.
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mida peeti väikekodanlikuks või maitsetuks.
16:10
And here's just one example.
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Ja siin on vaid üks näide.
16:12
I mean, this is perhaps a representative example
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See on võibolla tüüpiline näide
16:15
of the visual depiction of the female form
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kuidas naist 15. sajandil
16:18
in the 15th century;
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visuaalselt kujutati;
16:20
here is a representative example
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siin on tüüpiline näide, kuidas
16:22
of the depiction of the female form in the 20th century.
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kujutati naist 20. sajandil.
16:26
And, as you can see, there -- something has changed
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Ja nagu te näete - midagi on selles muutunud,
16:28
in the way the elite arts
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kuidas kõrgkunst
16:30
appeal to the senses.
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meeltele läheneb.
16:32
Indeed, in movements of modernism
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Tõesti, modernismi ja
16:34
and post-modernism,
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postmodernismi liikumistes
16:36
there was visual art without beauty,
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oli visuaalne kunst ilma iluta,
16:38
literature without narrative and plot,
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kirjandus ilma jutu ja süžeeta,
16:40
poetry without meter and rhyme,
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luule ilma rütmi ja riimita,
16:42
architecture and planning without ornament,
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arhitektuur ja planeerimine ilma kaunistuste,
16:44
human scale, green space and natural light,
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inimmõõtme, roheluse ja loomuliku valguseta,
16:47
music without melody and rhythm,
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muusika ilma meloodia ja rütmita,
16:49
and criticism without clarity,
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ja kriitika ilma konkreetsuse,
16:51
attention to aesthetics and insight into the human condition.
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esteetikahuvi ja tähelepanekuteta inimloomuse kohta.
16:54
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
16:56
Let me give just you an example to back up that last statement.
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Las ma toon teile näite, kinnitamaks seda viimast väidet.
16:59
But here, there -- one of the most famous literary
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Siin - üks kuulsamaid meie aja inglise kirjanduse
17:01
English scholars of our time
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õpetlasi
17:03
is the Berkeley professor,
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on Berkeley professor
17:05
Judith Butler.
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Judith Butler.
17:07
And here is an example of
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Ja siin on näide
17:09
one of her analyses:
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ühest tema analüüsist:
17:12
"The move from a structuralist account in which capital
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"Liikumine strukturalistlikust põhjendusest, milles kapitali
17:14
is understood to structure social relations
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mõistetakse kui ühiskondlikke suhteid üsna
17:16
in relatively homologous ways
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homoloogselt struktureerivat tegurit,
17:18
to a view of hegemony in which power relations are subject to repetition,
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hegemoonliku seisukohani, milles võimusuhteid võib korrata,
17:21
convergence and rearticulation
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koondada ja reartikuleerida,
17:23
brought the question of temporality into the thinking of structure,
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tõstatas struktuurilise mõtlemise temporaalsuse küsimuse
17:26
and marked a shift from the form of Althusserian theory
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ja tähistas pööret Althusseria teooriast,
17:28
that takes structural totalities as theoretical objects ..."
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mis võtab struktuurseid totaalsusi kui teoreetilisi objekte ..."
17:31
Well, you get the idea.
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Saate põhimõttest aru.
17:34
By the way, this is one sentence --
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Muuseas, see üks lause -
17:36
you can actually parse it.
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seda on grammatiliselt lausa huvitav uurida.
17:40
Well, the argument in "The Blank Slate"
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Igatahes, argument "Puhtas lehes" on,
17:42
was that elite art and criticism
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et kõrgkunst ja kunstikriitika
17:44
in the 20th century,
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20. sajandil,
17:46
although not the arts in general,
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kuigi mitte kunst üleüldiselt,
17:48
have disdained beauty, pleasure,
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on põlanud ilu, naudingu,
17:50
clarity, insight and style.
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selguse, mõttesügavuse ja stiili.
17:53
People are staying away from elite art and criticism.
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Inimesed hoiavad kõrgkunstist ja kriitikast eemale.
17:57
What a puzzle -- I wonder why.
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Milline mõistatus - huvitav küll miks?
18:00
Well, this turned out to be probably
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Selgus, et see oligi raamatu
18:02
the most controversial claim in the book.
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kõige vastuolulisem väide.
18:04
Someone asked me whether I stuck it in
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Keegi küsis minult, kas ma pistsin selle nimelt sinna,
18:06
in order to deflect ire
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et viha soo ja
18:09
from discussions of gender and Nazism
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natsismi ja rassi aruteludelt
18:12
and race and so on. I won't comment on that.
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kõrvale juhtida. Ma ei kommenteeri.
18:16
But it certainly inspired
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Aga kahtlemata tekitas see
18:19
an energetic reaction
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energeetilise reaktsiooni
18:22
from many university professors.
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paljudes ülikooli professorites.
18:25
Well, the other hot button is parenting.
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Ja teine tulipunkt on lastekasvatus.
18:28
And the starting point is the -- for that discussion
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Selle arutelu alguspunktiks on fakt,
18:31
was the fact that we have all
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et me kõik oleme
18:33
been subject to the advice
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lastekasvatusliku tööstuskompleksi
18:35
of the parenting industrial complex.
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nõuannetest mõjutatud.
18:38
Now, here is -- here is a
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Siin on üks tüüpiline
18:40
representative quote from a besieged mother:
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tsitaat ühelt segaduses emalt:
18:43
"I'm overwhelmed with parenting advice.
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"Nõuandeid lastekasvatuse kohta on nii palju.
18:45
I'm supposed to do lots of physical activity with my kids
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Ma pean oma lastega palju füüsilisi tegevusi tegema,
18:47
so I can instill in them a physical fitness habit
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et sisendada neisse tervisespordi harjumust,
18:50
so they'll grow up to be healthy adults.
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et neist kasvaksid terved täiskasvanud.
18:52
And I'm supposed to do all kinds of intellectual play
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Ma pean korraldama kõiksugu intellektuaalseid mänge,
18:54
so they'll grow up smart.
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et nad kasvaksid targaks.
18:56
And there are all kinds of play -- clay for finger dexterity,
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Ja on igasuguseid mänguvõimalusi - savi sõrmeosavuse jaoks,
18:59
word games for reading success, large motor play,
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sõnamängud edukaks lugemiseks, suure liikumise mängud,
19:02
small motor play. I feel like I could devote my life
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väikse liikumise mängud. Võiksin pühendada kogu oma elu
19:04
to figuring out what to play with my kids."
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otsustamisele, mida oma lastega mängida."
19:07
I think anyone who's recently been a parent can sympathize
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Ma arvan, et kõik, kes on hiljuti lapsevanemad olnud,
19:09
with this mother.
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mõistavad seda ema.
19:12
Well, here's some sobering facts about parenting.
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Siin on lapsekasvatuse kohta mõned kainestavad faktid.
19:15
Most studies of parenting on which this advice is based
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Enamik uuringuid lastekasvatuse kohta, millel need nõuanded põhinevad,
19:19
are useless. They're useless because they don't control
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on kasutud. Need on kasutud, sest need ei arvesta pärilikkust.
19:22
for heritability. They measure some correlation
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Nad mõõdavad mingit seost selle vahel,
19:25
between what the parents do, how the children turn out
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mida lapsevanemad teevad ja milliseks lapsed kasvavad,
19:28
and assume a causal relation:
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ja eeldavad, et see seos on põhjuslik:
19:30
that the parenting shaped the child.
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et lastekasvatusmeetod vormis lapse.
19:32
Parents who talk a lot to their kids
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Vanematel, kes oma lastega palju räägivad,
19:34
have kids who grow up to be articulate,
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on lapsed, kes kasvavad sõnaosavateks,
19:36
parents who spank their kids have kids who grow up
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vanematel, kes oma lapsi löövad, kasvavad lapsed
19:38
to be violent and so on.
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vägivaldseteks, ja nii edasi.
19:40
And very few of them control for the possibility
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Ja väga vähesed uuringud arvestavad võimalust,
19:43
that parents pass on genes for --
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et vanemad annavad edasi geene,
19:46
that increase the chances a child will be articulate
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mis suurendavad tõenäosust, et laps on sõnaosav
19:48
or violent and so on.
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või vägivaldne ja nii edasi.
19:50
Until the studies are redone with adoptive children,
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Seni, kuni neid uuringuid pole korratud adopteeritud laste peal,
19:53
who provide an environment
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kus lapsevanemad loovad lapse keskkonna,
19:55
but not genes to their kids,
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kuid mitte nende geene,
19:57
we have no way of knowing whether these conclusions are valid.
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pole meil võimalik teada, kas need järeldused on tõesed.
20:00
The genetically controlled studies
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Geneetiliselt kontrollitud uuringute
20:02
have some sobering results.
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tulemused on kainestavad.
20:04
Remember the Mallifert twins:
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Meenutage Malliferti kaksikuid:
20:06
separated at birth, then they meet in the patent office --
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sündides lahutatud, kohtuvad nad patendiametis -
20:09
remarkably similar.
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üsna sarnastena.
20:11
Well, what would have happened if the Mallifert twins had grown up together?
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Mis oleks juhtunud kui Malliferti kaksikud oleksid koos üles kasvanud?
20:14
You might think, well, then they'd be even more similar,
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Te võite arvate, et siis oleksid nad veel sarnasemad,
20:17
because not only would they share their genes,
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sest neil oleksid mitte ainult samad geenid,
20:19
but they would also share their environment.
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vaid ka sama keskkond.
20:22
That would make them super-similar, right?
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See teeks nad ülisarnasteks, eks?
20:24
Wrong. Identical twins, or any siblings,
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Vale. Identsed kaksikud või ükskõik millised õed-vennad,
20:27
who are separated at birth are no less similar
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kes sündides lahutatakse, ei ole omavahel vähem sarnased
20:31
than if they had grown up together.
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kui need, kes koos üles kasvasid.
20:33
Everything that happens to you in a given home
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Kõik, mis sinuga nende aastate jooksul
20:35
over all of those years
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mingis kodus juhtub,
20:37
appears to leave no permanent stamp
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ei näi jätvat mingit püsivat märki
20:39
on your personality or intellect.
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ei sinu iseloomule ega intellektile.
20:42
A complementary finding, from a completely different methodology,
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Paralleelne järeldus, tuletatud hoopis teise metoodikaga,
20:45
is that adopted siblings reared together --
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on see, et koos kasvatatud adopteeritud õed-vennad -
20:49
the mirror image of identical twins reared apart,
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peegelpilt olukorrast, kus identsed kaksikud on eraldi kasvatatud,
20:51
they share their parents, their home,
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neil on samad vanemad, kodu,
20:53
their neighborhood,
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naabruskond,
20:55
don't share their genes -- end up not similar at all.
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aga geenid pole ühised - ei kasva üleüldse sarnasteks.
20:58
OK -- two different bodies of research with a similar finding.
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Olgu, kaks erinevat uurimistööd sama järeldusega.
21:01
What it suggests is that children are shaped
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See näitab, et pikas perspektiivis ei mõjuta lapsi
21:03
not by their parents over the long run,
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mitte nende vanemad,
21:06
but in part -- only in part -- by their genes,
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vaid osaliselt - ainult osaliselt - nende geenid,
21:09
in part by their culture --
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osalt nende kultuur -
21:11
the culture of the country at large
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antud riigi kultuur üleüldse,
21:13
and the children's own culture, namely their peer group --
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ja laste endi kultuur, nimelt nende sõpruskond -
21:15
as we heard from Jill Sobule earlier today,
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nagu me kõik täna Jill Sobule'ilt juba kuulsime,
21:18
that's what kids care about --
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see on lastele väga tähtis -
21:21
and, to a very large extent, larger than most people are prepared to acknowledge,
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ja väga suurel määral, suuremal määral, kui inimesed tunnistada tahavad,
21:24
by chance: chance events in the wiring of the brain in utero;
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juhus: juhuslikud sündmused aju arengus juba emakas,
21:27
chance events as you live your life.
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juhuslikud sündmused elu jooksul.
21:31
So let me conclude
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Las ma lõpetan
21:33
with just a remark
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ühe mõtteteraga,
21:35
to bring it back to the theme of choices.
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et jõuda tagasi põhiteema juurde.
21:38
I think that the sciences of human nature --
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Ma arvan, et inimloomuse teadused -
21:40
behavioral genetics, evolutionary psychology,
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käitumisgeneetika, evolutsiooniline psühholoogia,
21:43
neuroscience, cognitive science --
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neuroteadus, kognitiivne teadus -
21:45
are going to, increasingly in the years to come,
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raputavad lähiaastatel üha enam
21:48
upset various dogmas,
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erinevaid dogmasid,
21:51
careers and deeply-held political belief systems.
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tegevusalasid ja juurdunud poliitilisi tõekspidamisi.
21:54
And that presents us with a choice.
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Ja see seab meid valiku ette.
21:56
The choice is whether certain facts about humans,
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On valida, kas pidada mõningaid fakte
21:59
or topics, are to be considered taboos,
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inimeste kohta või teemasid tabudeks,
22:03
forbidden knowledge, where we shouldn't go there
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keelatud teadmiseks, kuhu mitte seigelda,
22:05
because no good can come from it,
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sest sellest ei tule midagi head,
22:07
or whether we should explore them honestly.
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või kas peaksime neid ausalt uurima.
22:10
I have my own
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Mul on sellele küsimusele
22:12
answer to that question,
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oma vastus,
22:14
which comes from a great artist of the 19th century,
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mis tuleb 19. sajandi suurelt kunstnikult
22:17
Anton Chekhov, who said,
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Anton Tšehhovilt, kes ütles:
22:20
"Man will become better when you show him
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"Inimene muutub paremaks, kui sa talle näitad,
22:22
what he is like."
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milline ta on."
22:24
And I think that the argument
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Ja ma arvan, et mul pole võimalik
22:26
can't be put any more eloquently than that.
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oma argumenti enam ilmekamalt sõnastada.
22:29
Thank you very much.
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Tänan väga.
22:32
(Applause)
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(Aplaus)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Steven Pinker - PsychologistSteven Pinker is a professor of cognitive science (the study of the human mind) who writes about language, mind and human nature.
Why you should listen
Steven Pinker grew up in the English-speaking community of Montreal but has spent his adult life bouncing back and forth between Harvard and MIT. He is interested in all aspects of human nature: how we see, hear, think, speak, remember, feel and interact.
To be specific: he developed the first comprehensive theory of language acquisition in children, used verb meaning as a window into cognition, probed the limits of neural networks and showed how the interaction between memory and computation shapes language. He has used evolution to illuminate innuendo, emotional expression and social coordination. He has documented historical declines in violence and explained them in terms of the ways that the violent and peaceable components of human nature interact in different eras. He has written books on the language instinct, how the mind works, the stuff of thought and the doctrine of the blank slate, together with a guide to stylish writing that is rooted in psychology.
In his latest book, Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress, he writes about progress -- why people are healthier, richer, safer, happier and better educated than ever. His other books include The Language Instinct, How the Mind Works, The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature, The Stuff of Thought, and The Better Angels of Our Nature.
Steven Pinker | Speaker | TED.com