TED2003
Steven Pinker: Human nature and the blank slate
Stiven Pinker u osnovnim crtama o teoriji praznog lista papira
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Knijga Stivena Pinkera "Prazan list papira" predstavlja stanovište da se svi ljudi rađaju sa izvesnim urođenim karakteristikama. Ovde, Pinker priča o svojoj tezi i objašnjava zašto je ona jako uznemirila neke ljude.
Steven Pinker - Psychologist
Steven Pinker is a professor of cognitive science (the study of the human mind) who writes about language, mind and human nature. Full bio
Steven Pinker is a professor of cognitive science (the study of the human mind) who writes about language, mind and human nature. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:18
A year ago, I spoke to you about a book
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Pre godinu dana, pričao sam vam o knjizi
00:22
that I was just in the process of completing,
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čije sam pisanje privodio kraju,
00:25
that has come out in the interim, and I would like to talk to you today
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u međuvremenu, knjiga je objavljena, i danas bih želeo da vam pričam
00:28
about some of the controversies that that book inspired.
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o nekim od kontraverzi koje je izazvala.
00:32
The book is called "The Blank Slate,"
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Naziv knjige je "Prazan list papira",
00:34
based on the popular idea
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po popularnoj ideji
00:36
that the human mind is a blank slate,
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da je ljudski um prazan list papira,
00:38
and that all of its structure comes from
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i da njegova struktura u celini potiče od
00:41
socialization, culture, parenting, experience.
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socijalizacije, kulture, roditeljstva, iskustva.
00:45
The "blank slate" was an influential idea in the 20th century.
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Ideja o "praznom listu papira" bila je uticajna u XX veku.
00:49
Here are a few quotes indicating that:
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Evo nekoliko citata koji to pokazuju:
00:52
"Man has no nature," from the historian
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"Čovek nema posebnu prirodu" rečima istoričara
00:54
Jose Ortega y Gasset;
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Hose Ortege Gaseta
00:56
"Man has no instincts," from the
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"Čovek nema instikte" rečima
00:58
anthropologist Ashley Montagu;
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antropologa Ešli Montag
01:00
"The human brain is capable of a full range of behaviors
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"Ljudski mozak je sposoban za pun opseg ponašanja
01:03
and predisposed to none," from the late scientist Stephen Jay Gould.
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a nije predodređen ni za jedno" prema pokojnom naučniku Stefanu Džej Guldu.
01:08
There are a number of reasons to doubt that the human mind
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Postoje brojni razlozi da se posumnja u to da je ljudski mozak
01:10
is a blank slate,
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prazan list papira,
01:12
and some of them just come from common sense.
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i neki jednostavno proizilaze iz zdravog razuma.
01:14
As many people have told me over the years,
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Kao što mi je mnogo ljudi govorilo godinama unazad,
01:17
anyone who's had more than one child
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svako ko ima više od jednog deteta
01:19
knows that kids come into the world
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zna da deca dolaze na svet
01:22
with certain temperaments and talents;
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sa određenim temperamentom i talentima;
01:24
it doesn't all come from the outside.
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nije sve spoljašnjeg porekla.
01:27
Oh, and anyone who
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O, i svako ko
01:29
has both a child and a house pet
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ima i dete i kućnog ljubimca
01:32
has surely noticed that the child, exposed to speech,
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svakako je primetio da će dete, izloženo govoru,
01:34
will acquire a human language,
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steći ljudski govor,
01:36
whereas the house pet won't,
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dok kućni ljubimac neće,
01:38
presumably because of some innate different between them.
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verovatno zbog neke urođene razlike među njima.
01:41
And anyone who's ever been
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I svako ko je bio
01:43
in a heterosexual relationship knows that
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u heteroseksualnoj vezi zna da
01:45
the minds of men and the minds of women are not indistinguishable.
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umovi muškaraca i umovi žena nisu neraspoznatljivi.
01:49
There are also, I think,
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Takođe smatram da postoji
01:51
increasing results from
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sve više rezultata
01:53
the scientific study of humans
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u naučnom proučavanju ljudskih bića
01:55
that, indeed, we're not born blank slates.
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da se, u stvari, ne rađamo kao prazni listovi papira.
01:58
One of them, from anthropology,
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Jedan takav, iz antropologije,
02:01
is the study of human universals.
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jeste proučavanje ljudskih univerzalija.
02:03
If you've ever taken anthropology, you know that it's a --
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Ako ste ikada učili antropologiju, znate da je
02:05
kind of an occupational
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svojevrsno profesionalno
02:07
pleasure of anthropologists to show
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zadovoljstvo antropologa da pokažu
02:09
how exotic other cultures can be,
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u kojoj meri druge kulture mogu biti egzotične,
02:12
and that there are places out there where, supposedly,
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i kako tamo negde postoje mesta, gde je navodno,
02:14
everything is the opposite to the way it is here.
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sve suprotno onome što je ovde.
02:17
But if you instead
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Ali, ako umesto toga
02:19
look at what is common to the world's cultures,
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pogledate ono šta je zajedničko kulturama u svetu,
02:23
you find that there is an enormously rich set
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nalazite da postoji izuzetno bogata paleta
02:25
of behaviors and emotions
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ponašanja i emocija
02:28
and ways of construing the world
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i načina na koji se konstruiše svet,
02:30
that can be found in all of the world's 6,000-odd cultures.
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koju nalazimo u svim od oko 6000 kultura u svetu.
02:34
The anthropologist Donald Brown has tried to list them all,
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Antropolog Donald Braun pokušao je da ih popiše,
02:37
and they range from aesthetics,
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u rasponu od estetike,
02:39
affection and age statuses
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naklonosti i statusa u zavisnosti od životne dobi,
02:42
all the way down to weaning, weapons, weather,
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pa sve do odvikavanja od majčinog mleka, oružja, vremenskih prilika
02:45
attempts to control, the color white
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i pokušaja da se one kontrolišu, bele boje
02:47
and a worldview.
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i pogleda na svet.
02:49
Also, genetics and neuroscience
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Takođe, genetika i proučavanje nervnog sistema
02:51
are increasingly showing that the brain
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sve više pokazuju da je mozak
02:53
is intricately structured.
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struktura međusobno povezanih delova.
02:56
This is a recent study by the neurobiologist Paul Thompson
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Ovo je nedavna studija neurobiologa Pola Tomsona
02:58
and his colleagues in which they --
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i njegovih kolega u kojoj su --
03:00
using MRI --
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koristeći magnetnu rezonancu --
03:02
measured the distribution of gray matter --
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merili raspodelu sive mase --
03:05
that is, the outer layer of the cortex --
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to jest, spoljašnjeg sloja korteksa --
03:08
in a large sample of pairs of people.
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na velikom uzorku parova ljudi.
03:11
They coded correlations in the thickness
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Oni su označili korelacije u debljini
03:15
of gray matter in different parts of the brain
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sive mase u različitim delovima mozga
03:17
using a false color scheme, in which
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koristeći provizvoljni sistem boja, u kome
03:20
no difference is coded as purple,
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u kome je odsustvo razlike označeno ljubičastom bojom,
03:23
and any color other than purple indicates
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a svaka boja osim ljubičaste ukazuje na
03:25
a statistically significant correlation.
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statistički značajnu korelaciju.
03:27
Well, this is what happens when you pair people up at random.
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Pa, ovo se dobija kada ljude sparite nasumice.
03:30
By definition, two people picked at random
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Po definiciji, dve osobe izabrane nasumice
03:33
can't have correlations in the distribution
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ne mogu imati korelaciju u raspodeli
03:35
of gray matter in the cortex.
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sive mase u korteksu.
03:38
This is what happens in people who share
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Ovo se dobija kod ljudi koji dele
03:41
half of their DNA -- fraternal twins.
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pola svog DNK -- dvojajčanih blizanaca.
03:44
And as you can see, large amounts of the brain
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Kao što vidite, veliki delovi mozga
03:46
are not purple, showing that if one person
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nisu ljubičasti, pokazujući da ako jedna osoba
03:49
has a thicker bit of cortex
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ima deblji deo korteksa
03:52
in that region, so does his fraternal twin.
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u toj regiji, isti je slučaj i sa njegovim dvojajčanim blizancem.
03:55
And here's what happens if you
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A evo šta se dešava ako
03:59
get a pair of people who share all their DNA --
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imate dvoje ljudi koji dele sav svoj DNK --
04:01
namely, clones or identical twins.
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drugim rečima, klonovi ili identični blizanci.
04:04
And you can see huge areas of cortex where there are
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Možete videti velike oblasti korteksa gde postoje
04:08
massive correlations in the distribution of gray matter.
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velike korelacije u raspodeli sive mase.
04:11
Now, these aren't just
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E sada, ovo nisu samo
04:13
differences in anatomy,
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anatomske razlike,
04:15
like the shape of your ear lobes,
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kao što je oblik ušne školjke,
04:17
but they have consequences in thought and behavior
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već imaju posledice na mišljenje i ponašanje
04:21
that are well illustrated in this famous cartoon by Charles Addams:
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koje su dobro ilustrovane u čuvenoj karikaturi Čarlsa Adamsa:
04:25
"Separated at birth, the Mallifert twins meet accidentally."
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"Razdvojeni na rođenju, blizanci Malifert slučajno se sreću."
04:30
As you can see, there are two inventors
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Kao što vidite, to su dva pronalazača
04:32
with identical contraptions in their lap, meeting
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sa istim spravama u krilu, i oni se sreću
04:34
in the waiting room of a patent attorney.
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u čekaonici Zavoda za patente.
04:36
Now, the cartoon is not such an exaggeration, because
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E sad, crtež nije veliko preterivanje, jer
04:39
studies of identical twins who were separated at birth
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studije identičnih blizanaca razdvojenih po rođenju
04:42
and then tested in adulthood
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i potom testiranih u odraslom dobu
04:44
show that they have astonishing similarities.
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pokazuju da imaju zapanjujućih sličnosti.
04:47
And this happens in every pair of identical twins
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I tako je sa svakim parom identičnih blizanaca
04:50
separated at birth ever studied --
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razdvojenim po rođenju, koji je ikada proučavan --
04:52
but much less so with fraternal twins separated at birth.
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ali u mnogo manjoj meri sa dvojajčanim blizancima razdvojenim po rođenju.
04:55
My favorite example is a pair of twins,
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Moj omiljeni primer je par blizanaca,
04:58
one of whom was brought up
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od kojih je jedan vaspitavan
05:00
as a Catholic in a Nazi family in Germany,
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kao katolik u nacističkoj porodici u Nemačkoj,
05:04
the other brought up in a Jewish family in Trinidad.
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a drugi vaspitavan u jevrejskoj porodici u Trinidadu.
05:08
When they walked into the lab in Minnesota,
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Kada su ušetali u laboratoriju u Minesoti,
05:10
they were wearing identical navy blue shirts with epaulettes;
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nosili su iste mornarsko plave košulje sa epoletama,
05:13
both of them liked to dip buttered toast in coffee,
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obojica su volela da umaču tost sa puterom u kafu,
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both of them kept rubber bands around their wrists,
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obojica su nosila gumenu traku oko ručnog zgloba,
05:20
both of them flushed the toilet before using it as well as after,
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obojica su puštala vodu u toaletu i pre i posle korišćenja,
05:23
and both of them liked to surprise people
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i obojica su volela da iznenade ljude
05:26
by sneezing in crowded elevators to watch them jump.
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kijanjem u prepunim liftovima, da bi ih gledali kako se štrecaju.
05:30
Now --
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Sad --
05:32
the story might seem to good to be true,
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može izgledati da je priča predobra da bi bila istinita,
05:34
but when you administer
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ali kada primenite
05:36
batteries of psychological tests,
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baterije psiholoških testova,
05:39
you get the same results -- namely,
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dobijate iste rezultate -- to jest,
05:41
identical twins separated at birth show
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identični blizanci razdvojeni po rođenju pokazuju
05:43
quite astonishing similarities.
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prilično zapanjujuće sličnosti.
05:45
Now, given both the common sense
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Sad, imajući u vidu kako zdrav razum
05:47
and scientific data
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tako i naučne podatke
05:49
calling the doctrine of the blank slate into question,
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koji stavljaju doktrinu praznog lista papira pod znak pitanja,
05:51
why should it have been such an appealing notion?
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zbog čega je to bila tako privlačna ideja?
05:54
Well, there are a number of political reasons why people have found it congenial.
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Pa, brojni su politički razlozi koji su je učinili prihvatljivom.
05:57
The foremost is that if we're blank slates,
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Pre svega, ako smo prazni listovi papira,
06:00
then, by definition, we are equal,
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onda smo, po definiciji, svi jednaki,
06:02
because zero equals zero equals zero.
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budući da je nula jednaka nuli jednaka nuli jednaka nuli.
06:05
But if something is written on the slate,
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Ali ako je nešto ispisano na listu papira,
06:07
then some people could have more of it than others,
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onda bi neki ljudi mogli imati više "nečega" od drugih,
06:09
and according to this line of thinking, that would justify
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i sledeći ovaj način razmišljanja, to bi opravdalo
06:11
discrimination and inequality.
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diskriminaciju i nejednakost.
06:14
Another political fear of human nature
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Naredni politički strah od ljudske prirode
06:17
is that if we are blank slates,
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jeste, da ako smo svi prazni listovi papira,
06:19
we can perfect mankind --
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možemo da usavršimo čovečanstvo --
06:21
the age-old dream of the perfectibility of our species
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večiti san o usavršavanju naše vrste
06:24
through social engineering.
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kroz socijalni inženjering.
06:26
Whereas, if we're born with certain instincts,
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Ako smo pak rođeni sa izvesnim instiktima,
06:28
then perhaps some of them might condemn us
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onda je moguće da nas neki od njih osuđuju na
06:30
to selfishness, prejudice and violence.
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sebičnost, predrasude i nasilje.
06:34
Well, in the book, I argue that these are, in fact, non sequiturs.
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Pa, u knjizi, iznosim gledište da ovo nisu logičke posledice.
06:38
And just to make a long story short:
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Da skratim priču:
06:40
first of all, the concept of fairness
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kao prvo, ideja pravičnosti
06:42
is not the same as the concept of sameness.
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nije isto što i ideja istovetnosti.
06:45
And so when Thomas Jefferson wrote
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Tako da, kada je Tomas Džeferson napisao
06:47
in the Declaration of Independence,
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u Deklaraciji nezavisnosti:
06:49
"We hold these truths to be self-evident,
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"Držimo da su ove istine očigledne,
06:51
that all men are created equal,"
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da su svi ljudi stvoreni jednaki",
06:54
he did not mean "We hold these truths to be self-evident,
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nije mislio "Držimo da su ove istine očigledne,
06:56
that all men are clones."
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da su svi ljudi klonovi".
06:59
Rather, that all men are equal in terms of their rights,
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Pre će biti, da su ljudi jednaki u pogledu prava koja imaju,
07:02
and that every person ought to be treated
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i da se prema svakoj osobi treba ophoditi
07:05
as an individual, and not prejudged
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kao prema individui, a ne unapred o njoj suditi
07:07
by the statistics of particular groups
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na osnovu statističkih podataka o određenim grupama
07:09
that they may belong to.
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kojima eventualno pripada.
07:12
Also, even if we were born
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Takođe, čak i ako smo rođeni
07:14
with certain ignoble motives,
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sa izvesnim niskim motivima,
07:16
they don't automatically lead to ignoble behavior.
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oni ne dovode automatski do niskog ponašanja.
07:19
That is because the human mind
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Ovo stoga što je ljudski um
07:21
is a complex system with many parts,
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složeni sistem sa mnogo delova,
07:23
and some of them can inhibit others.
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gde jedni mogu da blokiraju druge.
07:26
For example, there's excellent reason to believe
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Na primer, ima izvrsnih razloga da se veruje
07:29
that virtually all humans are born with a moral sense,
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da se praktično svi ljudi rađaju sa osećajem za moral,
07:33
and that we have cognitive abilities that allow us
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i da imamo kognitivne sposobnosti koje nam omogućuju
07:36
to profit from the lessons of history.
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da izvučemo korist iz iatorijskih lekcija.
07:38
So even if people did have impulses
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Tako da, čak iako ljudi imaju impulse
07:40
towards selfishness or greed,
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ka sebičnom ili pohlepnom ponašanju,
07:42
that's not the only thing in the skull,
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to nije jedina stvar u lobanji,
07:44
and there are other parts of the mind that can counteract them.
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i ima drugih delova uma koji mogu da im se suprotstave.
07:47
In the book, I
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U knizi, ja
07:49
go over controversies such as this one,
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razmatram ovakve kontraverze,
07:51
and a number of other hot buttons,
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kao i izvesna druga goruća pitanja,
07:54
hot zones, Chernobyls, third rails, and so on --
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vruće teme, eksplozivne, neugodne i tako dalje,
07:57
including the arts, cloning, crime,
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uključujući umetnost, kloniranje, kriminal,
07:59
free will, education, evolution,
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slobodu volje, obrazovanje, evoluciju,
08:01
gender differences, God, homosexuality,
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razlike među polovima, boga, homoseksualnost,
08:04
infanticide, inequality, Marxism, morality,
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čedomorstvo, nejednakost, marksizam, moralnost,
08:06
Nazism, parenting, politics,
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nacizam, roditeljstvo, politiku,
08:08
race, rape, religion, resource depletion,
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rasu, religiju, potrošene resurse,
08:10
social engineering, technological risk and war.
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socijalni inženjering, tehnološki rizik i rat.
08:13
And needless to say, there were certain risks
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Treba li reći, postojao je izvestan rizik
08:15
in taking on these subjects.
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u bavljenju ovim temama.
08:19
When I wrote a first draft of the book,
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Kada sam napisao prvu verziju knjige,
08:22
I circulated it to a number of colleagues for comments,
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prosledio sam je nekim kolegama da daju svoje komentare,
08:24
and here are some of
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a ovo su neke od
08:27
the reactions that I got:
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reakcija koje sam dobio:
08:29
"Better get a security camera for your house."
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"Bolje bi ti bilo da postaviš sigurnosnu kameru u kući."
08:33
"Don't expect to get any more awards, job offers
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"Ne očekuj da ćeš ikad više dobiti nagradu, ponudu za posao
08:36
or positions in scholarly societies."
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ili poziciju u obrazovnim institucijama."
08:39
"Tell your publisher not to list your hometown
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"Reci izdavaču da ne navodi tvoj rodni grad
08:41
in your author bio."
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u biografiji autora."
08:44
"Do you have tenure?"
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"Imaš li stalnu poziciju?"
08:46
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
08:48
Well, the book came out in October,
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Pa, knjiga je izašla u oktobru,
08:50
and nothing terrible has happened.
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i ništa strašno se nije desilo.
08:55
I -- I like --
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Ja - voleo bih -
08:58
There was indeed reason to be nervous,
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Zaista je bilo razloga za nervozu,
09:00
and there were moments in which I did feel nervous,
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i bilo je trenutaka kada sam osećao nervozu,
09:02
knowing the history
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znajući
09:04
of what has happened to people
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šta se dešavalo ljudima
09:06
who've taken controversial stands
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koji su zauzeli kontraverzne stavove
09:08
or discovered disquieting findings
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ili otkrili uznemiravajuće nalaze
09:11
in the behavioral sciences.
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u bihejvioralnim naukama.
09:13
There are many cases, some of which I talk about in the book,
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Mnogo je slučajeva, o nekima pričam u svojoj knjizi,
09:16
of people who have been slandered, called Nazis,
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ljudi koji su klevetani, nazivani nacistima,
09:20
physically assaulted, threatened with criminal prosecution
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fizički napadani, kojima je prećeno krivičnim gonjenjem
09:23
for stumbling across or arguing
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zato što su naišli na ili raspravljali o
09:27
about controversial findings.
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kontraverznim nalazima.
09:30
And you never know when you're going to
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A nikada se ne zna kada ćete
09:32
come across one of these booby traps.
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naići na neku od ovih smrtonosnih zamki.
09:34
My favorite example is a pair of psychologists
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Moj omiljeni primer su psiholozi
09:36
who did research on left-handers,
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koji su istraživali levoruke,
09:39
and published some data showing that left-handers are, on average,
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i objavili neke podatke koji pokazuju da su levoruki, u proseku,
09:42
more susceptible to disease, more prone to accidents
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podložniji bolestima, skloniji nezgodama
09:45
and have a shorter lifespan.
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i imaju kraći životni vek.
09:47
It's not clear, by the way, since then,
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Uzgred, od tada nije postalo jasnije
09:49
whether that is an accurate generalization,
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da li je ovo ispravna generalizacija,
09:52
but the data at the time seemed to support that.
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ali delovalo je da podaci u tom trenutku podržavaju nalaz.
09:55
Well, pretty soon they were barraged
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Pa, za kratko vreme oni su zasuti
09:57
with enraged letters,
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pismima protesta,
10:00
death threats,
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pretnjama smrću,
10:02
ban on the topic in a number of scientific journals,
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zabranjeno im je pisanje na temu u nekoliko naučnih časopisa,
10:05
coming from irate left-handers
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od strane besnih levorukih ljudi
10:08
and their advocates,
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i njihovih zastupnika,
10:10
and they were literally afraid to open their mail
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i oni su se bukvalno plašili da otvore poštu
10:13
because of the venom and vituperation
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zbog zlobe i zluradih komentara
10:16
that they had inadvertently inspired.
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koje su nenamerno izazvali.
10:19
Well,
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Pa,
10:21
the night is young, but the book has been out
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još je rano, ali knjiga je dostupna već
10:23
for half a year,
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pola godine,
10:25
and nothing terrible has happened.
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i ništa strašno se nije desilo.
10:27
None of the dire professional consequences
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Nikakvih užasnih posledica po karijeru
10:29
has taken place --
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nije bilo --
10:31
I haven't been
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Nisam
10:33
exiled from the city of Cambridge.
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proteran iz grada Kembridža.
10:36
But what I wanted to talk about
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Ali ono o čemu želim da govorim,
10:38
are two of these hot buttons
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jesu dve vruće teme
10:41
that have aroused the strongest response
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koje su izazvale najjači odjek
10:45
in the 80-odd reviews
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u nekih 80-ak kritika
10:47
that The Blank Slate has received.
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koliko je knjiga " Prazan list papira" dobila.
10:50
I'll just put that list up for a few seconds,
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Kratko ću prikazati spisak,
10:53
and see if you can guess which two
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da vidimo da li možete da pogodite koje dve
10:55
-- I would estimate that probably two of these topics
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-- Po mojoj proceni, verovatno su dve teme
10:57
inspired probably 90 percent
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izazvale verovatno 90 procenata
11:00
of the reaction in the various reviews
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reakcija u različitim kritikama
11:03
and radio interviews.
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i radijskim intervjuima.
11:05
It's not violence and war,
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Nisu u pitanju nasilje i rat,
11:07
it's not race, it's not gender,
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nije rasa, nije pol,
11:09
it's not Marxism, it's not Nazism.
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nije marksizam, nije nacizam.
11:12
They are: the arts and parenting.
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To su: umetnost i roditeljstvo.
11:15
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
11:17
So let me tell you what
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Dozvolite mi da vam ispričam šta je
11:19
aroused such irate responses,
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podstaklo tako besne reakcije,
11:21
and I'll let you decide if whether they --
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i ostaviću vama da odlučite da li su --
11:24
the claims are really that outrageous.
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tvrdnje stvarno tako skandalozne.
11:26
Let me start with the arts.
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Krenuću od umetnosti.
11:29
I note that among the long list of human universals
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Skrećem pažnju da je na dugačkom spisku ljudskih univerzalija
11:31
that I presented a few slides ago
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koji sam predstavio pre par slajdova
11:34
are art.
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i umetnost.
11:36
There is no society ever discovered
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Nikada nije otkriveno društvo
11:39
in the remotest corner of the world that has not had something
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ni u najudaljenijem kutku sveta, koje nije imalo nešto
11:42
that we would consider the arts.
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što možemo smatrati umetnošću.
11:46
Visual arts -- decoration of surfaces and bodies --
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Vizuelna umetnost -- ukrašavanje površina i tela --
11:48
appears to be a human universal.
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izgleda predstavlja ljudsku univerzaliju.
11:50
The telling of stories, music,
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Pričanje priča, muzika,
11:52
dance, poetry -- found in all cultures,
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ples, poezija -- prisutni u svim kulturama,
11:55
and many of the motifs and themes
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i mnogi motivi i teme
11:58
that
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koji
12:01
give us pleasure in the arts
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pružaju uživanje u umetnosti
12:03
can be found in all human societies:
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mogu se naći u svim ljudskim zajednicama:
12:07
a preference for symmetrical forms,
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preferencija simetričnih formi,
12:10
the use of repetition and variation,
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upotreba ponavljanja i variranja,
12:12
even things as specific as the fact
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čak i pojedinosti tipa
12:14
that in poetry all over the world,
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da u poeziji svuda u svetu,
12:16
you have lines that are very close
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stihovi su vrlo blizu
12:19
to three seconds long, separated by pauses.
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trajanju od tri sekunde, razdvojeni pauzama.
12:22
Now, on the other hand,
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Sad, sa druge strane,
12:24
in the second half of the 20th century,
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u drugoj polovini XX veka,
12:26
the arts are frequently said to be in decline.
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često se moglo čuti da je umetnost u opadanju.
12:29
And I have a collection,
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A imam i kolekciju
12:31
probably 10 or 15 headlines, from highbrow magazines
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otprilike 10 do 15 naslova, iz prestižnih časopisa
12:34
deploring the fact that
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gde se lamentira nad činjenicom
12:36
the arts are in decline in our time.
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da je umetnost u opadanju u današnje vreme.
12:39
I'll give you a couple of representative quotes:
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Daću vam nekoliko tipičnih citata:
12:42
"We can assert with some confidence that our own period is
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"Možemo sa izvesnom sigurnošću zaključiti da je naše vreme
12:44
one of decline, that the standards of culture are lower
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vreme opadanja, da su kulturni standardi niži
12:47
than they were 50 years ago, and that the evidences of this decline
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nego što su bili pre 50 godina, i da su dokazi opadanja
12:50
are visible in every department of human activity."
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vidljivi u svim oblicima ljudske delatnosti."
12:53
That's a quote from T. S. Eliot, a little more than 50 years ago.
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Ovo je citat T.S.Eliota, od pre nešto više od 50 godina.
12:56
And a more recent one:
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Evo i jednog skorašnjeg:
12:58
"The possibility of sustaining high culture in our time
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"Mogućnost održavanja visoke kulture u današnjem vremenu
13:00
is becoming increasing problematical.
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sve se više dovodi u pitanje."
13:03
Serious book stores are losing their franchise,
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Ozbiljne knjižare gube svoje objekte,
13:05
nonprofit theaters are surviving primarily
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neprofitna pozorišta opstaju pre svega
13:07
by commercializing their repertory,
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kroz komercijalizaciju svojih repertoara,
13:09
symphony orchestras are diluting their programs,
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simfonijski orkestri razvodnjavaju svoje programe,
13:11
public television is increasing its dependence
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javni TV servis sve više zavisi
13:13
on reruns of British sitcoms,
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od repriza britanskih humorističkih serija,
13:16
classical radio stations are dwindling,
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radio stanice koje puštaju klasičnu muziku se gase,
13:18
museums are resorting to blockbuster shows, dance is dying."
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muzeji posežu za hit postavkama, ples izumire."
13:20
That's from Robert Brustein,
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Ovo su reči Roberta Brustejna,
13:22
the famous drama critic and director,
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poznatog pozorišnog kritičara i reditelja,
13:25
in The New Republic about five years ago.
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u Novoj republici pre oko pet godina.
13:28
Well, in fact, the arts are not in decline.
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Pa, zapravo, umetnost nije u opadanju.
13:31
I don't think this will as a surprise to anyone in this room,
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Ne mislim da će ovo iznenaditi bilo koga u ovoj sali,
13:34
but by any standard
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ali po bilo kom kriterijumu
13:36
they have never been flourishing
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ona se nikada nije razvijala
13:38
to a greater extent.
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u većoj meri.
13:40
There are, of course, entirely new art forms
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Postoje, naravno, potpuno nove umetničke forme
13:43
and new media, many of which you've heard
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i novi mediji, o mnogima od njih smo čuli
13:45
over these few days.
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u ovih nekoliko dana.
13:48
By any economic standard,
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Po bilo kom ekonomskom kriterijumu
13:50
the demand for art of all forms
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potražnja za svim formama umetnosti
13:53
is skyrocketing,
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je u naglom porastu,
13:55
as you can tell from the price of opera tickets,
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što se da videti iz cena karata za operu,
13:57
by the number of books sold,
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po broju prodatih knjiga,
13:59
by the number of books published,
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po broju izdatih knjiga,
14:01
the number of musical titles released,
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broju muzičkih naslova koji izlaze,
14:04
the number of new albums and so on.
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broju novih albuma i tako dalje.
14:07
The only grain of truth to this
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Jedino zrno istine u
14:09
complaint that the arts are in decline
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primedbi da je umetnost u opadanju
14:11
come from three spheres.
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dolazi iz tri sfere.
14:15
One of them is in elite art since the 1930s --
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Jedna je elitna umetnost od 1930-tih --
14:18
say, the kinds of works performed
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recimo, vrsta dela koje izvode
14:20
by major symphony orchestras,
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vodeći simfonijski orkestri,
14:22
where most of the repertory is before 1930,
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gde je veći deo repertoara iz perioda pre 1930-te,
14:26
or the works shown in
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ili dela koja se izlažu u
14:28
major galleries and prestigious museums.
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vodećim galerijama i prestižnim muzejima.
14:32
In literary criticism and analysis,
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U literarnoj kritici i analizi,
14:34
probably 40 or 50 years ago,
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pre možda 40 ili 50 godina,
14:36
literary critics were a kind of cultural hero;
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književni kritičari su bili neka vrsta kulturnih heroja;
14:39
now they're kind of a national joke.
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danas su neka vrsta narodne šale.
14:41
And the humanities and arts programs
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I programi studija umetnosti i kulture
14:44
in the universities, which by many measures,
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na univerzitetima, koji su po mnogim parametrima
14:46
indeed are in decline.
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zaista u opadanju.
14:48
Students are staying away in droves,
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Studenti ih masovno zaobilaze,
14:50
universities are disinvesting
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univerziteti smanjuju ulaganja
14:52
in the arts and humanities.
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u oblasti umetnosti i kulture.
14:54
Well, here's a diagnosis.
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Pa, evo dijagnoze.
14:57
They didn't ask me, but by their own admission,
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Nisu me pitali, ali prema sopstvenom priznanju,
14:59
they need all the help that they can get.
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potrebna im je svaka pomoć koju mogu da dobiju.
15:02
And I would like to suggest that it's not a coincidence
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Ja iznosim pretpostavku da nije slučajno
15:04
that this supposed decline
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da se navodni pad
15:06
in the elite arts and criticism
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u elitnoj umetnosti i kritici
15:09
occurred in the same point in history in which
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desio u istom istorijskom trenutku u kojem
15:11
there was a widespread denial of human nature.
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se dešava rasprostranjeno poricanje ljudske prirode.
15:14
A famous quotation can be found --
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Možemo naći i poznati citat --
15:16
if you look on the web, you can find it in
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ako pogledate na internetu, možete ga naći u
15:18
literally scores
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mnogim
15:20
of English core syllabuses --
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kursevima engleske književnosti --
15:23
"In or about December 1910,
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"U ili oko decembra 1910,
15:26
human nature changed."
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ljudska priroda se promenila."
15:28
A paraphrase of a quote by Virginia Woolf,
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Ovo je parafraza citata Virdžinije Vulf
15:31
and there's some debate
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i postoji izvesno neslaganje
15:33
as to what she actually meant by that.
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oko toga šta je zapravo time mislila.
15:35
But it's very clear, looking at these syllabuses,
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Ali je vrlo jasno, gledajući ove kurseve,
15:37
that -- it's used now
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da -- se danas kaže
15:39
as a way of saying that all forms
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kako su svi oblici
15:43
of appreciation of art
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uvažavanja umetnosti
15:45
that were in place for centuries, or millennia,
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koji su trajali vekovima ili milenijumima,
15:49
in the 20th century were discarded.
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u XX veku odbačeni.
15:52
The beauty and pleasure in art --
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Lepota i zadovoljstvo u umetnosti --
15:54
probably a human universal --
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verovatno ljudska univerzalija --
15:56
were -- began to be considered saccharine,
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su -- počele su se smatrati šećernom vodicom,
15:58
or kitsch, or commercial.
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ili kičem, ili komercijalom.
16:01
Barnett Newman had a famous quote that "the impulse of modern art
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Barnet Njuman autor je poznatog citata da je impuls moderne umetnosti
16:04
is the desire to destroy beauty" --
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želja da se uništi lepota,
16:07
which was considered bourgeois or tacky.
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koja je viđena kao buržujska ili neukusna.
16:10
And here's just one example.
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Evo samo jednog primera.
16:12
I mean, this is perhaps a representative example
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Hoću reći, ovo je verovatno reprezentativni primer
16:15
of the visual depiction of the female form
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vizuelnog predstavljanja ženske forme
16:18
in the 15th century;
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u XV veku;
16:20
here is a representative example
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ovo je reprezentativni primer
16:22
of the depiction of the female form in the 20th century.
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predstavljanja ženske forme u XX veku.
16:26
And, as you can see, there -- something has changed
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I, kao što vidite, tu -- nešto se promenilo
16:28
in the way the elite arts
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u načinu na koji elitna umetnost
16:30
appeal to the senses.
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teži da deluje na čula.
16:32
Indeed, in movements of modernism
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Zaista, u pravcima moderne
16:34
and post-modernism,
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i post-moderne,
16:36
there was visual art without beauty,
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vizuelna umetnost bila je bez lepote,
16:38
literature without narrative and plot,
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literatura bez narativa i zapleta,
16:40
poetry without meter and rhyme,
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poezija bez metra i rime,
16:42
architecture and planning without ornament,
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arhitektura i urbanizam bez ornamenata,
16:44
human scale, green space and natural light,
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ljudske mere, zеlenila i prirodnog osvetljenja,
16:47
music without melody and rhythm,
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muzika bez melodije i ritma,
16:49
and criticism without clarity,
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kritika bez jasnoće,
16:51
attention to aesthetics and insight into the human condition.
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obraćanja pažnje na estetiku i uvida u to šta znači biti čovek.
16:54
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
16:56
Let me give just you an example to back up that last statement.
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Daću vam primer da potkrepim poslednju tvrdnju.
16:59
But here, there -- one of the most famous literary
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Ovde, tu -- jedan od najpoznatijih stručnjaka za
17:01
English scholars of our time
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književnost na engleskom jeziku našeg doba
17:03
is the Berkeley professor,
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profesor na Berkliju,
17:05
Judith Butler.
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Džudit Batler.
17:07
And here is an example of
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Evo primera
17:09
one of her analyses:
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jedne od njenih analiza:
17:12
"The move from a structuralist account in which capital
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"Prelazak sa strukturalističkog pristupa gde se smatra
17:14
is understood to structure social relations
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da kapital uređuje socijalne odnose
17:16
in relatively homologous ways
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relativno homogeno,
17:18
to a view of hegemony in which power relations are subject to repetition,
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na hegemonističko gledište gde su odnosi snaga podložni ponavljanju,
17:21
convergence and rearticulation
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koncencentrisanju i preformulisanju
17:23
brought the question of temporality into the thinking of structure,
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uveo je pitanje privremenosti u razmatranje strukture,
17:26
and marked a shift from the form of Althusserian theory
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i označio prelazak sa jednog oblika altiserijanske teorije
17:28
that takes structural totalities as theoretical objects ..."
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koja posmatra strukturalne totalitete kao teoretske objekte..."
17:31
Well, you get the idea.
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Pa, shvatate o čemu se radi.
17:34
By the way, this is one sentence --
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Uzgred, ovo je jedna rečenica --
17:36
you can actually parse it.
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može da posluži za analizu rečenice.
17:40
Well, the argument in "The Blank Slate"
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Pa, argument u "Praznom listu papira"
17:42
was that elite art and criticism
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ja da su elitna umetnost i kritika
17:44
in the 20th century,
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u XX veku,
17:46
although not the arts in general,
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mada ne i umetnost u celosti,
17:48
have disdained beauty, pleasure,
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prezreli lepotu, zadovoljstvo,
17:50
clarity, insight and style.
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jasno izražavanje, uvid i stil.
17:53
People are staying away from elite art and criticism.
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Ljudi se klone elitne umetnosti i kritike.
17:57
What a puzzle -- I wonder why.
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Prava zagonetka -- Pitam se zašto?
18:00
Well, this turned out to be probably
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Pa, ispostavilo se da je ovo verovatno
18:02
the most controversial claim in the book.
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najkontraverznija tvrdnja u knjizi.
18:04
Someone asked me whether I stuck it in
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Neko me pitao da li sam je ubacio
18:06
in order to deflect ire
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da bi skrenuo gnev
18:09
from discussions of gender and Nazism
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dalje od rasprava o polu, nacizmu,
18:12
and race and so on. I won't comment on that.
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rasi i sličnom. To neću komentarisati.
18:16
But it certainly inspired
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Ali svakako je izazvalo
18:19
an energetic reaction
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žustru reakciju
18:22
from many university professors.
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mnogih univerzitetskih profesora.
18:25
Well, the other hot button is parenting.
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Pa, druga vruća tema je roditeljstvo.
18:28
And the starting point is the -- for that discussion
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A početna tačka je -- u toj diskusiji
18:31
was the fact that we have all
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činjenica da smo svi
18:33
been subject to the advice
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izloženi savetima
18:35
of the parenting industrial complex.
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industrijskog kompleksa roditeljstva.
18:38
Now, here is -- here is a
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Sad, ovde -- ovde imamo
18:40
representative quote from a besieged mother:
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reprezentativni citat zabezeknute majke:
18:43
"I'm overwhelmed with parenting advice.
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"Preplavljena sam savetima za roditelje.
18:45
I'm supposed to do lots of physical activity with my kids
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Trebalo bi da podstičem fizičku aktivnost kod dece
18:47
so I can instill in them a physical fitness habit
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da bih razvila navike fizičkog vežbanja
18:50
so they'll grow up to be healthy adults.
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kako bi izrasli u zdrave pojedince.
18:52
And I'm supposed to do all kinds of intellectual play
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I trebalo bi da igramo raznorazne intelektualne igre
18:54
so they'll grow up smart.
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kako bi postali pametni.
18:56
And there are all kinds of play -- clay for finger dexterity,
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I ima raznih igara -- glina za veštinu prstiju,
18:59
word games for reading success, large motor play,
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igre rečima za veštinu čitanja, igre za grubu motoriku,
19:02
small motor play. I feel like I could devote my life
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igre za finu motoriku. Osećam da bih mogla da posvetim ceo život
19:04
to figuring out what to play with my kids."
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otkrivanju kako da se igram sa svojom decom."
19:07
I think anyone who's recently been a parent can sympathize
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Smatram da svako ko je nedavno bio roditelj saoseća
19:09
with this mother.
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sa ovom majkom.
19:12
Well, here's some sobering facts about parenting.
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Pa, evo nekih otrežnjujućih činjenica o roditeljstvu.
19:15
Most studies of parenting on which this advice is based
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Većina istraživanja roditeljstva na kojima počivaju ovi saveti
19:19
are useless. They're useless because they don't control
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su beskorisna. Beskorisna su stoga što ne drže pod kontrolom
19:22
for heritability. They measure some correlation
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nasledni faktor. Ona mere izvesnu korelaciju
19:25
between what the parents do, how the children turn out
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između onoga što roditelji čine, kako deca ispadnu
19:28
and assume a causal relation:
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i pretpostavljaju uzročnu vezu:
19:30
that the parenting shaped the child.
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da je roditeljski stil oblikovao dete.
19:32
Parents who talk a lot to their kids
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Roditelji koji puno pričaju deci
19:34
have kids who grow up to be articulate,
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imaji decu koja se dobro izražavaju kada odrastu,
19:36
parents who spank their kids have kids who grow up
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roditelji koji tuku decu imaju decu koja izrastaju
19:38
to be violent and so on.
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u nasilne ljude i tako dalje.
19:40
And very few of them control for the possibility
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Ali mali je broj onih koji drže pod kontrolom mogućnost
19:43
that parents pass on genes for --
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da roditelji prenose gene za --
19:46
that increase the chances a child will be articulate
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koji uvećavaju šansu da će dete umeti da se izražava,
19:48
or violent and so on.
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biti nasilno i tako dalje.
19:50
Until the studies are redone with adoptive children,
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Sve dok se istraživanja ne ponove sa usvojenom decom,
19:53
who provide an environment
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gde je stvorena sredina
19:55
but not genes to their kids,
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ali deci nisu preneti geni,
19:57
we have no way of knowing whether these conclusions are valid.
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nema načina da se zna da li su ovi zaključci validni.
20:00
The genetically controlled studies
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Istraživanja sa kontrolom genetskog faktora
20:02
have some sobering results.
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daju otrežnjujuće rezultate.
20:04
Remember the Mallifert twins:
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Sećate se Malifert blizanaca:
20:06
separated at birth, then they meet in the patent office --
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razdvojeni po rođenju, sreću se u Zavodu za patente --
20:09
remarkably similar.
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zadivljujuće slični.
20:11
Well, what would have happened if the Mallifert twins had grown up together?
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Pa, šta bi se desilo da su Malifert blizanci odrasli zajedno?
20:14
You might think, well, then they'd be even more similar,
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Mogli biste pomisliti, pa, bili bi još sličniji,
20:17
because not only would they share their genes,
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jer ne samo da bi imali iste gene,
20:19
but they would also share their environment.
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nego bi imali istu sredinu.
20:22
That would make them super-similar, right?
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To bi ih učinilo super-sličnim, zar ne?
20:24
Wrong. Identical twins, or any siblings,
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Ne. Identični blizanci, ili bilo koja deca istih roditelja,
20:27
who are separated at birth are no less similar
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razdvojeni po rođenju nisu nikako manje slična
20:31
than if they had grown up together.
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nego da su rasla zajedno.
20:33
Everything that happens to you in a given home
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Sve što ti se dešava u porodičnom domu
20:35
over all of those years
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tokom svih tih godina
20:37
appears to leave no permanent stamp
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izgleda ne ostavlja nikakav trajni pečat
20:39
on your personality or intellect.
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na tvoju ličnost i intelekt.
20:42
A complementary finding, from a completely different methodology,
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Nalaz u skladu sa tim, postignut potpuno drugačijom metodologijom
20:45
is that adopted siblings reared together --
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je da usvojena deca, odgajana zajedno --
20:49
the mirror image of identical twins reared apart,
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slika u ogledalu identičnih blizanaca odgajanih odvojeno,
20:51
they share their parents, their home,
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oni imaju iste roditelje, isti dom,
20:53
their neighborhood,
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isti komšiluk,
20:55
don't share their genes -- end up not similar at all.
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nemaju iste gene -- na kraju nisu nimalo slični.
20:58
OK -- two different bodies of research with a similar finding.
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OK -- dva različita pravca u istraživanju sa sličnim nalazima.
21:01
What it suggests is that children are shaped
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Ono što se nameće je da se deca oblikuju
21:03
not by their parents over the long run,
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ne dugogodišnjim uticajem roditelja,
21:06
but in part -- only in part -- by their genes,
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već delimično -- samo delimično -- nihovim genima,
21:09
in part by their culture --
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delimično kulturom --
21:11
the culture of the country at large
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kulturom zemlje u širem planu
21:13
and the children's own culture, namely their peer group --
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i samom dečijom kulturom, zapravo vršnjačkom kulturom --
21:15
as we heard from Jill Sobule earlier today,
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kao što smo danas već čuli od Džil Sobul
21:18
that's what kids care about --
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to je ono do čega je deci stalo --
21:21
and, to a very large extent, larger than most people are prepared to acknowledge,
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i, u velikoj meri, većoj nego što je večina ljudi spremna da prizna,
21:24
by chance: chance events in the wiring of the brain in utero;
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slučajem: slučajni događaji u povezivanju mozga u materici;
21:27
chance events as you live your life.
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slučajni događaju tokom života.
21:31
So let me conclude
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Da zaključim
21:33
with just a remark
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jednom konstatacijom
21:35
to bring it back to the theme of choices.
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kojom se vraćam na temu izbora.
21:38
I think that the sciences of human nature --
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Mislim da će nauke o ljudskoj prirodi --
21:40
behavioral genetics, evolutionary psychology,
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bihejvioralna genetika, evoluciona psihologija,
21:43
neuroscience, cognitive science --
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nauka o nervnom sistemu, kognitivna nauka --
21:45
are going to, increasingly in the years to come,
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u sve većoj meri u godinama koje dolaze,
21:48
upset various dogmas,
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potresti različite dogme,
21:51
careers and deeply-held political belief systems.
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karijere i duboko uvrežene sisteme političkog verovanja.
21:54
And that presents us with a choice.
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A to nas stavlja pred izbor.
21:56
The choice is whether certain facts about humans,
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Izbor je da se izvesne činjenice o ljudskim bićima,
21:59
or topics, are to be considered taboos,
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ili teme, smatraju za tabu,
22:03
forbidden knowledge, where we shouldn't go there
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zabranjeno znanje, u šta ne treba zalaziti
22:05
because no good can come from it,
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jer ništa dobro iz toga ne može da izađe,
22:07
or whether we should explore them honestly.
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ili da se one otvoreno istraže.
22:10
I have my own
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Ja imam sopstveni
22:12
answer to that question,
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odgovor na to pitanje,
22:14
which comes from a great artist of the 19th century,
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koji potiče od velikog umetnika XIX veka,
22:17
Anton Chekhov, who said,
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Antona Čehova, koji je rekao:
22:20
"Man will become better when you show him
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"Čovek će postati bolji kada mu pokažeš
22:22
what he is like."
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kakav jeste."
22:24
And I think that the argument
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I mislim da je argument
22:26
can't be put any more eloquently than that.
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ovim najbolje izražen.
22:29
Thank you very much.
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Ja vam se zahvaljujem.
22:32
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Steven Pinker - PsychologistSteven Pinker is a professor of cognitive science (the study of the human mind) who writes about language, mind and human nature.
Why you should listen
Steven Pinker grew up in the English-speaking community of Montreal but has spent his adult life bouncing back and forth between Harvard and MIT. He is interested in all aspects of human nature: how we see, hear, think, speak, remember, feel and interact.
To be specific: he developed the first comprehensive theory of language acquisition in children, used verb meaning as a window into cognition, probed the limits of neural networks and showed how the interaction between memory and computation shapes language. He has used evolution to illuminate innuendo, emotional expression and social coordination. He has documented historical declines in violence and explained them in terms of the ways that the violent and peaceable components of human nature interact in different eras. He has written books on the language instinct, how the mind works, the stuff of thought and the doctrine of the blank slate, together with a guide to stylish writing that is rooted in psychology.
In his latest book, Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress, he writes about progress -- why people are healthier, richer, safer, happier and better educated than ever. His other books include The Language Instinct, How the Mind Works, The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature, The Stuff of Thought, and The Better Angels of Our Nature.
Steven Pinker | Speaker | TED.com