TEDWomen 2010
Tyrone Hayes + Penelope Jagessar Chaffer: The toxic baby
Tyrone Hayes + Penelope Jagessar Chaffer: Otrovano dijete?
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Redateljica Penelope Jagessar Chaffer bila je znatiželjna u vezi kemikalija kojima je bila izložena tijekom trudnoće: Mogu li utjecati na njeno nerođeno dijete? Stoga je upitala znanstvenika Tyronea Hayesa da je uputi u nešto u što se dobro razumije: atrazin, herbicid koji se koristi za kukuruz. (Hayes, stručnjak za vodozemce, kritičan je prema atrazinu koji prikazuje uzemirujuć učinak na razvoj žaba.) Zajedno na bini na TEDWomenu, Hayes i Chaffer pričaju svoju priču.
Tyrone Hayes - Biologist
Tyrone Hayes studies frogs and amphibians -- and the effects on their bodies of common farming chemicals. Full bioPenelope Jagessar Chaffer - Filmmaker
Penelope Jagessar Chaffer made the film "Toxic Baby," exploring environmental toxins through interviews and surreal imagery. Full bio
Tyrone Hayes studies frogs and amphibians -- and the effects on their bodies of common farming chemicals. Full bioPenelope Jagessar Chaffer - Filmmaker
Penelope Jagessar Chaffer made the film "Toxic Baby," exploring environmental toxins through interviews and surreal imagery. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Penelope Jagessar Chaffer: I was going to ask if there's a doctor in the house.
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Penelope Jagessar Chaffer: Htjela sam pitati ima li ovdje koji doktor.
00:18
No, I'm just joking.
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Ne, samo se šalim.
00:20
It's interesting, because it was six years ago
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Zanimljivo je da sam, prije šest godina
00:23
when I was pregnant with my first child
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kada sam bila trudna s prvim djetetom,
00:25
that I discovered
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otkrila
00:27
that the most commonly used preservative
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da najučestaliji konzervans
00:29
in baby care products
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u proizvodima dječje njege
00:31
mimics estrogen
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oponaša estrogen
00:33
when it gets into the human body.
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kad dospije u ljudsko tijelo.
00:35
Now it's very easy actually
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Kemijski spoj iz proizvoda
00:37
to get a chemical compound from products
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zapravo vrlo lako može dospijeti
00:39
into the human body through the skin.
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u ljudsko tijelo kroz kožu.
00:41
And these preservatives had been found
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A ovi konzervansi su pronađeni
00:43
in breast cancer tumors.
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kod raka dojke.
00:45
That was the start of my journey
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Bio je to početak mog putovanja
00:47
to make this film, "Toxic Baby."
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da bih napravila ovaj film „Otrovano dijete“.
00:49
And it doesn't take much time
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I nije mi trebalo mnogo vremena
00:51
to discover some really astonishing statistics
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da otkrijem neke doista zapanjujuće statistike
00:53
with this issue.
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vezane uz taj problem.
00:55
One is that you and I all have
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Jedno je da vi i ja svi imamo
00:58
between 30 to 50,000 chemicals
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30.000-50.000 kemikalija
01:00
in our bodies
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u našim tijelima
01:02
that our grandparents didn't have.
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koje naši bake i djedovi nisu imali.
01:04
And many of these chemicals
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A mnoge od tih kemikalija
01:06
are now linked to the skyrocketing incidents
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sad su neosporno povezane
01:09
of chronic childhood disease
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s kroničnim dječjim bolestima
01:11
that we're seeing across industrialized nations.
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koje viđamo duž industrijaliziranih zemalja.
01:14
I'll show you some statistics.
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Pokazat ću vam neke statistike.
01:16
So for example, in the United Kingdom,
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Na primjer, u Ujedinjenom je Kraljevstvu
01:18
the incidence of childhood leukemia
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učestalost leukemija u djece
01:20
has risen by 20 percent just in a generation.
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porasla za 20 posto u samo jednoj generaciji.
01:23
Very similar statistic for childhood cancer in the U.S.
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Vrlo je slična statistika za rak u dječjoj dobi u SAD-u.
01:26
In Canada, we're now looking at one in 10 Canadian children with asthma.
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U Kanadi sada imamo jedno od desetero djece oboljelo od astme.
01:30
That's a four-fold increase.
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To je četverostruki porast.
01:33
Again, similar story around the world.
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Opet, slična je priča diljem svijeta.
01:35
In the United States,
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U SAD-u je
01:37
probably the most astonishing statistic
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vjerojatno najzapanjujuća statistika
01:39
is a 600 percent increase
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600%-tni porast
01:41
in autism and autistic spectrum disorders
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autizma i poremećaja vezanih za autistični spektar
01:44
and other learning disabilities.
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i ostalih nesposobnosti prilikom učenja.
01:46
Again, we're seeing that trend
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Opet, vidimo taj trend
01:48
across Europe, across North America.
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diljem Europe i Sjeverne Amerike.
01:50
And in Europe,
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A u Europi
01:52
there's certain parts of Europe,
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postoje određeni dijelovi
01:54
where we're seeing a four-fold increase
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gdje imamo četverostruk porast
01:56
in certain genital birth defects.
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u određenim genitalnim urođenim manama.
01:59
Interestingly, one of those birth defects
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Zanimljivo, jedna od tih urođenih mana
02:01
has seen a 200 percent increase in the U.S.
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doživjela je 200%-tni porast u SAD-u.
02:04
So a real skyrocketing
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To je doista enorman porast
02:06
of chronic childhood disease
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kroničnih dječjih bolesti
02:08
that includes other things
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koje uključuju ostale stvari
02:10
like obesity and juvenile diabetes,
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poput gojaznosti i dječjeg dijabetesa
02:12
premature puberty.
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i preranog puberteta.
02:14
So it's interesting for me,
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Za mene je zanimljivo,
02:16
when I'm looking for someone who can really talk to me
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kad tražim nekoga tko zaista može pričati meni
02:18
and talk to an audience about these things,
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i publici o tim stvarima,
02:21
that probably one of the most important people in the world
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da je vjerojatno jedan od najvažnijih ljudi na svijetu
02:24
who can discuss toxicity in babies
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koji može govoriti o toksičnosti kod djece
02:27
is expert in frogs.
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stručnjak za žabe.
02:29
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
02:31
Tyrone Hayes: It was a surprise to me as well
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Tyrone Hayes: Za mene je također bilo iznenađenje to što,
02:34
that I would be talking about pesticides,
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osim što ću govoriti o pesticidima,
02:37
that I'd be talking about public health,
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govorit ću i o javnom zdravstvu
02:41
because, in fact, I never thought I would do anything useful.
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jer, zapravo, nikad nisam mislio da ću raditi nešto korisno.
02:44
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
02:47
Frogs.
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Žabe.
02:50
In fact, my involvement in the whole pesticide issue
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Zapravo, moje sudjelovanje u cijelom tom problemu s pesticidima
02:53
was sort of a surprise as well
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je na neki način bilo iznenađenje
02:55
when I was approached by the largest chemical company in the world
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kao i kada mi je pristupila najveća kemijska industrija na svijetu
02:58
and they asked me if I would evaluate
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i pitala me hoću li procijeniti
03:00
how atrazine affected amphibians, or my frogs.
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kako atrazin dijeluje na vodozemce iliti moje žabe.
03:03
It turns out, atrazine is the largest selling product
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Ispada kako je atrazin proizvod koji ima najveću prodaju
03:06
for the largest chemical company in the world.
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u najvećoj kemijskoj industriji na svijetu.
03:08
It's the number one contaminant
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To je zagađivač koji je na prvom mjestu
03:10
of groundwater, drinking water, rain water.
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po zagađivanju podzemnih voda, voda za piće i kišnica.
03:13
In 2003, after my studies, it was banned in the European Union,
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2003. godine nakon mojih studija, zabranjen je u Europskoj Uniji,
03:16
but in that same year,
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ali iste godine
03:18
the United States EPA re-registered the compound.
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američka EPA (*Agencija za zaštitu okoliša) ponovno je registrirala tu tvar.
03:20
We were a bit surprised when we found out
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Bili smo pomalo iznenađeni kad smo saznali da,
03:23
that when we exposed frogs
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kada izložimo žabe
03:25
to very low levels of atrazine -- 0.1 parts per billion --
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vrlo niskim razinama atrazina –- 0.1 µg/L–-
03:28
that it produced animals that look like this.
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to dovodi do toga da životinje izgledaju ovako.
03:31
These are the dissected gonads of an animal
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Ovo su secirane gonade životinje
03:33
that has two testes, two ovaries,
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koja ima dva testisa, dva jajnika,
03:35
another large testis, more ovaries,
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još jedan veliki testis, još jajnika,
03:37
which is not normal ...
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što nije normalno...
03:39
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
03:41
even for amphibians.
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čak ni za vodozemce.
03:43
In some cases, another species like the North American Leopard Frog
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U nekim slučajevima, druge vrste, poput sjevernoameričke leopard žabe,
03:46
showed that males exposed to atrazine grew eggs in their testes.
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pokazale su da su mužjacima koji su bili izloženi atrazinu narasla jaja u njihovim testisima.
03:49
And you can see these large, yolked-up eggs
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Vidite ova velika, ogromna jaja
03:51
bursting through the surface of this male's testes.
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kako probijaju kroz površinu testisa ovog mužjaka.
03:54
Now my wife tells me, and I'm sure Penelope can as well,
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Žena mi kaže, a siguran sam da to isto može potvrditi i Penelope
03:57
that there's nothing more painful than childbirth --
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da ne postoji bol jača od rađanja –
04:00
which that I'll never experience, I can't really argue that --
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što nikada nisam iskusio i zaista ne mogu raspravljati o tome –
04:03
but I would guess that a dozen chicken eggs in my testicle
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ali pretpostavljam da bi tucet kokošjih jaja u mojim testisima
04:05
would probably be somewhere in the top five.
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bilo negdje u prvih pet (najjačih boli).
04:08
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:10
In recent studies that we've published,
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U nedavnim studijama koje smo objavili,
04:12
we've shown that some of these animals when they're exposed to atrazine,
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prikazali smo da kod nekih od ovih životinja koje su bile izložene atrazinu,
04:14
some of the males grow up
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neki mužjaci odrastu
04:16
and completely become females.
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i potpuno postanu ženke.
04:18
So these are actually two brothers consummating a relationship.
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Tu zapravo imamo dva brata u savršenom odnosu.
04:21
And not only do these genetic males mate with other males,
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I ne samo da se ti genetički mužjaci pare s drugim mužjacima,
04:24
they actually have the capacity to lay eggs
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oni zapravo imaju sposobnost leći jaja,
04:26
even though they're genetic males.
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iako su genetički mužjaci.
04:29
What we proposed,
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Ono što smo predložili,
04:31
and what we've now generated support for,
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a sada za to imamo potporu,
04:33
is that what atrazine is doing
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je da to što atrazin radi,
04:35
is wreaking havoc causing a hormone imbalance.
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to je osvetoljubivi kaos koji uzrokuje disbalans hormona.
04:37
Normally the testes should make testosterone,
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U normalnim bi okolnostima testisi trebali proizvoditi testosteron,
04:39
the male hormone.
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muški hormon.
04:41
But what atrazine does is it turns on an enzyme,
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Ali atrazin uključuje enzim
04:44
the machinery if you will, aromatase,
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ili ako vam je draže aparat, aromatazu
04:46
that converts testosterone into estrogen.
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koji pretvara testosteron u estrogen.
04:48
And as a result, these exposed males
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I kao rezultat, ti izloženi mužjaci
04:50
lose their testosterone, they're chemically castrated,
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gube svoj testosteron, kemijski su kastrirani
04:53
and they're subsequently feminized
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i nakon toga feminizirani
04:55
because now they're making the female hormone.
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jer sada stvaraju ženski hormon.
04:57
Now this is what brought me to the human-related issues.
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Evo što me dovelo do problema vezanih za ljude.
05:00
Because it turns out
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Zato što ispada
05:02
that the number one cancer in women, breast cancer,
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da je broj jedan na ljestvici rakova kod žena, rak dojke,
05:05
is regulated by estrogen and by this enzyme aromatase.
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reguliran estrogenom i ovim enzimom, aromatazom.
05:08
So when you develop a cancerous cell in your breast,
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Dakle, kada razvijete kancerogenu stanicu u vašim dojkama,
05:10
aromatase converts androgens into estrogens,
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aromataza pretvara androgene u estrogene,
05:14
and that estrogen turns on or promotes
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a taj estrogen uključuje ili potiče
05:16
the growth of that cancer
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rast tog raka
05:18
so that it turns into a tumor and spreads.
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te se on pretvara u tumor i širi se.
05:21
In fact, this aromatase is so important in breast cancer
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Ustvari, ta je aromataza toliko važna u raku dojke
05:24
that the latest treatment for breast cancer
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da je najnoviji lijek za rak dojke
05:27
is a chemical called letrozole,
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kemikalija pod nazivom letrozol,
05:29
which blocks aromatase, blocks estrogen,
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koja blokira aromatazu, blokira estrogen,
05:31
so that if you developed a mutated cell, it doesn't grow into a tumor.
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pa u slučaju da razvijete mutiranu stanicu, to neće prerasti u tumor.
05:34
Now what's interesting is, of course,
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Ono što je zanimljivo je, naravno,
05:36
that we're still using 80 million pounds of atrazine,
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to da još uvijek koristimo 35 milijuna kilograma atrazina,
05:39
the number one contaminant in drinking water, that does the opposite --
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zagađivača broj jedan što se pitke vode tiče, koji radi suprotno –
05:42
turns on aromatase, increases estrogen
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uključuje aromatazu, povećava razinu estrogena
05:44
and promotes tumors in rats
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i dovodi do tumora kod štakora
05:46
and is associated with tumors, breast cancer, in humans.
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i povezan je s tumorima, rakom dojke, kod ljudi.
05:50
What's interesting is, in fact,
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Ono što je zanimljivo je zapravo to da
05:52
the same company that sold us 80 million pounds of atrazine,
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ista kompanija koja nam je prodala 35 milijuna kilograma atrazina,
05:54
the breast cancer promoter,
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promovira rak dojke
05:56
now sells us the blocker -- the exact same company.
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prodajući nam blokere – ista kompanija.
05:59
And so I find it interesting
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I smatram zanimljivim
06:01
that instead of treating this disease
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to da umjesto da liječimo ovu bolest
06:03
by preventing exposure to the chemicals that promote it,
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prevencijom izloženosti kemikalijama koje ju promoviraju,
06:06
we simply respond
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mi jednostavno odgovaramo
06:08
by putting more chemicals into the environment.
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tako što odlažemo sve više kemikalija u okoliš.
06:11
PJC: So speaking of estrogen,
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PJC: Govoreći o estrogenu,
06:13
one of the other compounds that Tyrone talks about in the film
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jedan od drugih spojeva o kojima Tyrone govori u filmu
06:16
is something called bisphenol A, BPA,
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je nešto pod imenom bisfenol A, BPA,
06:19
which has been in the news recently.
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koji je nedavno bio u vijestima.
06:22
It's a plasticizer.
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To je plastifikator.
06:24
It's a compound that's found in polycarbonate plastic,
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To je spoj koji nalazimo u polikarbonatnoj plastici,
06:27
which is what baby bottles are made out of.
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od čega su napravljene dječje bočice.
06:29
And what's interesting about BPA
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Ono što je zanimljivo u vezi BPA
06:31
is that it's such a potent estrogen
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je to da je to toliko moćan estrogen
06:34
that it was actually once considered for use
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da je jednom čak uzet u obzir za upotrebu
06:36
as a synthetic estrogen in hormone placement therapy.
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kao sintetički estrogen u hormonskoj nadomjesnoj terapiji.
06:39
And there have been many, many, many studies that have shown
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I bilo je mnogo, mnogo, mnogo studija koje su pokazale
06:42
that BPA leaches from babies' bottles
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da se BPA veže s dječjih bočica
06:45
into the formula, into the milk,
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u formulu, u mlijeko
06:47
and therefore into the babies.
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i samim time u djecu.
06:49
So we're dosing our babies,
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Znači mi svojoj djeci,
06:51
our newborns, our infants,
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svojoj novorođenčadi, svojoj dojenčadi
06:53
with a synthetic estrogen.
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dajemo sintetički estrogen.
06:55
Now two weeks ago or so,
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Prije otprilike dva tjedna,
06:57
the European Union passed a law
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Europska Unija donijela je zakon
06:59
banning the use of BPA
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kojim zabranjuje upotrebu BPA
07:01
in babies' bottles and sippy cups.
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kod dječjih bočica i čašica iz kojih piju.
07:03
And for those of you who are not parents,
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A za vas koji niste roditelji,
07:05
sippy cups are those little plastic things
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čašice su vam one male plastične stvari
07:07
that your child graduates to after using bottles.
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na kojima vaše djete uči piti nakon bočice.
07:10
But just two weeks before that,
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Ali samo dva tjedna prije toga
07:13
the U.S. Senate refused to even debate
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Senat SAD-a odbio je čak i raspravu
07:16
the banning of BPA
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o zabrani BPA
07:18
in babies' bottles and sippy cups.
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u dječjim bočicama i čašicama.
07:21
So it really makes you realize
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Sada zaista možete shvatiti
07:23
the onus on parents
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teret roditelja
07:25
to have to look at this and regulate this and police this
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koji ovo moraju tražiti, regulirati i nadzirati
07:27
in their own lives
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u svojim životima
07:29
and how astonishing that is.
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i možete misliti koliko je to zadivljujuće.
07:31
(Video) PJC: With many plastic baby bottles
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(Video) PJC: Dokazano je da mnogo dječjih plastičnih bočica
07:34
now proven to leak the chemical bisphenol A,
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ispušta kemikaliju bisfenol A
07:37
it really shows how sometimes
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i to zaista pokazuje kako je ponekad
07:39
it is only a parent's awareness
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jedino roditeljska samosvijest
07:41
that stands between chemicals and our children.
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ono što stoji između kemikalija i naše djece.
07:45
The baby bottle scenario proves
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Slučaj s dječjim bočicama dokazuje
07:47
that we can prevent unnecessary exposure.
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da možemo spriječiti nepotrebno izlaganje.
07:50
However, if we parents are unaware,
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Kako god, ako mi roditelji nismo svjesni,
07:52
we are leaving our children
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ostavljamo svoju djecu
07:54
to fend for themselves.
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da se sama brane.
08:03
TH: And what Penelope says here
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TH: Ono što Penelope ovdje kaže
08:05
is even more true.
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je još točnije.
08:07
For those of you who don't know, we're in the middle of the sixth mass extinction.
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Za vas koji ne znate, upravo smo usred šestog masovnog izumiranja.
08:10
Scientists agree now.
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Znanstvenici se sada slažu.
08:12
We are losing species from the Earth
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Gubimo vrste sa Zemlje
08:14
faster than the dinosaurs disappeared,
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brže no što su nestali dinosauri,
08:16
and leading that loss are amphibians.
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a vodeći u tom gubitku su vodozemci.
08:18
80 percent of all amphibians
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80% svih vodozemaca
08:20
are threatened and in come decline.
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ugroženo je i u opadanju.
08:22
And I believe, many scientists believe
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I ja vjerujem, zapravo mnogi znanstvenici vjeruju
08:24
that pesticides are an important part of that decline.
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da su pesticidi važan dio tog opadanja.
08:27
In part, amphibians are good indicators and more sensitive
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Djelomično, vodozemci su dobri pokazatelji i osjetljiviji su
08:30
because they don't have protection from contaminants in the water --
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jer nemaju zaštitu od onečišćenja u vodi –
08:32
no eggshells, no membranes
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nemaju ljusku poput jajeta, nemaju membrane
08:34
and no placenta.
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i nemaju posteljice.
08:36
In fact, our invention -- by "our" I mean we mammals --
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Zapravo, naš izum – a pod „našim“ mislim na nas sisavce –
08:39
one of our big inventions was the placenta.
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jedan od naših velikih izuma je posteljica.
08:42
But we also start out as aquatic organisms.
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Ali i mi također započinjemo kao vodeni organizmi.
08:44
But it turns out that this ancient structure
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Čini se da ta drevna struktura
08:46
that separates us from other animals, the placenta,
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koja nas odvaja od ostalih životinja, posteljica,
08:49
cannot evolve or adapt fast enough
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ne može evoluirati ili se dovoljno brzo prilagoditi
08:51
because of the rate that we're generating new chemicals
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zbog tempa kojim stvaramo nove kemikalije
08:53
that it's never seen before.
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koje nikad prije nisu bile viđene.
08:55
The evidence of that is that studies in rats, again with atrazine,
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Dokaz tome je studija sa štakorima, opet s atrazinom,
08:58
show that the hormone imbalance atrazine generates causes abortion.
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koja pokazuje da disbalans hormona koji atrazin stvara uzrokuje pobačaj.
09:01
Because maintaining a pregnancy is dependent on hormones.
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Zato što je održavanje trudnoće ovisno o hormonima.
09:04
Of those rats that don't abort,
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Kod štakora koji nemaju pobačaj,
09:06
atrazine causes prostate disease
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atrazin uzrokuje bolesti prostate
09:08
in the pups so the sons
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kod mladunčadi pa su sinovi
09:10
are born with an old man's disease.
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rođeni s bolestima starije populacije.
09:12
Of those that don't abort,
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Kod onih koji ne pobace,
09:14
atrazine causes impaired mammary, or breast, development
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atrazin uzrokuje umanjene dojke ili grudi, kod razvoja
09:16
in the exposed daughters in utero,
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izloženih kćeri u maternici,
09:18
so that their breast don't develop properly.
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pa im se dojke ne mogu pravilno razviti.
09:20
And as a result, when those rats grow up,
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Kao rezultat, kad ti štakori narastu,
09:22
their pups experience retarded growth and development
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njihova mladunčad doživljava zaostali rast i razvoj
09:25
because they can't make enough milk to nourish their pups.
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zato što ne mogu stvoriti dovoljno mlijeka kako bi prehranili svoju mladunčad.
09:28
So the pup you see on the bottom is affected by atrazine
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Na mladunca kojeg vidite na dnu utjecao je atrazin
09:31
that its grandmother was exposed to.
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kojemu je bila izložena njegova baka.
09:33
And given the life of many of these chemicals,
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A s obzirom na život mnogih od ovih kemikalija,
09:36
generations, years, dozens of years,
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generacijama, godinama, desecima godina,
09:39
that means that we right now
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to znači da mi sada
09:41
are affecting the health
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utječemo na zdravlje
09:43
of our grandchildren's grandchildren
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unučadi naših unuka
09:45
by things that we're putting into the environment today.
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zbog stvari koje danas odlažemo u okoliš.
09:48
And this is not just philosophical, it's already known,
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To nije samo filozofsko, to je već poznato,
09:50
that chemicals like diethylstilbestrol and estrogen,
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kemikalije poput dietilstilbestrola (DES) i estrogena,
09:52
PCBs, DDT
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PCB (poliklorirani bifenili), DDT (dikloro-difenil-trikloetan)
09:54
cross the placenta
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prolaze kroz posteljicu
09:56
and effectively determine
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i učinkovito određuju
09:58
the likelihood of developing breast cancer
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vjerojatnost razvoja raka dojke,
10:00
and obesity and diabetes
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gojaznosti i dijabetesa
10:02
already when the baby's in the womb.
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dok je dijete još u maternici.
10:04
In addition to that, after the baby's born,
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Kao dodatak tome, nakon što se dijete rodi,
10:06
our other unique invention as mammals
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još jedan izum nas sisavaca
10:08
is that we nourish our offspring after they're born.
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je da mi hranimo svoje potomke nakon rođenja.
10:10
We already know that chemicals
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Već znamo da kemikalije
10:12
like DDT and DES and atrazine
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poput DDT-a, DES-a i atrazina
10:14
can also pass over into milk,
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mogu prijeći u mlijeko,
10:16
again, affecting our babies
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opet, djelujući na našu djecu
10:18
even after their born.
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čak i nakon rođenja.
10:21
PJC: So when Tyrone tells me
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PJC: Dakle, kada mi Tyrone kaže
10:23
that the placenta is an ancient organ,
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da je posteljica drevni organ,
10:26
I'm thinking, how do I demonstrate that?
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razmišljam o tome kako to demonstrirati?
10:28
How do you show that?
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Kako to možete pokazati?
10:30
And it's interesting when you make a film like this,
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A to je zanimljivo kada radite film poput ovog,
10:32
because you're stuck trying to visualize science
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zato što ste zapeli pokušavajući vizualizirati znanost
10:35
that there's no visualization for.
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za koju ne postoji vizualizacija.
10:37
And I have to take a little bit of artistic license.
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I moram uzeti malo umjetničke slobode.
10:45
(Video) (Ringing)
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(Video) (Zvonjava)
10:50
Old man: Placenta control.
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Starac: Kontrola posteljice.
10:52
What is it?
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Što je to?
10:54
Oh what?
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O, što?
10:57
(Snoring)
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(Hrkanje)
11:00
(Honk)
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(Truba)
11:05
Puffuffuff, what?
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Puffuffuff, što?
11:11
Perflourooctanoic acid.
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Perfluorooktanska kiselina.
11:18
Blimey.
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Opa.
11:20
Never heard of it.
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Nikad čuo za to.
11:23
PJC: And neither had I actually
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PJC: A nisam ni ja
11:27
before I started making this film.
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sve dok nisam počela raditi ovaj film.
11:29
And so when you realize that chemicals can pass the placenta
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Onog trena kad shvatite da kemikalije mogu prolaziti kroz posteljicu
11:32
and go into your unborn child,
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i ući u vaše nerođeno dijete,
11:35
it made me start to think,
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počela sam se pitati,
11:37
what would my fetus say to me?
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što bi moj fetus meni rekao?
11:40
What would our unborn children say to us
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Što bi naša nerođena djeca nama rekla
11:43
when they have an exposure
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da su svakog dana izložena,
11:46
that's happening everyday, day after day?
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dan za danom?
11:49
(Music)
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(Glazba)
12:07
(Video) Child: Today,
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(Video) Dijete: Danas
12:09
I had some octyphenols,
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sam dobio nešto octifenola,
12:13
some artificial musks
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nešto umjetnog mošusa
12:16
and some bisphenol A.
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i nešto bisfenola A.
12:21
Help me.
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Pomozi mi.
12:26
PJC: It's a very profound notion
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PJC: Vrlo je dubok pojam
12:29
to know that we as women
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to da znamo da smo kao žene
12:31
are at the vanguard of this.
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prethodnice ovoga.
12:33
This is our issue,
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To je naš problem
12:35
because we collect these compounds our entire life
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zato što mi skupljamo ove spojeve cijeli svoj život
12:38
and then we end up dumping it and dumping them
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i onda ih istovarimo i to
12:41
into our unborn children.
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u svoju nerođenu djecu.
12:44
We are in effect
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Mi zagađujemo
12:46
polluting our children.
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svoju djecu.
12:48
And this was something that was really brought home to me a year ago
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A to je nešto što sam shvatila prije godinu dana
12:52
when I found out I was pregnant
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kada sam saznala da sam trudna
12:54
and the first scan revealed
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i kada je prvi pregled pokazao
12:56
that my baby had a birth defect
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da moje dijete ima urođenu manu
12:59
associated with exposure
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povezanu s izlaganjem
13:01
to estrogenic chemicals in the womb
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estrogenim kemikalijama u maternici,
13:03
and the second scan
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a drugi je pregled
13:05
revealed no heartbeat.
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pokazao da ne postoje otkucaji srca.
13:07
So my child's death, my baby's death,
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Dakle, smrt mog djeteta, smrt moje bebe
13:10
really brought home the resonance of what I was trying to make in this film.
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stvarno mi je omogućila da shvatim zvučnost onoga što sam pokušavala napraviti u ovom filmu.
13:13
And it's sometimes a weird place
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A to je ponekad čudno mjesto
13:15
when the communicator becomes part of the story,
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kada dojavljivač postane dio priče,
13:18
which is not what you originally intend.
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što zapravo nije ono što ste prvotno namjeravali.
13:20
And so when Tyrone talks about
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Kada Tyrone priča
13:23
the fetus being trapped in a contaminated environment,
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o fetusu zarobljenom u zagađenoj okolini,
13:26
this is my contaminated environment.
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to je moja zagađena okolina.
13:30
This is my toxic baby.
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To je moje otrovano dijete.
13:33
And that's something
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To je nešto
13:36
that's just profound and sad,
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što je jednostavno duboko i tužno,
13:39
but astonishing
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ali zapanjujuće
13:41
because so many of us don't actually know this.
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jer mnogi od nas to uopće ne znaju.
13:46
TH: One of this things that's exciting and appropriate
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TH: Jedna od ovih stvari koja je uzbudljiva i prigodna
13:48
for me to be here at TEDWomen
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za mene kako bih bio ovdje na TEDWomenu
13:50
is that, well, I think it was summed up best last night at dinner
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je to što, pa, mislim da je to najbolje sažeto jučer za vrijeme večere
13:54
when someone said, "Turn to the man at your table and tell them,
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kad je netko rekao, „Okrenite se prema muškarcima za vašim stolom i recite im,
13:56
'When the revolution starts, we've got your back.'"
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'Kad započne revolucija, čuvamo vam leđa.'“
13:59
The truth is, women,
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Istina je, žene,
14:01
you've had our back on this issue for a very long time,
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da ste dugo čuvale leđa što se tiče ovog problema,
14:04
starting with Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring"
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počevši od Rachel Carson i njenog „Tihog proljeća“
14:06
to Theo Colborn's "Our Stolen Future"
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do Thea Colborna i „Naše izgubljene budućnosti“
14:08
to Sandra Steingraber's books
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sve do knjiga Sandre Steingraber
14:10
"Living Downstream" and "Having Faith."
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„Živeći nizvodno“ i „Imati vjere“.
14:13
And perhaps it's the connection to our next generation --
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Možda je to veza s našom sljedećom generacijom –
14:16
like my wife and my beautiful daughter here about 13 years ago --
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poput moje žene i moje kćeri ovdje prije 13 godina –
14:19
perhaps it's that connection
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možda je to veza
14:21
that makes women activists
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koja stvara ženske aktivistice
14:23
in this particular area.
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u ovom određenom području.
14:25
But for the men here, I want to say
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Ali za muškarce ovdje, želim reći
14:27
it's not just women and children that are at risk.
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da nisu samo žene i djeca izloženi.
14:29
And the frogs that are exposed to atrazine,
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A žabe koje su izložene atrazinu,
14:32
the testes are full of holes and spaces,
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njihovi su testisi puni rupa i praznina
14:34
because the hormone imbalance,
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zbog disbalansa hormona.
14:36
instead of allowing sperm to be generated,
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Umjesto da dopuštaju proizvodnju sperme,
14:38
such as in the testis here,
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kao što je u ovim testisima,
14:40
the testicular tubules end up empty
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testikularni tubuli ostaju prazni
14:42
and fertility goes down by as much as 50 percent.
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i plodnost pada za čak 50%.
14:44
It's not just my work in amphibians,
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Nije tako samo s mojim radom na vodozemcima,
14:47
but similar work has been shown in fish in Europe,
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sličan je rad to pokazao i na ribama u Europi,
14:50
holes in the testes and absence of sperm in reptiles in a group from South America
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rupe u testisima i odsutnost sperme kod gmazova u nekim grupama u Južnoj Americi
14:53
and in rats, an absence of sperm
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i kod štakora, također izostanak sperme
14:55
in the testicular tubules as well.
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u testikularnim tubulima.
14:58
And of course, we don't do these experiments in humans,
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I naravno, ne radimo ove pokuse na ljudima,
15:00
but just by coincidence,
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ali slučajno,
15:02
my colleague has shown
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moj kolega pokazao je
15:04
that men who have low sperm count, low semen quality
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da muškaraci koji imaju nizak broj sperme i nisku kvalitetu sjemena
15:06
have significantly more atrazine in their urine.
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imaju značajno više atrazina u urinu.
15:09
These are just men who live
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Ovo su samo muškarci koji žive
15:11
in an agricultural community.
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u poljoprivrednim zajednicama.
15:13
Men who actually work in agriculture
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Muškarci koji zapravo rade u poljoprivredi
15:15
have much higher levels of atrazine.
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imaju mnogo više razine atrazina.
15:18
And the men who actually apply atrazine
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A muškarci koji koriste atrazin
15:20
have even more atrazine in their urine,
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imaju čak i više atrazina u urinu,
15:23
up to levels that are 24,000 times what we know to be active
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sve do razina koje su 24.000 puta aktivnije
15:26
are present in the urine of these men.
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od onog što nam je poznato u urinu tih muškaraca.
15:29
Of course, most of them, 90 percent are Mexican, Mexican-American.
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Naravno, većina njih, 90% su Meksikanci, Meksiko-Amerikanci.
15:32
And it's not just atrazine they're exposed to.
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I nisu izloženi samo atrazinu.
15:34
They're exposed to chemicals like chloropicrin,
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Izloženi su kemikalijama poput kloropicrina
15:37
which was originally used as a nerve gas.
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koji je izvorno korišten kao nervni plin.
15:39
And many of these workers
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I mnogi od ovih radnika
15:41
have life expectancies of only 50.
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imaju očekivani životni vijek od samo 50 godina.
15:43
It shouldn't come to any surprise that the things that happen in wildlife
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Ne bi nam trebalo biti nikakvo iznenađenje da su stvari koje se događaju kod divljih životinja
15:46
are also a warning to us,
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također upozorenje za nas,
15:48
just like Rachel Carson and others have warned.
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baš kao što su nas Rachel Carson i ostali upozorili.
15:50
As evident in this slide from Lake Nabugabo in Uganda,
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Kao što je vidljivo na ovom slajdu s jezera Nabugabo u Ugandi,
15:53
the agricultural runoff from this crop,
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poljoprivredno otjecanje s ovih usjeva
15:55
which goes into these buckets,
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koje ide u ove kante
15:57
is the sole source of drinking, cooking and bathing water for this village.
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jedini je izvor vode za piće, kuhanje i pranje za ovo selo.
16:00
Now if I told the men in this village
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Da sam rekao muškarcima u ovom selu
16:02
that the frogs have pour immune function
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da žabe imaju loš imunološki sustav
16:04
and eggs developing in their testes,
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i da im se jaja razvijaju u testisima,
16:06
the connection between environmental health and public health
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veza između zdravlja okoliša i javnog zdravlja
16:08
would be clear.
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bila bi jasna.
16:10
You would not drink water that you knew was having this kind of impact
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Ne biste pili vodu za koju znate da ima ovakav učinak
16:13
on the wildlife that lived in it.
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na divlji život u kojemu živite.
16:15
The problem is, in my village, Oakland,
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Problem je, u mom selu, Oaklandu,
16:17
in most of our villages,
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u većini naših sela,
16:19
we don't see that connection.
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ne vidimo tu vezu.
16:21
We turn on the faucet, the water comes out, we assume it's safe,
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Okrenemo slavinu, voda izađe, pretpostavimo da je sigurna
16:23
and we assume that we are masters of our environment,
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i pretpostavimo da smo gospodari svoje okoline,
16:26
rather than being part of it.
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radije nego da smo dio nje.
16:29
PJC: So it doesn't take much to realize
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PJC: Ne treba vam mnogo da biste shvatili
16:31
that actually this is an environmental issue.
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kako je ovo zapravo ekološki problem.
16:34
And I kept thinking over and over again
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Ja stalno razmišljam
16:37
this question.
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o tom pitanju.
16:39
We know so much about global warming and climate change,
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Toliko znamo o globalnom zagrijavanju i promjeni klime,
16:42
and yet, we have no concept
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a ipak nemamo koncept
16:44
of what I've been calling internal environmentalism.
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za nešto što ja nazivam unutarnjom sredinom.
16:46
We know what we're putting out there,
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Znamo što stavljamo van,
16:48
we have a sense of those repercussions,
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imamo osjećaj tih odjeka,
16:50
but we are so ignorant of this sense
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ali toliko smo neupućeni u taj osjećaj
16:52
of what happens when we put things, or things are put
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što se događa kad stavljamo stvari negdje ili kad nam stvari
16:55
into our bodies.
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dospiju u tijela.
16:57
And it's my feeling
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Moj je osjećaj
16:59
and it's my urging being here
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i moj je nagon biti ovdje
17:01
to know that, as we women move forward
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kako bi to znala, kako mi žene krećemo naprijed
17:03
as the communicators of this,
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kao dojavljivači ovoga,
17:05
but also as the ones who carry that burden
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ali i također kao one koje nose breme
17:08
of carrying the children, bearing the children,
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nošenja djece, rađanja djece,
17:11
we hold most of the buying power in the household,
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držimo većinu kupovne moći u kućanstvu,
17:14
is that it's going to be us moving forward
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hoće li to biti ono što će nas pokrenuti naprijed
17:17
to carry the work of Tyrone and other scientists around the world.
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da nosimo rad Tyronea i ostalih znanstvenika diljem svijeta.
17:20
And my urging is
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A moj je nagon da se,
17:22
that when we think about environmental issues
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kada pomislimo o ekološkim problemima,
17:24
that we remember that it's not just about melting glaciers and ice caps,
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sjetimo da to nisu samo otapanja ledenjaka i ledenih santi,
17:28
but it's also about our children as well.
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već su to i naša djeca.
17:30
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
17:32
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Tyrone Hayes - BiologistTyrone Hayes studies frogs and amphibians -- and the effects on their bodies of common farming chemicals.
Why you should listen
At the University of California, Berkeley, and in ponds around the world, professor Tyrone Hayes studies frogs and other amphibians. He's become an active critic of the farm chemical atrazine, which he's found to interfere with the development of amphibians' endocrine systems.
Hayes is the subject of the chidren's book The Frog Scientist, and lectures frequently. His work was recently covered in Mother Jones.
Tyrone Hayes | Speaker | TED.com
Penelope Jagessar Chaffer - Filmmaker
Penelope Jagessar Chaffer made the film "Toxic Baby," exploring environmental toxins through interviews and surreal imagery.
Why you should listen
Penelope Jagessar Chaffer is the director and producer of the documentary/surrealist film Toxic Baby. She works to bring to light the issue of environmental chemical pollution and its effect on babies and children.
Her first British Academy Award Nomination came for her BBC4 debut, Me and My Dad, which followed her on a trip to Trinidad as she confronted her father, a magistrate who was sent to prison for bribery and corruption. After working on 2005'sShakespeare's Stories for the BBC, for which she received a BAFTA nomination, Chaffer was inspired to begin her research on Toxic Baby.
Penelope Jagessar Chaffer | Speaker | TED.com