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Jim Al-Khalili: How quantum biology might explain life's biggest questions
Jim Al-Khalili: Kako bi kvantna biologija mogla objasniti najveća životna pitanja
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Kako crvendać zna letjeti na jug? Odgovor bi mogao biti čudniji nego što mislite: Kvantna fizika bi mogla biti uključena. Jim Al-Khalili sažima ekstremno novi, ekstremno neobični svijet kvantne biologije, u kojem nešto što je Einstein jednom nazvao "jeziva akcija u daljini" pomaže pticama da se orijentiraju, a kvantni učinci bi mogli objasniti i sam postanak života.
Jim Al-Khalili - Quantum physicist
Physicist Jim Al-Khalili and co-author Johnjoe McFadden, a biologist, explore the far edges of quantum biology in their book "Life on the Edge." Full bio
Physicist Jim Al-Khalili and co-author Johnjoe McFadden, a biologist, explore the far edges of quantum biology in their book "Life on the Edge." Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
I'd like to introduce you
to an emerging area of science,
to an emerging area of science,
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Želio bih vas upoznati s rastućim
područjem znanosti,
područjem znanosti,
00:17
one that is still speculative
but hugely exciting,
but hugely exciting,
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jednim koje je još uvijek spekulativno,
ali iznimno uzbudljivo
ali iznimno uzbudljivo
00:21
and certainly one
that's growing very rapidly.
that's growing very rapidly.
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i zasigurno s jednim
koje vrlo brzo napreduje.
koje vrlo brzo napreduje.
00:25
Quantum biology
asks a very simple question:
asks a very simple question:
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Kvantna biologija postavlja
vrlo jednostavno pitanje:
vrlo jednostavno pitanje:
00:29
Does quantum mechanics --
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Igra li kvantna mehanika-
00:30
that weird and wonderful
and powerful theory
and powerful theory
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ta čudna,prekrasna
i moćna teorija
i moćna teorija
00:34
of the subatomic world
of atoms and molecules
of atoms and molecules
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subatomskog svijeta
atoma i molekula,
atoma i molekula,
00:36
that underpins so much
of modern physics and chemistry --
of modern physics and chemistry --
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koja objašnjava tako velik dio
moderne fizike i kemije-
moderne fizike i kemije-
00:40
also play a role inside the living cell?
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ulogu u živućim stanicama?
00:43
In other words: Are there processes,
mechanisms, phenomena
mechanisms, phenomena
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Drugim riječima: Postoje li procesi,
mehanizmi, fenomeni
mehanizmi, fenomeni
00:47
in living organisms
that can only be explained
that can only be explained
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u živućim organizmima
koji se mogu objasniti samo
koji se mogu objasniti samo
00:51
with a helping hand
from quantum mechanics?
from quantum mechanics?
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uz pomoć kvantne mehanike?
00:55
Now, quantum biology isn't new;
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Kvantna biologija nije nova;
00:57
it's been around since the early 1930s.
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postoji od ranih 1930-ih.
00:59
But it's only in the last decade or so
that careful experiments --
that careful experiments --
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Ali tek u posljednjem desetljeću
oprezni pokusi --
oprezni pokusi --
01:03
in biochemistry labs,
using spectroscopy --
using spectroscopy --
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u biokemijskim laboratorijima,
uz korištenje spektometrije --
uz korištenje spektometrije --
01:07
have shown very clear, firm evidence
that there are certain specific mechanisms
that there are certain specific mechanisms
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su pokazali vrlo jasne, čvrste dokaze
da postaje određeni specifični mehanizmi
da postaje određeni specifični mehanizmi
01:14
that require quantum mechanics
to explain them.
to explain them.
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za čije je objašnjenje potrebna
kvantna mehanika.
kvantna mehanika.
01:17
Quantum biology brings together
quantum physicists, biochemists,
quantum physicists, biochemists,
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Kvantna biologija objedinjuje
kvantne fizičare, biokemičare,
kvantne fizičare, biokemičare,
01:21
molecular biologists --
it's a very interdisciplinary field.
it's a very interdisciplinary field.
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molekularne biologe-
to je veoma interdisciplinarno područje.
to je veoma interdisciplinarno područje.
01:24
I come from quantum physics,
so I'm a nuclear physicist.
so I'm a nuclear physicist.
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Ja dolazim iz kvantne fizike,
dakle ja sam nuklearni fizičar.
dakle ja sam nuklearni fizičar.
01:28
I've spent more than three decades
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Proveo sam više od tri desetljeća
01:30
trying to get my head
around quantum mechanics.
around quantum mechanics.
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pokušavajući shvatiti kvantnu mehaniku.
01:33
One of the founders
of quantum mechanics, Niels Bohr,
of quantum mechanics, Niels Bohr,
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Jedan od utemeljitelja kvantne mehanike,
Niels Bohr,
Niels Bohr,
01:36
said, If you're not astonished by it,
then you haven't understood it.
then you haven't understood it.
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je rekao, da ako vas ona ne zapanji,
da ju niste razumjeli.
da ju niste razumjeli.
01:40
So I sort of feel happy
that I'm still astonished by it.
that I'm still astonished by it.
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Tako da sam ja na neki način sretan
da me ona još uvijek zapanjuje.
da me ona još uvijek zapanjuje.
01:43
That's a good thing.
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To je dobro.
01:44
But it means I study the very
smallest structures in the universe --
smallest structures in the universe --
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Ali to znači da proučavam najmanje
strukture u svemiru-
strukture u svemiru-
01:51
the building blocks of reality.
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građevni materijal stvarnosti.
01:53
If we think about the scale of size,
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Ako razmislimo o razmjeru veličina,
01:57
start with an everyday object
like the tennis ball,
like the tennis ball,
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počevši od svakodnevnih predmeta kao
što je teniska lopta
što je teniska lopta
02:00
and just go down orders
of magnitude in size --
of magnitude in size --
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i zatim krenuvši prema sve
manjim predmetima --
manjim predmetima --
02:03
from the eye of a needle down to a cell,
down to a bacterium, down to an enzyme --
down to a bacterium, down to an enzyme --
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od iglene ušice do stanice, do bakterije,
do enzima,
do enzima,
02:08
you eventually reach the nano-world.
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na kraju dopijemo do nano-svijeta.
02:09
Now, nanotechnology may be
a term you've heard of.
a term you've heard of.
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Možda ste čuli za pojam nanotehnologije.
02:12
A nanometer is a billionth of a meter.
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Nanometar je milijarditi dio metra.
02:16
My area is the atomic nucleus,
which is the tiny dot inside an atom.
which is the tiny dot inside an atom.
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Moje područje je atomska jezgra,
a to je mala točka unutar atoma.
a to je mala točka unutar atoma.
02:20
It's even smaller in scale.
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Čak je i manja.
02:22
This is the domain of quantum mechanics,
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To je domena kvantne mehanike
02:24
and physicists and chemists
have had a long time
have had a long time
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te su fizičari i kemičari
imali mnogo vremena
imali mnogo vremena
02:27
to try and get used to it.
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da se pokušaju naviknuti.
02:29
Biologists, on the other hand,
have got off lightly, in my view.
have got off lightly, in my view.
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Biolozi, s druge strane,
su po mom mišllenju, prošli lakše.
su po mom mišllenju, prošli lakše.
02:34
They are very happy with their
balls-and-sticks models of molecules.
balls-and-sticks models of molecules.
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Oni su jako sretni sa svojim kuglastim
i štapičastim modelima molekula.
i štapičastim modelima molekula.
02:38
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
02:39
The balls are the atoms, the sticks
are the bonds between the atoms.
are the bonds between the atoms.
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Kuglice su atomi, štapići su
veze među atomima.
veze među atomima.
02:42
And when they can't build them
physically in the lab,
physically in the lab,
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I kada ih ne mogu izgraditi fizički u
laboratoriju,
laboratoriju,
02:45
nowadays, they have
very powerful computers
very powerful computers
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danas imaju veoma moćna računala,
02:47
that will simulate a huge molecule.
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koja simuliraju ogromne molekule.
02:49
This is a protein made up
of 100,000 atoms.
of 100,000 atoms.
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Ovo je bjelančevina sastavljena od
100,000 atoma,
100,000 atoma,
02:54
It doesn't really require much in the way
of quantum mechanics to explain it.
of quantum mechanics to explain it.
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nije potrebno mnogo kvantne mehanike
da se objasni.
da se objasni.
02:59
Quantum mechanics
was developed in the 1920s.
was developed in the 1920s.
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Kvantna mehanika se razvila 1920-ih.
03:02
It is a set of beautiful and powerful
mathematical rules and ideas
mathematical rules and ideas
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To je skup prekrasnih i moćnih
matematičkih pravila i ideja
matematičkih pravila i ideja
03:09
that explain the world of the very small.
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koje objašnjavaju svijet vrlo maloga.
03:12
And it's a world that's very different
from our everyday world,
from our everyday world,
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I to je svijet veoma različit od našeg
svakodnevnog svijeta,
svakodnevnog svijeta,
03:15
made up of trillions of atoms.
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sastavljen od trilijuna atoma.
03:17
It's a world built
on probability and chance.
on probability and chance.
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To je svijet izgrađen na vjerojatnosti
i prilici.
i prilici.
03:21
It's a fuzzy world.
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To je kaotičan svijet.
03:23
It's a world of phantoms,
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To je svijet opsjena,
03:24
where particles can also behave
like spread-out waves.
like spread-out waves.
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u kojem se čestice mogu ponašati
kao valovi.
kao valovi.
03:30
If we imagine quantum mechanics
or quantum physics, then,
or quantum physics, then,
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Ako zamislimo kvantnu mehaniku
ili kvantnu fiziku
ili kvantnu fiziku
03:33
as the fundamental
foundation of reality itself,
foundation of reality itself,
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kao osnovu naše stvarnosti,
03:38
then it's not surprising that we say
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onda nije začuđujuće što kažemo
03:40
quantum physics underpins
organic chemistry.
organic chemistry.
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da je kvantna fizika osnova
organske kemije.
organske kemije.
03:42
After all, it gives us
the rules that tell us
the rules that tell us
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Ipak nam ona daje pravila
koja nam govore
koja nam govore
03:44
how the atoms fit together
to make organic molecules.
to make organic molecules.
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kako se atomi spajaju da stvore
organske molekule.
organske molekule.
03:47
Organic chemistry,
scaled up in complexity,
scaled up in complexity,
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Organska kemija, poredana prema
kompleksnosti,
kompleksnosti,
03:50
gives us molecular biology,
which of course leads to life itself.
which of course leads to life itself.
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nam daje molekularnu biologiju,
koja nas naravno vodi do samog života.
koja nas naravno vodi do samog života.
03:54
So in a way, it's sort of not surprising.
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Dakle, na neki način, to uopće nije
začuđujuće.
začuđujuće.
03:56
It's almost trivial.
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Gotovo je banalno.
03:57
You say, "Well, of course life ultimately
must depend of quantum mechanics."
must depend of quantum mechanics."
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Kažete: " Pa, naravno da život na kraju
mora ovisiti o kvantnoj mehanici."
mora ovisiti o kvantnoj mehanici."
04:02
But so does everything else.
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Ali i sve ostalo.
04:04
So does all inanimate matter,
made up of trillions of atoms.
made up of trillions of atoms.
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Sva beživotna tvar,
sastavljena od trilijuna atoma.
sastavljena od trilijuna atoma.
04:08
Ultimately, there's a quantum level
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Na kraju, postoji kvantna razina
04:13
where we have to delve into
this weirdness.
this weirdness.
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u kojoj moramo prekopati
po toj čudnosti.
po toj čudnosti.
04:15
But in everyday life,
we can forget about it.
we can forget about it.
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Ali u svakodnevnom životu,
možemo zaboraviti na to.
možemo zaboraviti na to.
04:18
Because once you put together
trillions of atoms,
trillions of atoms,
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Zato što, jednom kad
spojite trilijune atoma,
spojite trilijune atoma,
04:21
that quantum weirdness
just dissolves away.
just dissolves away.
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nestaje kvanta neobičnosti.
04:27
Quantum biology isn't about this.
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O tome ne govori kvantna biologija.
04:29
Quantum biology isn't this obvious.
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Kvantna biologija nije toliko očita.
04:32
Of course quantum mechanics
underpins life at some molecular level.
underpins life at some molecular level.
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Naravno da kvantna mehanika stvara
život na molekularnoj razini.
život na molekularnoj razini.
04:37
Quantum biology is about looking
for the non-trivial --
for the non-trivial --
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Kvantna biologija se bavi potragom
za ne-banalnim-
za ne-banalnim-
04:43
the counterintuitive ideas
in quantum mechanics --
in quantum mechanics --
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kontraintuitivnim idejama
kvantne mehanike-
kvantne mehanike-
04:47
and to see if they do, indeed,
play an important role
play an important role
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i proučava igra li ona doista
važnu ulogu
važnu ulogu
04:50
in describing the processes of life.
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u opisivanju životnih procesa.
04:54
Here is my perfect example
of the counterintuitiveness
of the counterintuitiveness
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Ovo je moj savršen primjer
kontraintuitivnosti
kontraintuitivnosti
04:59
of the quantum world.
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kvantnog svijeta.
05:01
This is the quantum skier.
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Ovo je kvantni skijaš.
05:02
He seems to be intact,
he seems to be perfectly healthy,
he seems to be perfectly healthy,
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Izgleda netaknuto,
izgleda savršeno zdravo,
izgleda savršeno zdravo,
05:05
and yet, he seems to have gone around
both sides of that tree at the same time.
both sides of that tree at the same time.
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ali ipak, izgleda da je zaobišao
obje strane drveta u isto vrijeme.
obje strane drveta u isto vrijeme.
05:09
Well, if you saw tracks like that
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Pa, ako vidite ovakve stvari
05:11
you'd guess it was some
sort of stunt, of course.
sort of stunt, of course.
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pretpostavili bi ste da se radi
o triku, naravno.
o triku, naravno.
05:13
But in the quantum world,
this happens all the time.
this happens all the time.
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Ali u kvantnom svijetu
se ovo stalno događa.
se ovo stalno događa.
05:16
Particles can multitask,
they can be in two places at once.
they can be in two places at once.
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Čestice mogu činiti više zadataka,
biti na dva mjesta odjednom.
biti na dva mjesta odjednom.
05:19
They can do more than one thing
at the same time.
at the same time.
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Mogu činiti više od jedne stvari
u isto vrijeme.
u isto vrijeme.
05:22
Particles can behave
like spread-out waves.
like spread-out waves.
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Čestice se mogu ponašati
kao valovi.
kao valovi.
05:25
It's almost like magic.
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To je gotovo kao magija.
05:27
Physicists and chemists have had
nearly a century
nearly a century
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Fizičari i kemičari su se pokušavali
naviknuti
naviknuti
05:30
of trying to get used to this weirdness.
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na ovu neobičnost gotovo stoljeće.
05:33
I don't blame the biologists
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Ne krivim biologe
05:34
for not having to or wanting
to learn quantum mechanics.
to learn quantum mechanics.
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što nisu ili ne žele naučiti
kvantnu mehaniku.
kvantnu mehaniku.
05:37
You see, this weirdness is very delicate;
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Vidite, ova neobičnost je veoma delikatna;
05:40
and we physicists work very hard
to maintain it in our labs.
to maintain it in our labs.
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i mi fizičari jako teško radimo
da ju zadržimo u laboratorijima.
da ju zadržimo u laboratorijima.
05:45
We cool our system down
to near absolute zero,
to near absolute zero,
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Hladimo naše sustave gotovo
na apsolutnu nulu,
na apsolutnu nulu,
05:49
we carry out our experiments in vacuums,
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vršimo pokuse u vakuumu,
05:51
we try and isolate it
from any external disturbance.
from any external disturbance.
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pokušavamo ju izolirati od
bilo kakve vanjske smetnje.
bilo kakve vanjske smetnje.
05:55
That's very different from the warm,
messy, noisy environment of a living cell.
messy, noisy environment of a living cell.
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To je veoma drukčije od toplog, neurednog,
bučnog okoliša žive stanice.
bučnog okoliša žive stanice.
06:01
Biology itself, if you think of
molecular biology,
molecular biology,
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Čini se da je sama biologija, ako pomislite na
molekularnu biologiju,
molekularnu biologiju,
06:04
seems to have done very well
in describing all the processes of life
in describing all the processes of life
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vrlo dobro uspjela objasniti
sve životne procese
sve životne procese
06:08
in terms of chemistry --
chemical reactions.
chemical reactions.
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kemijom -- kemijskim reakcijama.
06:10
And these are reductionist,
deterministic chemical reactions,
deterministic chemical reactions,
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I to su redukcijske, determinističke
kemijske reakcije,
kemijske reakcije,
06:15
showing that, essentially, life is made
of the same stuff as everything else,
of the same stuff as everything else,
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koje pokazuju, vrlo bitno, da je život
sačinjen od istih tvari kao i sve drugo
sačinjen od istih tvari kao i sve drugo
06:20
and if we can forget about quantum
mechanics in the macro world,
mechanics in the macro world,
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i ako možemo zaboraviti na kvantnu
mehaniku u makro svijetu,
mehaniku u makro svijetu,
06:23
then we should be able to forget
about it in biology, as well.
about it in biology, as well.
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onda bismo morali moći zaboraviti
na nju i u biologiji također.
na nju i u biologiji također.
06:27
Well, one man begged
to differ with this idea.
to differ with this idea.
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Pa, jedan se čovjek usudio razlikovati
svojom idejom.
svojom idejom.
06:32
Erwin Schrödinger,
of Schrödinger's Cat fame,
of Schrödinger's Cat fame,
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Erwin Schrodinger,
poznat po Schrodingerovoj mački,
poznat po Schrodingerovoj mački,
06:35
was an Austrian physicist.
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bio je austrijski fizičar.
06:36
He was one of the founders
of quantum mechanics in the 1920s.
of quantum mechanics in the 1920s.
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On je bio jedan od začetnika kvantne
mehanike 1920-ih.
mehanike 1920-ih.
06:40
In 1944, he wrote a book
called "What is Life?"
called "What is Life?"
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1944.je napisao knjigu nazvanu
" Što je život? "
" Što je život? "
06:43
It was tremendously influential.
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Bila je nevjerojatno utjecajna.
06:45
It influenced Francis Crick
and James Watson,
and James Watson,
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Utjecala je na Francisa Cricka i
Jamesa Watsona,
Jamesa Watsona,
06:48
the discoverers of the double-helix
structure of DNA.
structure of DNA.
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koji su otkrili dvostruko zavojitu
strukturu DNA.
strukturu DNA.
06:51
To paraphrase a description
in the book, he says:
in the book, he says:
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Parafrizirat ću opis iz knjige, on kaže:
06:55
At the molecular level,
living organisms have a certain order,
living organisms have a certain order,
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Na molekularnoj razini, živući organizmi
imaju određen red,
imaju određen red,
07:00
a structure to them that's very different
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svoju strukturu koja se dosta razlikuje
07:04
from the random thermodynamic jostling
of atoms and molecules
of atoms and molecules
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od nasumičnog termodinamičkog
nizanja atoma i molekula
nizanja atoma i molekula
07:08
in inanimate matter
of the same complexity.
of the same complexity.
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u neživoj materiji jednake složenosti.
07:13
In fact, living matter seems to behave
in this order, in a structure,
in this order, in a structure,
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Zapravo, čini se da se živa tvar
u ovom redu, u ovoj strukturi
u ovom redu, u ovoj strukturi
07:18
just like inanimate matter
cooled down to near absolute zero,
cooled down to near absolute zero,
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ponaša kao neživa tvar kada se ohladi
na temperaturu blizu apsolutnoj nuli,
na temperaturu blizu apsolutnoj nuli,
07:22
where quantum effects
play a very important role.
play a very important role.
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na kojoj kvantni učinici igraju
veoma važnu ulogu.
veoma važnu ulogu.
07:26
There's something special
about the structure -- the order --
about the structure -- the order --
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Nešto je posebno u strukturi
-- u redu --
-- u redu --
07:30
inside a living cell.
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unutar žive stanice.
07:32
So, Schrödinger speculated that maybe
quantum mechanics plays a role in life.
quantum mechanics plays a role in life.
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Dakle, Schrodinger je spekulirao da
kvantna mehanika možda igra ulogu u životu
kvantna mehanika možda igra ulogu u životu
07:38
It's a very speculative,
far-reaching idea,
far-reaching idea,
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To je veoma spekulativna,
dalekosežna ideja
dalekosežna ideja
07:41
and it didn't really go very far.
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i nije otišla veoma daleko.
07:45
But as I mentioned at the start,
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Ali kako sam spomenuo na početku
07:47
in the last 10 years, there have been
experiments emerging,
experiments emerging,
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u posljednjih 10 godina se provodi
sve više pokusa,
sve više pokusa,
07:49
showing where some of these
certain phenomena in biology
certain phenomena in biology
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koji prikazuju gdje neki od određenih
fenomena u biologiji
fenomena u biologiji
07:53
do seem to require quantum mechanics.
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iziskuju potrebu za kvantnom
mehanikom.
mehanikom.
07:55
I want to share with you
just a few of the exciting ones.
just a few of the exciting ones.
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Želim s vama podijeliti samo par
uzbudljivih.
uzbudljivih.
08:00
This is one of the best-known
phenomena in the quantum world,
phenomena in the quantum world,
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Ovo je jedan od najpoznatijih fenomena
u kvantnom svijetu,
u kvantnom svijetu,
08:03
quantum tunneling.
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kvantno tuneliranje.
08:05
The box on the left shows
the wavelike, spread-out distribution
the wavelike, spread-out distribution
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Lijeva kutija prikazuje valovitu,
raširenu distribuciju
raširenu distribuciju
08:10
of a quantum entity --
a particle, like an electron,
a particle, like an electron,
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kvantnog entiteta -- čestica,
poput elektrona,
poput elektrona,
08:12
which is not a little ball
bouncing off a wall.
bouncing off a wall.
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koja nije mala kugla koja
se odbija od zida.
se odbija od zida.
08:16
It's a wave that has a certain probability
of being able to permeate
of being able to permeate
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To je val koji ima određenu vjerojatnost
da je sposoban prodrijeti
da je sposoban prodrijeti
08:21
through a solid wall, like a phantom
leaping through to the other side.
leaping through to the other side.
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kroz čvrst zid, poput duha koji
prelazi na drugu stranu.
prelazi na drugu stranu.
08:24
You can see a faint smudge of light
in the right-hand box.
in the right-hand box.
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Možete vidjeti slabu zraku svjetlosti
u desnoj kutiji.
u desnoj kutiji.
08:29
Quantum tunneling suggests that a particle
can hit an impenetrable barrier,
can hit an impenetrable barrier,
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Kvantno tuneliranje predlaže da čestica
može udariti u neprobojnu zapreku,
može udariti u neprobojnu zapreku,
08:34
and yet somehow, as though by magic,
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a ipak nekako, kao uz pomoć magije,
08:36
disappear from one side
and reappear on the other.
and reappear on the other.
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nestati s jedne strane, a pojaviti se
na drugoj.
na drugoj.
08:39
The nicest way of explaining it is
if you want to throw a ball over a wall,
if you want to throw a ball over a wall,
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Najljepši način da se to objasni je,
ako želite baciti loptu preko zida,
ako želite baciti loptu preko zida,
08:43
you have to give it enough energy
to get over the top of the wall.
to get over the top of the wall.
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morate joj dati dovoljno energije
da prijeđe preko vrha zida.
da prijeđe preko vrha zida.
08:47
In the quantum world,
you don't have to throw it over the wall,
you don't have to throw it over the wall,
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U kvantnom svijetu ne morate ju baciti
preko zida,
preko zida,
08:50
you can throw it at the wall,
and there's a certain non-zero probability
and there's a certain non-zero probability
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možete ju baciti u zid, i postoji
određena vjerojatnost
određena vjerojatnost
08:54
that it'll disappear on your side,
and reappear on the other.
and reappear on the other.
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da će nestati na jednoj strani,
a pojaviti se na drugoj.
a pojaviti se na drugoj.
08:57
This isn't speculation, by the way.
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Usputno rečeno, ovo nije špekulacija.
08:59
We're happy -- well, "happy"
is not the right word --
is not the right word --
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Sretni smo-pa, "sretni" nije prava riječ-
09:02
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
09:04
we are familiar with this.
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upoznati smo s ovim.
09:06
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
09:08
Quantum tunneling
takes place all the time;
takes place all the time;
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Kvantno tuneliranje se stalno događa,
09:11
in fact, it's the reason our Sun shines.
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zapravo, to je razlog zbog kojeg
sije Sunce.
sije Sunce.
09:14
The particles fuse together,
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Čestice se stope,
09:16
and the Sun turns hydrogen
into helium through quantum tunneling.
into helium through quantum tunneling.
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a zatim Sunce pretvori vodik u helij
kvantnim tuneliranjem.
kvantnim tuneliranjem.
09:21
Back in the 70s and 80s, it was discovered
that quantum tunneling also takes place
that quantum tunneling also takes place
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70-ih i 80-ih je otkriveno da se kvantno
tuneliranje odvija i
tuneliranje odvija i
09:26
inside living cells.
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unutar živih stanica.
09:28
Enzymes, those workhorses of life,
the catalysts of chemical reactions --
the catalysts of chemical reactions --
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Enzimi, ti pogoni života,
katalizatori kemijskih reakcija-
katalizatori kemijskih reakcija-
09:34
enzymes are biomolecules that speed up
chemical reactions in living cells,
chemical reactions in living cells,
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enzimi su biomolekule koje ubrzavaju
kemijske reakcije u živim stanicama,
kemijske reakcije u živim stanicama,
09:38
by many, many orders of magnitude.
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mnogim, mnogim nizovima magnituda.
09:40
And it's always been a mystery
how they do this.
how they do this.
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I oduvijek je misterij kako to čine.
09:43
Well, it was discovered
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Pa, bilo je otkriveno
09:44
that one of the tricks that enzymes
have evolved to make use of,
have evolved to make use of,
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da je jedan od trikova, za koje su enzimi
evoluirali da ih iskoriste,
evoluirali da ih iskoriste,
09:49
is by transferring subatomic particles,
like electrons and indeed protons,
like electrons and indeed protons,
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je premiještanje subatomskih čestica,
kao što su elektroni i protoni
kao što su elektroni i protoni
09:54
from one part of a molecule
to another via quantum tunneling.
to another via quantum tunneling.
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iz jednog dijela molekule u drugi
kvantnim tuneliranjem.
kvantnim tuneliranjem.
10:00
It's efficient, it's fast,
it can disappear --
it can disappear --
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Učinkovito je, brzo je,
može nestati --
može nestati --
10:03
a proton can disappear from one place,
and reappear on the other.
and reappear on the other.
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proton može nestati s jednog mjesta
i pojaviti se na drugom.
i pojaviti se na drugom.
10:06
Enzymes help this take place.
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Enzimi u tome pomažu.
10:08
This is research that's been
carried out back in the 80s,
carried out back in the 80s,
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Ovo je istraživanje provedeno
80-ih godina,
80-ih godina,
10:11
particularly by a group
in Berkeley, Judith Klinman.
in Berkeley, Judith Klinman.
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od strane jedne grupe u Berkeleyju.
Judith Klinman.
Judith Klinman.
10:15
Other groups in the UK
have now also confirmed
have now also confirmed
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Druge grupe u UK-u
su sada također potvrdile
su sada također potvrdile
10:17
that enzymes really do this.
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da enzimi to stvarno čine.
10:21
Research carried out by my group --
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Istraživanje koje je provela moja grupa-
10:23
so as I mentioned,
I'm a nuclear physicist,
I'm a nuclear physicist,
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kako sam spomenuo, ja sam
nuklearni fizičar,
nuklearni fizičar,
10:26
but I've realized I've got these tools
of using quantum mechanics
of using quantum mechanics
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ali sam shvatio da imam alate
za korištenje kvantne mehanike
za korištenje kvantne mehanike
10:29
in atomic nuclei, and so can apply
those tools in other areas as well.
those tools in other areas as well.
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u atomskim jezgrama, te da ih mogu
primijeniti i na druga područja.
primijeniti i na druga područja.
10:35
One question we asked
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Jedno pitanje koje smo postavili je
10:37
is whether quantum tunneling
plays a role in mutations in DNA.
plays a role in mutations in DNA.
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igra li kvatno tuneliranje ulogu
u mutacijama DNA.
u mutacijama DNA.
10:41
Again, this is not a new idea;
it goes all the way back to the early 60s.
it goes all the way back to the early 60s.
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Opet ponavljam, ovo nije nova ideja;
počeci su joj u 60-im godinama.
počeci su joj u 60-im godinama.
10:45
The two strands of DNA,
the double-helix structure,
the double-helix structure,
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Dva ogranka DNA,
struktura dvostruke zavojnice
struktura dvostruke zavojnice
10:48
are held together by rungs;
it's like a twisted ladder.
it's like a twisted ladder.
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je spojena prečkama;
kao zavojite ljestve su.
kao zavojite ljestve su.
10:51
And those rungs of the ladder
are hydrogen bonds --
are hydrogen bonds --
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I te prečke ljestvi su vodikove veze --
10:54
protons, that act as the glue
between the two strands.
between the two strands.
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protoni, koji se ponašaju kao ljepilo
između dvije prečke.
između dvije prečke.
10:58
So if you zoom in, what they're doing
is holding these large molecules --
is holding these large molecules --
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Pa ako povećate, ono što čine je spajanje
tih velikih molekula-
tih velikih molekula-
11:03
nucleotides -- together.
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nukleotida.
11:06
Zoom in a bit more.
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Još malo povećajte.
11:07
So, this a computer simulation.
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Dakle, ovo je računalna simulacija.
11:09
The two white balls
in the middle are protons,
in the middle are protons,
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Dvije bijele kugle u sredini su protoni
11:13
and you can see that
it's a double hydrogen bond.
it's a double hydrogen bond.
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i možete vidjeti dvostruku
vodikovu vezu,
vodikovu vezu,
11:15
One prefers to sit on one side;
the other, on the other side
the other, on the other side
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Jedna preferira pretezati na jednu
stranu,a druga na drugu,
stranu,a druga na drugu,
11:19
of the two strands of the vertical lines
going down, which you can't see.
going down, which you can't see.
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od dviju prečki vertikalnih linija
koje silaze, ne možete ih vidjeti.
koje silaze, ne možete ih vidjeti.
11:24
It can happen that
these two protons can hop over.
these two protons can hop over.
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Može se dogoditi da ta dva protona
preskoče.
preskoče.
11:27
Watch the two white balls.
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Gledajte dvije bijele kugle.
11:29
They can jump over to the other side.
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Mogu skočiti na drugu stranu.
11:32
If the two strands of DNA then separate,
leading to the process of replication,
leading to the process of replication,
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Ako se dvije prečke DNA tada odvoje,
dovodeći do procesa replikacije,
dovodeći do procesa replikacije,
11:37
and the two protons
are in the wrong positions,
are in the wrong positions,
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a dva protona su na krivim mjestima,
11:41
this can lead to a mutation.
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to može dovesti do mutacija.
11:43
This has been known for half a century.
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Ovo je poznato pola stoljeća.
11:45
The question is: How likely
are they to do that,
are they to do that,
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Pitanje je: Koliko je vjerojatno da
će to napraviti
će to napraviti
11:47
and if they do, how do they do it?
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i ako to naprave, kako to naprave?
11:49
Do they jump across,
like the ball going over the wall?
like the ball going over the wall?
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Skoče li preko, kao lopta preko zida?
11:52
Or can they quantum-tunnel across,
even if they don't have enough energy?
even if they don't have enough energy?
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Ili kvantno tuneliraju preko,
čak i ako nemaju dovoljno energije?
čak i ako nemaju dovoljno energije?
11:57
Early indications suggest that
quantum tunneling can play a role here.
quantum tunneling can play a role here.
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Rane indikacije predlažu da
kvantno tuneliranje ima ulogu u ovome.
kvantno tuneliranje ima ulogu u ovome.
12:01
We still don't know yet
how important it is;
how important it is;
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Još uvijek ne znamo koliko je važno;
12:03
this is still an open question.
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to je još otvoreno pitanje.
12:06
It's speculative,
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Špekulativno je,
12:07
but it's one of those questions
that is so important
that is so important
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ali to je jedno od onih pitanja
koje je tako važno
koje je tako važno
12:10
that if quantum mechanics
plays a role in mutations,
plays a role in mutations,
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da, ako kvantna mehanika ima ulogu
u mutacijama,
u mutacijama,
12:12
surely this must have big implications,
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sigurno da to mora imati
snašne implikacije,
snašne implikacije,
12:14
to understand certain types of mutations,
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da se razumiju određene vrste mutacija,
12:17
possibly even those that lead
to turning a cell cancerous.
to turning a cell cancerous.
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čak i one koje vode to pretvaranja
stanice u kancerogenu.
stanice u kancerogenu.
12:22
Another example of quantum mechanics
in biology is quantum coherence,
in biology is quantum coherence,
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Još jedan primjer kvantne mehanike u
biologiji je kvantna koherencija,
biologiji je kvantna koherencija,
12:28
in one of the most
important processes in biology,
important processes in biology,
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u jednom od najvažnijih procesa
u biologiji,
u biologiji,
12:30
photosynthesis: plants
and bacteria taking sunlight,
and bacteria taking sunlight,
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fotosintezi: biljke i bakterije
upijaju sunčevu svjetlost
upijaju sunčevu svjetlost
12:34
and using that energy to create biomass.
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i koriste tu energiju da prozvedu
biomasu.
biomasu.
12:38
Quantum coherence is the idea
of quantum entities multitasking.
of quantum entities multitasking.
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Kvantna koherencija je ideja kvantnih
entiteta koji izvršavaju više zadataka.
entiteta koji izvršavaju više zadataka.
12:42
It's the quantum skier.
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To je kvantni skijaš.
12:44
It's an object that behaves like a wave,
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To je predmet koji se ponaša poput vala,
12:47
so that it doesn't just move
in one direction or the other,
in one direction or the other,
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2902
tako da se ne pomiče samo u jednu
ili drugu stranu,
ili drugu stranu,
12:50
but can follow multiple pathways
at the same time.
at the same time.
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ali može slijediti više puteva
u isto vrijeme.
u isto vrijeme.
12:54
Some years ago,
the world of science was shocked
the world of science was shocked
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Prije nekoliko godina,
svijet znanosti se šokirao
svijet znanosti se šokirao
12:58
when a paper was published
showing experimental evidence
showing experimental evidence
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3584
kada je bila izdana studija
koja je pokazala eksperimentalne dokaze
koja je pokazala eksperimentalne dokaze
13:02
that quantum coherence
takes place inside bacteria,
takes place inside bacteria,
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da se kvatna koherencija odvija
unutar bakterija,
unutar bakterija,
13:06
carrying out photosynthesis.
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da provodi fotosintezu.
13:07
The idea is that the photon,
the particle of light, the sunlight,
the particle of light, the sunlight,
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Ideja je da foton, čestica svjetlosti,
sunčeva svjetolost,
sunčeva svjetolost,
13:10
the quantum of light
captured by a chlorophyll molecule,
captured by a chlorophyll molecule,
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kvant svjetlosti uhvačen u molekulu
klorofila
klorofila
13:14
is then delivered to what's called
the reaction center,
the reaction center,
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bude isporučen u tzv.reakcijski centar,
13:16
where it can be turned into
chemical energy.
chemical energy.
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gdje se može pretvoriti u kemijsku
energiju.
energiju.
13:18
And in getting there,
it doesn't just follow one route;
it doesn't just follow one route;
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I da stigne do tamo ne slijedi samo
jednu rutu;
jednu rutu;
13:21
it follows multiple pathways at once,
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2215
slijedi više puteva istovremeno,
13:23
to optimize the most efficient way
of reaching the reaction center
of reaching the reaction center
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4337
da bi optimizirao najučinkovitiji način
dolaska do reakcijskog centra
dolaska do reakcijskog centra
13:28
without dissipating as waste heat.
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bez da se utroši kao toplina.
13:31
Quantum coherence taking place
inside a living cell.
inside a living cell.
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Kvantna koherencija se odvija unutar
žive stanice.
žive stanice.
13:34
A remarkable idea,
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Izvanredna ideja,
13:36
and yet evidence is growing almost weekly,
with new papers coming out,
with new papers coming out,
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dokazi se pojavljuju na gotovo tjednoj
bazi izlaskom novih studija
bazi izlaskom novih studija
13:42
confirming that this
does indeed take place.
does indeed take place.
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koje potvrđuju da se to doista događa.
13:45
My third and final example
is the most beautiful, wonderful idea.
is the most beautiful, wonderful idea.
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Moj treći i posljednji primjer je
najljepša, predivna ideja.
najljepša, predivna ideja.
13:50
It's also still very speculative,
but I have to share it with you.
but I have to share it with you.
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Isto je dosta špekulativna,
ali moram ju podijeliti s vama.
ali moram ju podijeliti s vama.
13:54
The European robin
migrates from Scandinavia
migrates from Scandinavia
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Europski crvendać migrira
iz Skandinavije
iz Skandinavije
13:59
down to the Mediterranean, every autumn,
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prema Sredozemlju svake jeseni,
14:01
and like a lot of other
marine animals and even insects,
marine animals and even insects,
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te kao mnoge druge morske životinje
i čak kukci,
i čak kukci,
14:05
they navigate by sensing
the Earth's magnetic field.
the Earth's magnetic field.
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orijentiraju se osjećanjem europskog
magnetnog polja.
magnetnog polja.
14:10
Now, the Earth's magnetic field
is very, very weak;
is very, very weak;
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Zemljino magnetsko polje je veoma,
veoma slabo;
veoma slabo;
14:13
it's 100 times weaker
than a fridge magnet,
than a fridge magnet,
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100 puta slabije od magneta
za hladnjak,
za hladnjak,
14:15
and yet it affects the chemistry --
somehow -- within a living organism.
somehow -- within a living organism.
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a ipak ima učinak na kemiju-nekako-
unutar živih organizama.
unutar živih organizama.
14:21
That's not in doubt --
a German couple of ornithologists,
a German couple of ornithologists,
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Tu nema dvojbe -- njemački par ornitologa,
14:25
Wolfgang and Roswitha Wiltschko,
in the 1970s, confirmed that indeed,
in the 1970s, confirmed that indeed,
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Wolfgang i Roswitha Wiltschko, 1970-ih,
su čak potvdili
su čak potvdili
14:30
the robin does find its way by somehow
sensing the Earth's magnetic field,
sensing the Earth's magnetic field,
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da crvendać pronalazi svoj put nekako
osjećajući Zemljino magnetsko polje
osjećajući Zemljino magnetsko polje
14:34
to give it directional information --
a built-in compass.
a built-in compass.
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koje mu daje informaciju smjera --
ugrađeni kompas.
ugrađeni kompas.
14:37
The puzzle, the mystery was:
How does it do it?
How does it do it?
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Zagonetka, misterij je bio:
Kako to čini?
Kako to čini?
14:40
Well, the only theory in town --
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Pa, jedina teorija je --
14:43
we don't know if it's the correct theory,
but the only theory in town --
but the only theory in town --
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3436
ne znamo je li točna teorija,
ali je jedina --
ali je jedina --
14:46
is that it does it via something
called quantum entanglement.
called quantum entanglement.
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da to čini nečim što se zove
kvantna zapreka.
kvantna zapreka.
14:50
Inside the robin's retina --
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U crvendaćevoj mrežnici --
14:52
I kid you not -- inside the robin's retina
is a protein called cryptochrome,
is a protein called cryptochrome,
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ne zezam vas -- u crvendaćevoj mrežnici
se nalazi protein zvan kriptokrom
se nalazi protein zvan kriptokrom
14:57
which is light-sensitive.
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koji je osjetljiv na svjetlo.
14:58
Within cryptochrome, a pair of electrons
are quantum-entangled.
are quantum-entangled.
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U kriptokromu je par elektrona
u kvantnoj zapreci.
u kvantnoj zapreci.
15:02
Now, quantum entanglement
is when two particles are far apart,
is when two particles are far apart,
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Kvantna zapreka je kada su dvije
čestice udaljene,
čestice udaljene,
15:05
and yet somehow remain
in contact with each other.
in contact with each other.
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a ipak nekako ostaju u kontaktu.
15:08
Even Einstein hated this idea;
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I Einstein je mrzio tu ideju;
15:10
he called it "spooky action
at a distance."
at a distance."
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nazvao ju je "jeziva akcija na
udaljenosti".
udaljenosti".
15:12
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
15:14
So if Einstein doesn't like it,
then we can all be uncomfortable with it.
then we can all be uncomfortable with it.
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Dakle, ako se Einsteinu ne sviđa,
onda nam svima može biti neugodna.
onda nam svima može biti neugodna.
15:17
Two quantum-entangled electrons
within a single molecule
within a single molecule
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Dva kvantno zapriječena elektrona
u jednoj jedinoj molekuli
u jednoj jedinoj molekuli
15:20
dance a delicate dance
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908773
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plešu delikatan ples
15:22
that is very sensitive
to the direction the bird flies
to the direction the bird flies
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koji je veoma senzitivan prema
smjeru ptičjeg leta
smjeru ptičjeg leta
15:24
in the Earth's magnetic field.
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u Zemljinom magnetnom polju.
15:26
We don't know if it's
the correct explanation,
the correct explanation,
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Ne znamo je li to točno
objašnjenje,
objašnjenje,
15:29
but wow, wouldn't it be exciting
if quantum mechanics helps birds navigate?
if quantum mechanics helps birds navigate?
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ali wow, ne bi li bilo uzbudljivo kad bu
kvantna mehanika pomagala pticama u
kvantna mehanika pomagala pticama u
orijentaciji?
15:35
Quantum biology is still in it infancy.
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Kvantna biologija je još u povojima.
15:37
It's still speculative.
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Još je špekulativna.
15:41
But I believe it's built on solid science.
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Ali ja vjerujem da je izgrađena na
čvrstoj znanosti.
čvrstoj znanosti.
15:45
I also think that
in the coming decade or so,
in the coming decade or so,
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Također mislim da ćemo u nadolazećem
desetljeću ili slično,
desetljeću ili slično,
15:49
we're going to start to see
that actually, it pervades life --
that actually, it pervades life --
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početi shvaćati da ona zapravo
prodire u život --
prodire u život --
15:54
that life has evolved tricks
that utilize the quantum world.
that utilize the quantum world.
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da je ovaj život razvio trikove
da koristi kvantni svijet.
da koristi kvantni svijet.
16:00
Watch this space.
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Pogledajte ovaj svemir.
16:01
Thank you.
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Hvala.
16:02
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jim Al-Khalili - Quantum physicistPhysicist Jim Al-Khalili and co-author Johnjoe McFadden, a biologist, explore the far edges of quantum biology in their book "Life on the Edge."
Why you should listen
A professor of physics at the University of Surrey, Jim Al-Khalili doubles as a science communicator and broadcaster. He’s the co-author with Johnjoe McFadden of Life on the Edge: The Coming of Age of Quantum Biology. The book explores this emerging -- and still largely speculative -- area of science suggesting that quantum mechanics may play a role in biology. If so, it may help us understand what drives genetic mutations that lead to cancer, or how robins fly from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean.
More profile about the speakerJim Al-Khalili | Speaker | TED.com