TED2008
Wade Davis: The worldwide web of belief and ritual
Wade Davis o globalnoj mreži vjerovanja i rituala
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Antropolog Wade Davis razmišlja o globalnoj mreži vjerovanja i rituala koja nas čini ljudima. Dijeli veličanstvene slike i priče Starije braće, grupe indijanaca iz Sierra Nevade čiji duhovni običaji održavaju svijet u ravnoteži.
Wade Davis - Anthropologist, ethnobotanist
A National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence, Wade Davis has been described as “a rare combination of scientist, scholar, poet and passionate defender of all of life’s diversity.” Full bio
A National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence, Wade Davis has been described as “a rare combination of scientist, scholar, poet and passionate defender of all of life’s diversity.” Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
You know, culture was born of the imagination,
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Znate, kultura je rođena iz mašte,
00:16
and the imagination -- the imagination as we know it --
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a mašta -- mašta kakvu znamo,
00:19
came into being when our species descended
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nastala je nakon što se naša vrsta izdignula
00:22
from our progenitor, Homo erectus,
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iz praoca homo erectusa
00:25
and, infused with consciousness, began a journey that would carry it
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i, poboljšana sviješću, započela putovanje koje će je odvesti
00:28
to every corner of the habitable world.
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u sve kutke naseljivog svijeta.
00:31
For a time, we shared the stage with our distant cousins, Neanderthal,
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Neko vrijeme dijelili smo pozornicu s dalekim rođakom neandertalcem
00:34
who clearly had some spark of awareness,
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koji je sasvim izvjesno imao neku iskru svijesti,
00:36
but -- whether it was the increase in the size of the brain,
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ali, bilo zbog porasta veličine mozga
00:39
or the development of language,
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ili razvoja jezika
00:41
or some other evolutionary catalyst --
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ili pak nekog drugog evolucijskog katalizatora,
00:43
we quickly left Neanderthal gasping for survival.
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ubrzo smo neandertalca ostavili da se bori za opstanak.
00:47
By the time the last Neanderthal disappeared in Europe,
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U vrijeme kad je zadnji neandertalac nestao iz Europe,
00:50
27,000 years ago,
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prije 27.000 godina,
00:52
our direct ancestors had already,
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naši su direktni preci već
00:54
and for 5,000 years,
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5.000 godina
00:56
been crawling into the belly of the earth,
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puzali u utrobi zemlje,
00:58
where in the light of the flickers of tallow candles,
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gdje su pod treperavom svjetlošću svijeća od loja
01:01
they had brought into being
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stvarali
01:03
the great art of the Upper Paleolithic.
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veliku umjetnost kasnog paleolitika.
01:05
And I spent two months in the caves of southwest France
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Ja sam proveo dva mjeseca u pećinama jugozapadne Francuske
01:08
with the poet Clayton Eshleman, who wrote a beautiful book called "Juniper Fuse."
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s pjesnikom Claytonom Eshlemanom koji je napisao prekrasnu knjigu nazvanu „Juniper Fuse“.
01:11
And you could look at this art and you could, of course,
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Gledajući tu umjetnost,
01:13
see the complex social organization
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mogla se vidjeti kompleksna socijalna organizacija
01:15
of the people who brought it into being.
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ljudi koji su je stvarali.
01:17
But more importantly, it spoke of a deeper yearning,
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Još važnije od toga, ona govori o dubljoj čežnji,
01:20
something far more sophisticated than hunting magic.
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nečemu puno profinjenijem od puke lovačke magije.
01:23
And the way Clayton put it was this way.
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Clayton o tome govori ovako:
01:25
He said, "You know, clearly at some point,
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„Znate, u jednom smo trenutku
01:29
we were all of an animal nature, and at some point, we weren't."
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zasigurno svi imali životinjsku prirodu, a u drugom više nismo“.
01:31
And he viewed proto-shamanism as a kind of original attempt,
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On gleda na proto-šamanizam kao na originalan pokušaj da se,
01:33
through ritual, to rekindle a connection
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preko rituala, ponovno zapali veza
01:36
that had been irrevocably lost.
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koja je bila neopozivo prekinuta.
01:38
So, he saw this art not as
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On u toj umjetnosti nije vidio
01:41
hunting magic, but as postcards of nostalgia.
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magiju, već nostalgične razglednice.
01:45
And viewed in that light,
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Gledana tako,
01:47
it takes on a whole other resonance.
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ta umjetnost sasvim drugačije rezonira.
01:49
And the most amazing thing about the Upper Paleolithic art
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Najzapanjujuća stvar o umjetnosti kasnog paleolitika
01:51
is that as an aesthetic expression,
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je ta da je ona kao estetski izraz
01:54
it lasted for almost 20,000 years.
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trajala gotovo 20.000 godina.
01:57
If these were postcards of nostalgia,
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Ako su to nostalgične razglednice,
02:00
ours was a very long farewell indeed.
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naše je „zbogom“ zaista bilo dugotrajno.
02:03
And it was also the beginning of our discontent,
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A bilo je i početak našeg nezadovoljstva
02:05
because if you wanted to distill all of our experience
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jer, ako poželimo raščlaniti sva naša iskustva
02:07
since the Paleolithic, it would come down to two words:
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od paleolitika, sve se svodi na dvije riječi:
02:10
how and why.
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„kako“ i „zašto“.
02:12
And these are the slivers of insight upon which cultures have been forged.
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To su luči pronicljivosti na kojima su iskovane kulture.
02:15
Now, all people share the same
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Sada svi ljudi dijele iste,
02:17
raw, adaptive imperatives.
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sirove, prilagodljive imperative.
02:19
We all have children.
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Svi imamo djecu;
02:21
We all have to deal with the mystery of death,
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svi se moramo suočiti sa zagonetkom smrti,
02:23
the world that waits beyond death,
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svijetom koji nas čeka nakon smrti,
02:25
the elders who fall away into their elderly years.
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starim ljudima koji zalaze u svoje staračke godine.
02:28
All of this is part of our common experience,
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Sve je to dio našeg zajedničkog iskustva
02:30
and this shouldn't surprise us, because, after all,
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i to nas ne bi trebalo iznenađivati
02:32
biologists have finally proven it to be true,
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jer su biolozi napokon dokazali da je istina
02:34
something that philosophers have always dreamt to be true.
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nešto što su filozofi oduvijek držali kao istinito,
02:37
And that is the fact that we are all brothers and sisters.
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a to je činjenica da smo svi braća i sestre.
02:39
We are all cut from the same genetic cloth.
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Svi smo istkani od iste genetičke tkanine.
02:42
All of humanity, probably, is descended from a thousand people
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Cijelo je čovječanstvo, najvjerojatnije, poteklo od tisuću ljudi
02:45
who left Africa roughly 70,000 years ago.
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koji su prije otprilike 70.000 godina napustili Afriku.
02:48
But the corollary of that is that,
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Nužna posljedica toga
02:50
if we all are brothers and sisters
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da smo svi braća i sestre
02:52
and share the same genetic material,
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te dijelimo isti genetički materijal
02:54
all human populations share the same raw human genius,
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je ta da cijela ljudska populacija dijeli istu, sirovu ljudsku genijalnost,
02:56
the same intellectual acuity.
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istu intelektualnu oštrinu.
02:58
And so whether that genius is placed
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Je li taj genij upotrijebljen
03:00
into -- technological wizardry
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za tehnološke novine
03:02
has been the great achievement of the West --
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koje su veliko dostignuće zapadnog svijeta
03:05
or by contrast, into unraveling the complex threads
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ili, pak, utkan u kompleksne niti
03:08
of memory inherent in a myth,
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sjećanja naslijeđenog u mitu,
03:10
is simply a matter of choice and cultural orientation.
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jednostavno je stvar izbora i kulturne orijentacije.
03:12
There is no progression of affairs
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U ljudskom iskustvu
03:14
in human experience.
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ne postoji razvijanje,
03:16
There is no trajectory of progress. There's no pyramid
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ne postoji krivulja napretka, ne postoji piramida
03:18
that conveniently places Victorian England at the apex
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koja smješta viktorijansku Englesku na vrh
03:21
and descends down the flanks
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te se spušta prema
03:23
to the so-called primitives of the world.
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takozvanim primitivcima svijeta.
03:25
All peoples are simply cultural options,
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Svi su narodi samo kulturološke opcije,
03:28
different visions of life itself.
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različite vizije života kao takvog.
03:30
But what do I mean by different visions of life
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Ali što mislim kada kažem da različite vizije života
03:32
making for completely different
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tvore posve različite
03:34
possibilities for existence?
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mogućnosti za opstanak?
03:36
Well, let's slip for a moment into the greatest culture sphere
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Pa hajdemo na trenutak svratiti u najveću kulturnu površinu
03:38
ever brought into being by the imagination,
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ikad dovedenu u postojanje pomoću mašte --
03:41
that of Polynesia.
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Polineziju,
03:43
10,000 square kilometers,
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deset tisuća kvadratnih kilometara,
03:45
tens of thousands of islands flung like jewels upon the southern sea.
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desetak tisuća otoka razbacanih poput dragulja po južnom moru.
03:48
I recently sailed on the Hokulea,
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Nedavno sam jedrio na Hokuleji,
03:50
named after the sacred star of Hawaii,
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nazvanoj prema svetoj zvijezdi Havaja,
03:53
throughout the South Pacific to make a film
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diljem južnog Pacifika kako bih napravio film
03:55
about the navigators.
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o navigatorima.
03:57
These are men and women who, even today, can name
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To su muškarci i žene koji, čak i u današnje vrijeme, mogu imenovati
03:59
250 stars in the night sky.
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250 zvijezda na noćnom nebu.
04:01
These are men and women who can sense the presence of distant atolls
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To su muškarci i žene koji mogu osjetiti prisutnost udaljenih atola
04:04
of islands beyond the visible horizon,
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izvan vidokruga
04:07
simply by watching the reverberation of waves
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jednostavno promatrajući odražavanje valova
04:09
across the hull of their vessel, knowing full well
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o korito njihovog plovila, znajući veoma dobro
04:11
that every island group in the Pacific
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da svaka grupa otoka na Pacifiku
04:13
has its unique refractive pattern
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ima jedinstveni, refraktivni obrazac
04:15
that can be read with the same perspicacity
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koji se može prepoznati s istom pronicljivošću
04:18
with which a forensic scientist would read a fingerprint.
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s kojom forenzičari uočavaju otisak prsta.
04:21
These are sailors who in the darkness, in the hull of the vessel,
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To su mornari koji u tami u koritu broda
04:23
can distinguish as many as 32 different sea swells
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mogu razlikovati do 32 različite vrste bibavica
04:26
moving through the canoe at any one point in time,
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koje se kreću uzduž kanua u bilo kojem trenutku,
04:29
distinguishing local wave disturbances
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razlikujući lokalne valne smetnje
04:31
from the great currents that pulsate across the ocean,
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od velikih struja koje pulsiraju diljem oceana
04:34
that can be followed with the same ease
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i koje se mogu pratiti s istom lakoćom
04:36
that a terrestrial explorer would follow a river to the sea.
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s kojom bi istraživač na kopnu slijedio rijeku do mora.
04:39
Indeed, if you took all of the genius
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Zaista, kada biste uzeli istu genijalnost
04:41
that allowed us to put a man on the moon
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koja nam je omogućila slanje čovjeka na Mjesec
04:43
and applied it to an understanding of the ocean,
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i primijenili ju na razumijevanje oceana,
04:45
what you would get is Polynesia.
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ono što biste dobili jest Polinezija.
04:47
And if we slip from the realm of the sea
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Ako prijeđemo s područja mora
04:49
into the realm of the spirit of the imagination,
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u područje duha mašte,
04:52
you enter the realm of Tibetan Buddhism.
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ući ćemo u područje tibetanskog budizma.
04:54
And I recently made a film called "The Buddhist Science of the Mind."
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Nedavno sam napravio film nazvan „Budistička znanost o umu“.
04:57
Why did we use that word, science?
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Zašto smo koristili tu riječ, „znanost“?
05:00
What is science but the empirical pursuit of the truth?
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Što je znanost ako ne duhovna potraga za istinom?
05:02
What is Buddhism but 2,500 years
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Što je budizam ako ne 2.500 godina
05:04
of empirical observation
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duhovnog promatranja
05:06
as to the nature of mind?
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prirode uma?
05:08
I travelled for a month in Nepal with our good friend, Matthieu Ricard,
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Mjesec sam dana putovao Nepalom s dragim prijateljem Matthieom Ricardom,
05:11
and you'll remember Matthieu famously said to all of us
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i sjetit ćete se kako je on svima nama
05:13
here once at TED,
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na TED konferenciji
05:15
"Western science is a major response to minor needs."
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jedanput slavno rekao: „Zapadnjačka je znanost veliki odgovor na male potrebe“.
05:18
We spend all of our lifetime trying to live to be 100
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Mi provedemo cijeli životni vijek nastojeći doživjeti stotu
05:20
without losing our teeth.
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bez izgubljenih zubi.
05:22
The Buddhist spends all their lifetime trying to understand the nature of existence.
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Budisti svoj životni vijek provode pokušavajući odgonetnuti prirodu postojanja.
05:25
Our billboards celebrate naked children in underwear.
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Naši reklamni paneli slave golu djecu u donjem rublju.
05:27
Their billboards are manuals,
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Njihovi su reklamni paneli priručnici,
05:29
prayers to the well-being of all sentient creatures.
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molitve za dobrobit svih osjetnih bića.
05:32
And with the blessing of Trulshik Rinpoche, we began a pilgrimage
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S blagoslovom Trulshika Rinpochea započeli smo svoje hodočašće
05:34
to a curious destination,
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čudesnom odredištu
05:36
accompanied by a great doctor.
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u pratnji dobrog liječnika.
05:38
And the destination was a single room in a nunnery,
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Odredište je bila jedna soba u ženskom samostanu
05:41
where a woman had gone into lifelong retreat
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gdje se jedna žena povukla u cjeloživotno utočište
05:43
55 years before.
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prije 55 godina.
05:46
And en route, we took darshan from Rinpoche,
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Na putu smo uzeli „darshan“ od Rinpochea
05:49
and he sat with us and told us about the Four Noble Truths,
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i on je sjeo s nama i pričao nam o četiri plemenite istine,
05:52
the essence of the Buddhist path.
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o srži budističkog puta.
05:54
All life is suffering. That doesn't mean all life is negative.
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Sav je život patnja. To ne znači da je sav život negativan.
05:57
It means things happen.
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To znači da se stvari događaju.
05:59
The cause of suffering is ignorance.
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Uzrok je patnje neznanje.
06:01
By that, the Buddha did not mean stupidity;
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Pod tim Buda nije mislio na glupavost,
06:03
he meant clinging to the illusion
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mislio je na prianjanje uz iluziju
06:05
that life is static and predictable.
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da je život statičan i predvidljiv.
06:07
The third noble truth said that ignorance can be overcome.
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Treća je plemenita istina da se neznanje može nadići.
06:09
And the fourth and most important, of course,
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I četvrta je i najvažnija, naravno,
06:11
was the delineation of a contemplative practice
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prepoznavanje kontemplativne prakse
06:13
that not only had the possibility
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koja ne samo da ima mogućnost
06:15
of a transformation of the human heart,
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promjene ljudskog srca
06:17
but had 2,500 years of empirical evidence
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već ima i 2.500 godina razumnih dokaza
06:20
that such a transformation was a certainty.
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da je ta promjena sigurnost.
06:23
And so, when this door opened onto the face of a woman
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I kada su se ta vrata otvorila i otkrila lice žene
06:25
who had not been out of that room in 55 years,
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koja 55 godina nije izašla iz te prostorije,
06:28
you did not see a mad woman.
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niste vidjeli ludu ženu.
06:30
You saw a woman who was more clear
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Vidjeli ste ženu koja je bila bistrija
06:32
than a pool of water in a mountain stream.
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od vode u planinskom potoku.
06:35
And of course, this is what the Tibetan monks told us.
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I, naravno, to je ono što su nam tibetanski monasi rekli.
06:39
They said, at one point, you know, we don't really believe
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Rekli su u jednom trenutku: „Znate, mi možemo ne vjerovati
06:42
you went to the moon, but you did.
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da ste vi otišli na Mjesec, ali jeste.
06:44
You may not believe that we achieve enlightenment
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Vi možete ne vjerovati da mi doživimo prosvjetljenje
06:46
in one lifetime, but we do.
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u jednom životu, ali doživimo“.
06:49
And if we move from the realm of the spirit
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A, ako odemo iz područja duhovnog
06:51
to the realm of the physical,
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u područje fizičkog,
06:53
to the sacred geography of Peru --
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u svetu geografiju Perua.
06:55
I've always been interested in the relationships of indigenous people
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Oduvijek sam bio zainteresiran za vezu domorodačkih naroda
06:58
that literally believe that the Earth is alive,
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koji doslovno vjeruju da je zemlja živa,
07:00
responsive to all of their aspirations,
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da odgovara na sve njihove težnje,
07:02
all of their needs.
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sve njihove potrebe.
07:04
And, of course, the human population
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Naravno, ljudska populacija
07:06
has its own reciprocal obligations.
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ima svoje recipročne obaveze.
07:08
I spent 30 years living amongst
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Proveo sam 30 godina živeći među
07:10
the people of Chinchero
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ljudima Chincherra
07:12
and I always heard about an event that I always wanted to participate in.
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i slušao sam o događaju u kojem sam uvijek želio sudjelovati.
07:15
Once each year, the fastest young boy
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Jedanput je godišnje u svakom zaselku
07:18
in each hamlet is given the honor of becoming a woman.
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najbržem malom dječaku dana čast da postane ženom.
07:21
And for one day, he wears the clothing of his sister
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I na jedan dan on nosi odjeću svojih sestara
07:23
and he becomes a transvestite,
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i postane transvestit,
07:25
a waylaka. And for that day,
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„waylaka“. Na taj dan
07:27
he leads all able-bodied men on a run,
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on vodi sve dovoljno snažne muškarce u utrku,
07:30
but it's not your ordinary run.
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ali to nije obična utrka.
07:32
You start off at 11,500 feet.
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Počinje na visini od 3.505 metara.
07:35
You run down to the base of the sacred mountain, Antakillqa.
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Trči se do podnožja svete planine Antkilka*.
07:37
You run up to 15,000 feet,
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Trči se gore 4.572 metra ,
07:39
descend 3,000 feet.
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spusti se 914 metara
07:41
Climb again over the course of 24 hours.
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i opet penje u roku od 24 sata.
07:44
And of course, the waylakama spin,
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Naravno, Waylakamaspin*,
07:46
the trajectory of the route,
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putanja rute,
07:48
is marked by holy mounds of Earth,
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obilježena je svetim brežuljcima Zemlje,
07:50
where coke is given to the Earth, libations of alcohol to the wind,
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gdje se zemlji daruje koka, alkohol prolijeva u vjetar
07:53
the vortex of the feminine is brought to the mountaintop.
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i vrtlog ženskog spola doveden je na vrh planine.
07:56
And the metaphor is clear: you go into the mountain as an individual,
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Metafora je jasna: odlaziš na planinu kao individualac,
07:59
but through exhaustion, through sacrifice,
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ali kroz iscrpljenost, kroz žrtvu,
08:02
you emerge as a community that has once again
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izranjaš kao zajednica koja je još jednom
08:04
reaffirmed its sense of place in the planet.
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potvrdila svoje mjesto na planetu.
08:07
And at 48, I was the only outsider ever to go through this,
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U dobi od 48, ja sam bio jedini stranac koji je kroz to prošao,
08:10
only one to finish it.
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jedini koji je to završio.
08:12
I only managed to do it by chewing more coca leaves in one day
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I uspio sam jedino zato što sam sažvakao više listova koke u jednom danu
08:15
than anyone in the 4,000-year history of the plant.
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nego itko u 4.000 godina dugoj povijesti biljke.
08:19
But these localized rituals become pan-Andean,
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Ti su lokalni običaji postali karakterističnim za cijele Ande
08:21
and these fantastic festivals,
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i ti su fantastični festivali,
08:23
like that of the Qoyllur Rit'i, which occurs
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poput Qoyllur Rit'i-a koji se događa
08:25
when the Pleiades reappear in the winter sky.
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kada se Plejade ponovno pojave na zimskom nebu,
08:28
It's kind of like an Andean Woodstock:
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poput Andskog Woodstocka:
08:30
60,000 Indians on pilgrimage
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60.000 Indijanaca na hodočašću
08:32
to the end of a dirt road
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prema kraju prašnjavog puta
08:34
that leads to the sacred valley, called the Sinakara,
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koji vodi do svete doline zvane Sinakara,
08:36
which is dominated by three tongues
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kojom dominiraju tri jezička
08:38
of the great glacier.
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velikog ledenjaka.
08:40
The metaphor is so clear. You bring the crosses from your community,
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Metafora je veoma jasna: donesu se križevi iz zajednice
08:43
in this wonderful fusion of Christian
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u prekrasnu mješavinu kršćanstva
08:45
and pre-Columbian ideas.
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i pred-kolumbovske ideje.
08:47
You place the cross into the ice,
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Križ se postavi u led
08:49
in the shadow of Ausangate, the most sacred of all Apus,
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u sjenu Ausangate, najsvetije od svih Apusa,
08:52
or sacred mountains of the Inca.
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svetih planina Inka,
08:54
And then you do the ritual dances that empower the crosses.
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i tada se plešu ritualni plesovi koji osnažuju križeve.
08:57
Now, these ideas and these events
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Te ideje i ti događaji
08:59
allow us even to deconstruct iconic places
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dopuštaju nam da ponovno izgradimo kultna mjesta
09:02
that many of you have been to, like Machu Picchu.
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koja su mnogi od vas posjetili, poput Machu Picchua.
09:04
Machu Picchu was never a lost city.
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Machu Picchu nikad nije bio izgubljen grad.
09:06
On the contrary, it was completely linked in
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Baš suprotno, on je bio potpuno povezan
09:08
to the 14,000 kilometers of royal roads
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pomoću 14.000 km kraljevskih cesta
09:11
the Inca made in less than a century.
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koje su Inke napravile u manje od sto godina.
09:13
But more importantly, it was linked in
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Još važnije, bio je povezan
09:15
to the Andean notions of sacred geography.
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s andskom idejom o svetoj geografiji.
09:18
The intiwatana, the hitching post to the sun,
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Intiwatana, „mjesto za sunce“,
09:21
is actually an obelisk that constantly reflects the light
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zapravo je obelisk koji neprestano reflektira svjetlo
09:24
that falls on the sacred Apu of Machu Picchu,
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koje pada na sveti Apu Machu Picchua,
09:27
which is Sugarloaf Mountain, called Huayna Picchu.
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Šećernu glavu nazvanu Huayna Picchu.
09:30
If you come to the south of the intiwatana, you find an altar.
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Ako dođete na jug Intiwatane, naći ćete oltar.
09:33
Climb Huayna Picchu, find another altar.
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Popnite se na Huayna Picchu, naći ćete još jedan oltar.
09:35
Take a direct north-south bearing,
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Idite izravnim sjever-jug pravcem
09:37
you find to your astonishment
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i na svoje zaprepaštenje
09:39
that it bisects the intiwatana stone,
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vidjet ćete da on dijeli Intiwatana kamen
09:41
goes to the skyline,
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na pola, odlazi prema horizontu,
09:43
hits the heart of Salcantay, the second of the most important mountains
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udara posred Scalantaye, druge najvažnije planine
09:46
of the Incan empire.
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carstva Inka,
09:48
And then beyond Salcantay, of course,
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i tada iznad Salcantaya, naravno,
09:50
when the southern cross reaches the southernmost point in the sky,
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kada južni križ dostigne najjužniju točku na nebu,
09:53
directly in that same alignment, the Milky Way overhead.
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točno u tom pravcu, Mliječna staza nad glavom.
09:56
But what is enveloping Machu Picchu from below?
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A što obuhvaća Machu Picchu odozdola:
09:59
The sacred river, the Urubamba, or the Vilcanota,
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sveta rijeka Urubamba ili Vilcanota,
10:02
which is itself the Earthly equivalent of the Milky Way,
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koja je sama po sebi zemaljski odgovarajući parnjak Mliječne staze,
10:05
but it's also the trajectory that Viracocha walked
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ali je i putanja kojom je Viracocha kročio
10:08
at the dawn of time when he brought the universe into being.
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u zoru vremena kada je stvorio svemir.
10:11
And where does the river rise?
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A gdje se rijeka uzdiže?
10:13
Right on the slopes of the Koariti.
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Upravo na padinama Koiaritia*.
10:17
So, 500 years after Columbus,
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Dakle, 500 godina nakon Kolumba,
10:19
these ancient rhythms of landscape
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ti drevni ritmovi pejzaža
10:22
are played out in ritual.
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odigravaju se po običaju.
10:24
Now, when I was here at the first TED,
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Kada sam bio ovdje na prvoj TED-konferenciji,
10:26
I showed this photograph: two men of the Elder Brothers,
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pokazao sam ovu fotografiju: dva muškarca, pripadnici Starije braće,
10:29
the descendants, survivors of El Dorado.
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potomci, svjedoci Eldorada.
10:32
These, of course, are the descendants
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To su, naravno, potomci
10:35
of the ancient Tairona civilization.
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drevne Tairona civilizacije.
10:38
If those of you who are here remember that I mentioned
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Neki se od vas možda sjećaju da sam spomenuo
10:40
that they remain ruled by a ritual priesthood,
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da kod njih i dalje vlada ritualno svećenstvo,
10:43
but the training for the priesthood is extraordinary.
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ali obuka je za svećenstvo nevjerojatna.
10:45
Taken from their families, sequestered in a shadowy world of darkness
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Odvojeni od obitelji, osamljeni u sjenovitom svijetu tame
10:48
for 18 years -- two nine-year periods deliberately chosen
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18 godina, dva perioda od devet godina namjerno izabrana
10:51
to evoke the nine months they spend in the natural mother's womb.
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da prizovu devet mjeseci koje su proveli u utrobi svoje biološke majke.
10:54
All that time, the world only exists as an abstraction,
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Svo to vrijeme svijet postoji samo kao apstrakcija,
10:58
as they are taught the values of their society.
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dok bivaju učeni o vrijednostima svog društva.
11:00
Values that maintain the proposition that their prayers,
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Vrijednostima, koje pretpostavljaju da njihove molitve,
11:03
and their prayers alone, maintain the cosmic balance.
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i to isključivo njihove molitve, održavaju kozmičku ravnotežu.
11:06
Now, the measure of a society is not only what it does,
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Mjerilo nekog društva nije samo ono što društvo čini,
11:09
but the quality of its aspirations.
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već i kvaliteta njegovih težnji.
11:11
And I always wanted to go back into these mountains,
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I uvijek sam se želio vratiti u te planine
11:13
to see if this could possibly be true,
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da vidim može li to ikako biti istina,
11:16
as indeed had been reported by the great anthropologist,
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kao što je izvijestio veliki antropolog
11:19
Reichel-Dolmatoff.
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Reichel-Dolmatoff.
11:21
So, literally two weeks ago,
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I tako, doslovno prije dva tjedna,
11:23
I returned from having spent six weeks with the Elder Brothers
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vratio sam se nakon što sam šest tjedana proveo sa Starijom braćom
11:26
on what was clearly the most
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na najnevjerojatnijem
11:28
extraordinary trip of my life.
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putovanju mog života.
11:30
These really are a people who live and breathe
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To su zaista ljudi koji žive i dišu
11:33
the realm of the sacred,
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u carstvu svete,
11:35
a baroque religiosity that is simply awesome.
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kompleksne religioznosti koja je jednostavno fantastična.
11:37
They consume more coca leaves than any human population,
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Oni konzumiraju više listova koke nego bilo tko drugi:
11:40
half a pound per man, per day.
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oko 22 dkg po čovjeku i danu.
11:42
The gourd you see here is --
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Tikva koju vidite ovdje
11:45
everything in their lives is symbolic.
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sve je u njihovim životima simbolično.
11:48
Their central metaphor is a loom.
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Njihova je centralna metafora razboj.
11:50
They say, "Upon this loom, I weave my life."
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Kažu da na tom razboju tkam svoj život.
11:52
They refer to the movements as they exploit the ecological niches of the gradient
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Odnose se na pokrete dok iskorištavaju ekološke niše nagiba
11:55
as "threads."
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kao „niti“.
11:57
When they pray for the dead, they make these gestures with their hands,
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Kada se mole za mrtve, oni rade te pokrete svojim rukama,
12:00
spinning their thoughts into the heavens.
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šaljući svoje misli u nebesa.
12:03
You can see the calcium buildup on the head of the poporo gourd.
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Možete vidjeti naslage kalcija na Poporo-tikvi.
12:06
The gourd is a feminine aspect; the stick is a male.
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Tikva je ženski aspekt, a držak muški.
12:09
You put the stick in the powder
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Držak se umoči u prašak
12:11
to take the sacred ashes -- well, they're not ashes,
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kako bi se uzeo sveti pepeo. Zapravo, nije to pepeo,
12:14
they're burnt limestone --
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već spaljen vapnenac,
12:15
to empower the coca leaf, to change
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kako bi osnažio list koke
12:17
the pH of the mouth to facilitate the absorption
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i promijenio Ph-vrijednost usta, kako bi se olakšalo upijanje
12:19
of cocaine hydrochloride.
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kokain hidroklorida.
12:21
But if you break a gourd, you cannot simply throw it away,
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Ako se slomi tikvu, ne može ju se jednostavno baciti
12:24
because every stroke of that stick
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jer svaki udarac tog drška,
12:26
that has built up that calcium,
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koji je stvorio taj kalcij,
12:28
the measure of a man's life,
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mjeru čovjekova života,
12:30
has a thought behind it.
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ima misao iza sebe.
12:33
Fields are planted in such an extraordinary way,
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Polja su posađena na tako nevjerojatan način
12:35
that the one side of the field
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da je jedna strana
12:37
is planted like that by the women.
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posađena od strane žena.
12:39
The other side is planted like that by the men. Metaphorically,
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Druga strana posađena je tako od strane muškaraca. Metaforički,
12:42
you turn it on the side, and you have a piece of cloth.
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ako je okrenete na stranu, dobijete komad tkanine.
12:45
And they are the descendants of the ancient Tairona civilization,
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I oni su potomci drevne Tairona civilizacije,
12:48
the greatest goldsmiths of South America,
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najboljih zlatara Južne Amerike,
12:49
who in the wake of the conquest,
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koji su se pred osvajanjem
12:51
retreated into this isolated volcanic massif
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povukli u taj izolirani vulkanski masiv
12:54
that soars to 20,000 feet
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koji se uzdiže do 6.096 m
12:56
above the Caribbean coastal plain.
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iznad karipske obalne ravnice.
12:58
There are four societies:
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Postoje četiri društva:
13:00
the Kogi, the Wiwa, the Kankwano and the Arhuacos.
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Kogi, Wiwa, Kankuamo i Arhuacos.
13:03
I traveled with the Arhuacos,
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Putovao sam s Arhuacosima
13:05
and the wonderful thing about this story
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i predivna je stvar o toj priči
13:07
was that this man, Danilo Villafane --
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da ovaj čovjek, Danilo Viathanya*,
13:10
if we just jump back here for a second.
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ako samo skočimo ovdje na trenutak.
13:13
When I first met Danilo, in the Colombian embassy in Washington,
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Kada sam prvi put upoznao Danila, u Kolumbijskom veleposlanstvu u Washingtonu,
13:16
I couldn't help but say, "You know,
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nisam mogao, a da ne kažem: “Znaš,
13:18
you look a lot like an old friend of mine."
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izgledaš kao jedan moj stari prijatelj“.
13:20
Well, it turns out he was the son of my friend, Adalberto,
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Ispalo je da je on sin mog prijatelja Aroberta
13:23
from 1974, who had been killed by the FARC.
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iz 1974. kojeg je ubila kolumbijska vojska
13:26
And I said, "Danilo, you won't remember this,
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i rekao sam: Danilo, nećeš se sjećati ovoga,
13:29
but when you were an infant, I carried you on my back,
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ali kada si bio dojenče, nosio sam te na svojim leđima
13:31
up and down the mountains."
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gore i dolje po planinama.
13:33
And because of that, Danilo invited us
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I zbog toga nas je Danilo pozvao
13:35
to go to the very heart of the world,
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da pođemo u samo srce svijeta,
13:37
a place where no journalist had ever been permitted.
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mjesto na koje nijednom novinaru nije bilo dopušteno doći:
13:39
Not simply to the flanks of the mountains,
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ne samo do obronaka planina
13:41
but to the very iced peaks which are the destiny of the pilgrims.
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već i na same ledene vrhove koji su sudbina hodočasnika.
13:44
And this man sitting cross-legged
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A ovaj je čovjek koji sjedi prekriženih nogu
13:46
is now a grown-up Eugenio,
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sada odrasli Yuhenio*,
13:48
a man who I've known since 1974.
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čovjek kojeg poznajem od 1974.
13:51
And this is one of those initiates.
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A ovo je jedan od tih početnika.
13:53
No, it's not true that they're kept in the darkness for 18 years,
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Ne, nije istina da su oni u tami 18 godina,
13:56
but they are kept within the confines
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oni su unutar granica
13:58
of the ceremonial men's circle
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ceremonijalnog kruga muškaraca
14:00
for 18 years.
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18 godina.
14:02
This little boy will never step outside
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Taj dječak nikada neće izaći izvan
14:04
of the sacred fields
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svetih polja
14:06
that surround the men's hut for all that time,
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koja okružuju kolibu muškaraca;
14:09
until he begins his journey of initiation.
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ne dok ne započne svoj put inicijacije.
14:12
For that entire time, the world only exists as an abstraction,
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Cijelo je to vrijeme svijet apstraktan
14:15
as he is taught the values of society,
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i on biva poučen vrijednostima društva
14:17
including this notion that their prayers alone
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i onoj ideji da isključivo njihove molitve
14:19
maintain the cosmic balance.
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održavaju kozmičku ravnotežu.
14:22
Before we could begin our journey,
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Prije nego što smo mogli započeti naše putovanje,
14:24
we had to be cleansed at the portal of the Earth.
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morali smo biti očišćeni na vratima zemlje.
14:26
And it was extraordinary to be taken by a priest.
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I bilo je izvanredno kada te svećenik uzme
14:28
And you see that the priest never wears shoes because holy feet --
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i vidiš da on nikad ne nosi cipele zbog svetih stopala
14:31
there must be nothing between the feet
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jer ništa ne smije biti između stopala
14:33
and the Earth for a mamo.
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i zemlje za Mamoa.
14:36
And this is actually the place where the Great Mother
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I to je zapravo mjesto gdje je velika majka
14:38
sent the spindle into the world
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poslala vreteno u svijet,
14:40
that elevated the mountains and created the homeland
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vreteno koje je izdiglo planine i stvorilo zavičaj
14:42
that they call the heart of the world.
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koji oni zovu srcem zemlje.
14:44
We traveled high into the paramo,
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Putovali smo u Potomo
14:46
and as we crested the hills,
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i, dok smo prelazili brda,
14:48
we realized that the men were interpreting
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uočili smo da muškarci svaku izbočinu
14:50
every single bump on the landscape
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u krajoliku promatraju
14:52
in terms of their own intense religiosity.
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u kontekstu vlastite intenzivne religioznosti.
14:55
And then of course, as we reached our final destination,
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Naravno, kada smo stigli do našeg konačnog odredišta,
14:58
a place called Mamancana,
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mjesta zvanog Mananakana*,
15:00
we were in for a surprise,
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iznenadili smo se
15:02
because the FARC were waiting to kidnap us.
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jer je kolumbijska vojska čekala da nas otme.
15:04
And so we ended up being taken aside into these huts,
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Tako smo završili u tim kolibama,
15:07
hidden away until the darkness.
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skriveni do mraka.
15:09
And then, abandoning all our gear,
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I tada, napuštajući svu našu opremu,
15:11
we were forced to ride out in the middle of the night,
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bili smo prisiljeni uzjahati usred noći,
15:14
in a quite dramatic scene.
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u vrlo dramatičnoj sceni.
15:16
It's going to look like a John Ford Western.
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Izgledat će kao vestern Johna Forda.
15:18
And we ran into a FARC patrol at dawn, so it was quite harrowing.
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Naletjeli smo na patrolu vojske u zoru pa je bilo vrlo iscrpljujuće.
15:21
It will be a very interesting film. But what was fascinating
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Bit će to vrlo zanimljiv film. Ali ono što je bilo fascinantno
15:24
is that the minute there was a sense of dangers,
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jest to da su isti trenutak kada se osjetila opasnost,
15:26
the mamos went into a circle of divination.
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svećenici otišli u krug vračanja.
15:29
And of course, this is a photograph
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Naravno, ova je slika
15:31
literally taken the night we were in hiding,
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doslovno slikana te noći dok smo se skrivali,
15:33
as they divine their route
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dok su oni blagoslivljali rutu
15:35
to take us out of the mountains.
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da nas odvede u planine.
15:37
We were able to, because we had trained
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Mogli smo, jer smo imali ljude osposobljene
15:39
people in filmmaking,
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za snimanje filmova,
15:41
continue with our work,
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nastaviti sa svojim radom
15:43
and send our Wiwa and Arhuaco filmmakers
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i poslati svoje Wiwa i Arhuaco filmaše
15:46
to the final sacred lakes
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do posljednjih svetih jezera
15:48
to get the last shots for the film,
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da snime posljednje kadrove za film,
15:50
and we followed the rest of the Arhuaco back to the sea,
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ali mi smo slijedili ostale Arhuace natrag do mora,
15:52
taking the elements from the highlands to the sea.
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uzimajući elemente od brdovitog kraja do mora.
15:55
And here you see how their sacred landscape
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I ovdje se moglo vidjeti kako je njihov sveti zavičaj
15:57
has been covered by brothels and hotels and casinos,
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prekriven bordelima, hotelima i kasinima,
16:00
and yet, still they pray.
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a oni se ipak mole.
16:03
And it's an amazing thing to think
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I bila je prekrasna stvar shvatiti
16:05
that this close to Miami,
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da ovako blizu Miamija,
16:08
two hours from Miami, there is an entire civilization of people
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točnije dva sata od Miamija, postoji cijela civilizacija ljudi
16:11
praying every day for your well-being.
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koja svaki dan moli za tvoju dobrobit.
16:14
They call themselves the Elder Brothers.
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Zovu se Starijom braćom.
16:16
They dismiss the rest of us who have ruined the world
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Oni odbacuju nas ostale koji smo uništili svijet
16:19
as the Younger Brothers. They cannot understand
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kao mlađa braća. Oni ne mogu razumjeti
16:21
why it is that we do what we do to the Earth.
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zašto radimo zemlji to što radimo.
16:24
Now, if we slip to another end of the world,
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Sada, ako odemo na drugi kraj svijeta.
16:26
I was up in the high Arctic
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Bio sam na Arktiku
16:28
to tell a story about global warming,
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kako bih ispričao priču o globalnom zatopljenju,
16:30
inspired in part by
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djelomično nadahnut
16:32
the former Vice President's wonderful book.
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prekrasnom knjigom bivšeg potpredsjednika.
16:34
And what struck me so extraordinary
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Ono što me se dojmilo na nevjerojatan način
16:36
was to be again with the Inuit --
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bilo je opet biti s Inuitima,
16:38
a people who don't fear the cold, but take advantage of it.
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ljudima koji se ne boje hladnoće, već ju iskorištavaju.
16:41
A people who
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Ljudi koji
16:43
find a way, with their imagination,
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svojom maštom pronalaze način
16:45
to carve life out of that very frozen.
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da izrezbare život iz nečeg zamrznutog.
16:48
A people for whom blood on ice
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Ljudi za koje krv na ledu
16:50
is not a sign of death, but an affirmation of life.
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nije znak smrti, već potvrda života.
16:53
And yet tragically, when you now go to those northern communities,
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Ali ipak tragično, kada odete u jednu od tih sjevernjačkih zajednica,
16:55
you find to your astonishment
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na svoje zaprepaštenje
16:57
that whereas the sea ice used to come in in September
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vidite da je morski led uobičavao doći u rujnu
16:59
and stay till July,
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i ostati do srpnja,
17:01
in a place like Kanak in northern Greenland,
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a na mjestima poput Kanaka na sjevernom Grenlandu,
17:03
it literally comes in now in November
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sada dolazi u studenom
17:05
and stays until March.
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i ostaje do ožujka.
17:07
So, their entire year has been cut in half.
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Dakle, cijela im je godina prepolovljena.
17:10
Now, I want to stress that none of these peoples
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Sada bih želio istaknuti da nijedan od ovih naroda
17:12
that I've been quickly talking about here
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o kojima sam ovdje nabrzinu govorio
17:14
are disappearing worlds.
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nisu svjetovi koji nestaju.
17:16
These are not dying peoples.
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To nisu narodi koji izumiru.
17:18
On the contrary, you know,
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Posve suprotno, znate,
17:20
if you have the heart to feel and the eyes to see,
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ako imate srce da osjećate i oči da vidite,
17:22
you discover that the world is not flat.
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otkrivate da svijet nije tako ravan.
17:24
The world remains a rich tapestry.
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Svijet ostaje bogati goblen.
17:27
It remains a rich topography of the spirit.
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Ostaje bogata topografija duha.
17:30
These myriad voices of humanity
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To mnoštvo glasova čovječanstva
17:32
are not failed attempts at being new,
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nije propali pokušaj bivanja novim,
17:34
failed attempts at being modern.
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propali pokušaj bivanja modernim.
17:36
They're unique facets of the human imagination.
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To su jedinstveni pogledi ljudske maštovitosti.
17:38
They're unique answers to a fundamental question:
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Oni su jedinstveni odgovori na temeljno pitanje:
17:41
what does it mean to be human and alive?
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Što znači biti čovjekom i živjeti?
17:44
And when asked that question, they respond
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Kada im se postavi to pitanje, oni odgovaraju
17:46
with 6,000 different voices.
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sa 6.000 različitih glasova.
17:48
And collectively, those voices become our human repertoire
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Kolektivno, ti glasovi postaju naš, ljudski repertoar
17:51
for dealing with the challenges that will confront us
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za suočavanje s izazovima koji će nas zateći
17:53
in the ensuing millennia.
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u narednim tisućljećima.
17:55
Our industrial society is scarcely
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Naše je industrijsko društvo staro jedva
17:57
300 years old.
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300 godina.
17:59
That shallow history shouldn't suggest to anyone
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Ta površna povijest ne bi trebala pretpostavljati
18:01
that we have all of the answers
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da mi imamo sve odgovore
18:03
for all of the questions that will confront us
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na sva pitanja koja će nas zateći
18:05
in the ensuing millennia.
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u narednim tisućljećima.
18:07
The myriad voices of humanity are not failed attempts at being us.
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To mnoštvo glasova nije neuspjeli pokušaj da budu mi.
18:10
They are unique answers to that fundamental question:
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Ono je jedinstven odgovor na temeljno pitanje:
18:13
what does it mean to be human and alive?
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Što znači biti čovjekom i živjeti?
18:15
And there is indeed a fire burning over the Earth,
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I zaista postoji vatra koja gori nad zemljom,
18:18
taking with it not only plants and animals,
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uzimajući sa sobom ne samo biljke i životinje
18:21
but the legacy of humanity's brilliance.
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već i baštinu ljudske briljantnosti.
18:23
Right now, as we sit here in this room,
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Sad, dok sjedimo ovdje u ovoj prostoriji,
18:25
of those 6,000 languages spoken the day that you were born,
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od 6.000 jezika govorenih na dan kad ste se rodili,
18:28
fully half aren't being taught to children.
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djeca ne uče niti pola.
18:31
So, you're living through a time
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Dakle, živimo u vremenu
18:32
when virtually half of humanity's intellectual,
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kada se polovici ljudskog intelektualnog,
18:35
social and spiritual legacy
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društvenog i duhovnog naslijeđa
18:37
is being allowed to slip away.
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dopušta da jednostavno nestane.
18:39
This does not have to happen.
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To se ne mora dogoditi.
18:41
These peoples are not failed attempts at being modern --
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Ti ljudi nisu propali pokušaji bivanja modernim,
18:44
quaint and colorful and destined to fade away
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neobičnim, slikovitim i osuđenim na to da se iščezne
18:46
as if by natural law.
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kao po prirodnom zakonu.
18:48
In every case, these are dynamic, living peoples
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U svakom slučaju, to su dinamični, živi narodi
18:50
being driven out of existence by identifiable forces.
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tjerani u propast silama čiji je identitet moguće utvrditi.
18:53
That's actually an optimistic observation,
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To je zapravo optimistično opažanje
18:56
because it suggests that if human beings
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jer predlaže da, ako je polovica ljudskih bića
18:58
are the agents of cultural destruction,
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agent kulturnog uništenja,
19:00
we can also be, and must be,
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mi također možemo i moramo
19:02
the facilitators of cultural survival.
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poduprijeti kulturni opstanak.
19:04
Thank you very much.
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Hvala Vam lijepa.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Wade Davis - Anthropologist, ethnobotanistA National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence, Wade Davis has been described as “a rare combination of scientist, scholar, poet and passionate defender of all of life’s diversity.”
Why you should listen
Wade Davis is perhaps the most articulate and influential western advocate for the world's indigenous cultures. A National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence, he has been described as “a rare combination of scientist, scholar, poet and passionate defender of all of life’s diversity.” Trained in anthropology and botany at Harvard, he travels the globe to live alongside indigenous people, and document their cultural practices in books, photographs, and film. His stunning photographs and evocative stories capture the viewer's imagination. As a speaker, he parlays that sense of wonder into passionate concern over the rate at which cultures and languages are disappearing -- 50 percent of the world's 7,000 languages, he says, are no longer taught to children. He argues, in the most beautiful terms, that language is much more than vocabulary and grammatical rules. Every language is an old-growth forest of the mind.
Indigenous cultures are not failed attempts at modernity, let alone failed attempts to be us. They are unique expressions of the human imagination and heart, unique answers to a fundamental question: What does it mean to be human and alive? When asked this question, the peoples of the world respond in 7,000 different voices, and these collectively comprise our human repertoire for dealing with all the challenges that will confront us as a species over the coming centuries.
Davis is the author of 15 books including The Serpent and the Rainbow, One River, and The Wayfinders. His many film credits include Light at the Edge of the World, an eight-hour documentary series produced for the National Geographic. In 2009 he received the Gold Medal from the Royal Canadian Geographical Society for his contributions to anthropology and conservation, and he is the 2011 recipient of the Explorers Medal, the highest award of the Explorers’ Club, and the 2012 recipient of the Fairchild Medal for Plant Exploration. His latest books are Into the Silence: The Great War, Mallory and the Conquest of Everest and The Sacred Headwaters: the Fight to Save the Stikine, Skeena and the Nass.
Wade Davis | Speaker | TED.com