TED2009
Charles Moore: Seas of plastic
Charles Moore o morima plastike
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Kapetan Charles Moore iz Algalita fondacije za morska istraživanja prvi je otkrio Zonu velikog pacifičkog smetlišta -- beskrajnu plutajuću gomilu plastičnog smeća. Sada nam skreće pažnju na rastući problem zagušivanja naših mora plastičnim otpadom.
Charles Moore - Oceanographer
Charles Moore is founder of the Algalita Marine Research Foundation. He captains the foundation's research vessel, the Alguita, documenting the great expanses of plastic waste that now litter our oceans. Full bio
Charles Moore is founder of the Algalita Marine Research Foundation. He captains the foundation's research vessel, the Alguita, documenting the great expanses of plastic waste that now litter our oceans. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Let's talk trash.
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Govorimo o smeću.
00:14
You know, we had to be taught
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Znate, morali smo naučiti
00:17
to renounce the powerful conservation ethic
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odbaciti snažnu konzervacijsku etiku
00:20
we developed during the Great Depression and World War II.
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koju smo razvili tijekom Velike krize i 2. svjetskog rata.
00:23
After the war, we needed to direct our enormous production capacity
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Nakon rata, morali smo usmjeriti naše ogromne proizvodne kapacitete
00:26
toward creation of products for peacetime.
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u proizvodnju mirnodopskih proizvoda.
00:29
Life Magazine helped in this effort
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Časopis Life je pomogao ovom nastojanju
00:32
by announcing the introduction of throwaways
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najavljujući uvođenje potrošnih dobara
00:35
that would liberate the housewife from the drudgery of doing dishes.
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koje će osloboditi kućanice od monotonije pranja posuđa.
00:38
Mental note to the liberators:
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Podsjetnik za osloboditelje:
00:40
throwaway plastics take a lot of space and don't biodegrade.
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potrošna plastika zauzima puno mjesta i ne razgrađuje se.
00:43
Only we humans make waste that nature can't digest.
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Samo mi ljudi stvaramo otpad koji priroda ne može probaviti.
00:48
Plastics are also hard to recycle.
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Plastiku je teško i reciklirati.
00:51
A teacher told me how to express the under-five-percent
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Jedan učitelj me naučio izrazu za tih manje od pet posto
00:54
of plastics recovered in our waste stream.
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plastike koju recikliramo iz otpada.
00:57
It's diddly-point-squat.
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Tričarija.
01:00
That's the percentage we recycle.
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To je postotak koji recikliramo.
01:06
Now, melting point has a lot to do with this.
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Točka taljenja je uvelike zaslužna za to.
01:09
Plastic is not purified by the re-melting process like glass and metal.
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Plastika se ne pročišćava postupkom ponovnog taljenja poput stakla ili metala.
01:12
It begins to melt below the boiling point of water
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Počinje se topiti ispod temperature ključanja vode
01:15
and does not drive off the oily contaminants
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i ne oslobađa se naftnih zagađivača
01:18
for which it is a sponge.
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kojima je kao spužva.
01:21
Half of each year's 100 billion pounds of thermal plastic pellets
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Svake godine pola od 100 milijardi jedinica kuglica termalne plastike
01:24
will be made into fast-track trash.
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postaje brzotračni otpad.
01:27
A large, unruly fraction of our trash
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Veliki, neukrotivi dio našeg otpada
01:30
will flow downriver to the sea.
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otplovit će rijekama u more.
01:33
Here is the accumulation at Biona Creek next to the L.A. airport.
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Evo akumulacije na Biona Creeku u blizini zračne luke.
01:36
And here is the flotsam near California State University Long Beach
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Ovdje je plutajuća olupina blizu kalifornijskog državnog sveučilišta u Long Beachu
01:41
and the diesel plant we visited yesterday.
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i postrojenje za desalinizaciju koje smo jučer posjetili.
01:43
In spite of deposit fees,
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Usprkos kaucijama,
01:45
much of this trash leading out to the sea will be plastic beverage bottles.
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velik dio smeća na putu prema moru su plastične boce napitaka.
01:48
We use two million of them in the United States every five minutes,
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Upotrijebimo ih dva milijuna svakih pet minuta u Sjedinjenim Državama,
01:52
here imaged by TED presenter Chris Jordan,
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kako je ovdje prikazao TED-ov predavač Chris Jordan
01:55
who artfully documents mass consumption and zooms in for more detail.
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koji je vješto dokumentirao masovnu potrošnju i približio nam detalje.
02:01
Here is a remote island repository for bottles
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Ovo je odlagalište za boce na udaljenom otoku
02:05
off the coast of Baja California.
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podalje od obale Baja California.
02:08
Isla San Roque is an uninhabited bird rookery
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Isla San Roque je nenaseljeno gnijezdište ptica
02:10
off Baja's sparsely populated central coast.
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uz rijetko naseljenu središnju obalu Baje.
02:12
Notice that the bottles here have caps on them.
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Primijetite da boce imaju čepove.
02:15
Bottles made of polyethylene terephthalate, PET,
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Boce načinjene od polietilenskog tereftalata, PET-a,
02:19
will sink in seawater and not make it this far from civilization.
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potonut će u morskoj vodi i neće nikamo dospjeti ovako daleko od civilizacije.
02:22
Also, the caps are produced in separate factories
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Čepovi se rade u drugim tvornicama
02:25
from a different plastic, polypropylene.
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od druge vrste plastike, polipropilena.
02:28
They will float in seawater,
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Plutaju u morskoj vodi,
02:30
but unfortunately do not get recycled under the bottle bills.
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ali, nažalost, zakon o bocama ne traži njihovu reciklažu.
02:34
Let's trace the journey of the millions of caps
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Hajdemo pratiti putovanje milijuna čepova
02:37
that make it to sea solo.
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koji dođu do mora.
02:39
After a year the ones from Japan are heading straight across the Pacific,
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Nakon godinu dana, čepovi iz Japana putuju ravno preko Pacifika,
02:42
while ours get caught in the California current
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dok su naši uhvaćeni u kalifornijskoj struji
02:45
and first head down to the latitude of Cabo San Lucas.
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i prvo idu prema zemljopisnoj širini Cabo San Lucasa.
02:48
After ten years, a lot of the Japanese caps
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Nakon deset godina, mnogo japanskih čepova
02:51
are in what we call the Eastern Garbage Patch,
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nalazi se u onom što zovemo Istočna smetlišna zona,
02:53
while ours litter the Philippines.
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dok naši čepovi zagađuju Filipine.
02:55
After 20 years, we see emerging the debris accumulation zone
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Nakon 20 godina, pojavljuje se zona akumulacije otpada
02:58
of the North Pacific Gyre.
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kod sjevernopacifičkog vrtloga struja.
03:01
It so happens that millions of albatross
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No, milijuni albatrosa
03:03
nesting on Kure and Midway atolls
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koji se gnijezde na atolima Kure i Midway,
03:05
in the Northwest Hawaiian Islands National Monument
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dijelu nacionalnog spomenika Sjeverozapadni havajski otoci,
03:08
forage here and scavenge whatever they can find
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ovdje traže hranu i skupljaju sve što nađu
03:11
for regurgitation to their chicks.
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kako bi to probavili za svoje mladunce.
03:13
A four-month old Laysan Albatross chick
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Ptić lajsanskog albatrosa
03:16
died with this in its stomach.
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uginuo je s ovim u trbuhu.
03:19
Hundreds of thousands of the goose-sized chicks are dying
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Stotine tisuća ptića veličine guske ugibaju
03:24
with stomachs full of bottle caps and other rubbish,
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sa stomacima punim plastičnih čepova i drugog smeća
03:27
like cigarette lighters ...
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poput upaljača ...
03:30
but, mostly bottle caps.
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Ali najviše čepova.
03:33
Sadly, their parents mistake bottle caps for food
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Žalosno, njihovi roditelji za čepove misle da su hrana
03:36
tossing about in the ocean surface.
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koja pluta na površini oceana.
03:39
The retainer rings for the caps
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Plastični podlošci čepova
03:41
also have consequences for aquatic animals.
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također izazivaju posljedice za vodene životinje.
03:44
This is Mae West,
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Ovo je Mae West,
03:46
still alive at a zookeeper's home in New Orleans.
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još na životu u domu vlasnika zoološkog vrta u New Orleansu.
03:49
I wanted to see what my home town of Long Beach was contributing to the problem,
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Želio sam vidjeti kako moj grad Long Beach doprinosi problemu,
03:53
so on Coastal Clean-Up Day in 2005
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pa sam na Dan čišćenja obale 2005.
03:56
I went to the Long Beach Peninsula, at the east end of our long beach.
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otišao na poluotok Long Beach na istočnom kraju naše duge plaže.
03:59
We cleaned up the swaths of beach shown.
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Očistili smo prikazane dijelove plaže.
04:02
I offered five cents each for bottle caps.
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Ponudio sam pet centi za svaki čep.
04:05
I got plenty of takers.
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Mnogi su se prijavili.
04:07
Here are the 1,100 bottle caps they collected.
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Ovo je 1.100 prikupljenih čepova.
04:10
I thought I would spend 20 bucks.
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Pomislio sam da ću potrošiti 20 dolara.
04:13
That day I ended up spending nearly 60.
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Ali dan sam završio s troškom od gotovo 60.
04:16
I separated them by color
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Razvrstao sam ih po boji
04:18
and put them on display the next Earth Day
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i izložio ih na sljedećem Danu planete Zemlje
04:20
at Cabrillo Marine Aquarium in San Pedro.
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u morskom akvatoriju Cabrillo u San Pedru.
04:22
Governor Schwarzenegger and his wife Maria stopped by to discuss the display.
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Guverner Schwarzenegger i njegova supruga Maria su se zaustavili i prokomentirali izložak.
04:26
In spite of my "girly man" hat, crocheted from plastic shopping bags,
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Usprkos mojoj „djevojačkoj“ kapi napravljenoj od plastičnih vrećica,
04:29
they shook my hand. (Laughter)
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rukovali su se sa mnom.
04:33
I showed him and Maria a zooplankton trawl
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Pokazao sam njemu i Mariji mrežu za zooplanktone
04:36
from the gyre north of Hawaii
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sa strujnog vrtloga sjeverno od Havaja
04:39
with more plastic than plankton.
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koja je sadržavala više plastike nego planktona.
04:41
Here's what our trawl samples from the plastic soup our ocean has become look like.
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Evo kako izgledaju uzorci iz mreže prikupljeni u plastičnoj juhi kakav je postao naš ocean.
04:46
Trawling a zooplankton net on the surface for a mile
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Hvatajući mrežom zooplanktone na površini dugoj jednu milju
04:49
produces samples like this.
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daje nam ovakav uzorak.
04:52
And this.
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I ovakav.
04:55
Now, when the debris washes up on the beaches of Hawaii
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Kad se otpad naplavi na havajske plaže
04:58
it looks like this.
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izgleda ovako.
05:00
And this particular beach is Kailua Beach,
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Ovo je plaža Kailua,
05:02
the beach where our president and his family vacationed before moving to Washington.
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plaža na kojoj je odmor proveo naš predsjednik s obitelji prije nego što je preselio u Washington.
05:05
Now, how do we analyze samples like this one
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Sada, kako analizirati uzorke poput ovoga
05:08
that contain more plastic than plankton?
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koji sadrže više plastike nego planktona?
05:11
We sort the plastic fragments into different size classes,
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Razvrstavamo komadiće plastike u klase po veličini
05:14
from five millimeters to one-third of a millimeter.
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od pet milimetara do jedne trećine milimetra.
05:17
Small bits of plastic concentrate persistent organic pollutants
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Komadići plastike koncentriraju otporne organske zagađivače
05:21
up to a million times their levels in the surrounding seawater.
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i do milijun puta više od njihovih koncentracija u obližnjoj vodi.
05:25
We wanted to see if the most common fish in the deep ocean,
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Željeli smo vidjeti da li najčešća riba u dubokom oceanu,
05:28
at the base of the food chain,
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ona na dnu hranidbenog lanca,
05:30
was ingesting these poison pills.
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guta te otrovne pilule.
05:32
We did hundreds of necropsies,
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Napravili smo stotine nekropsija,
05:35
and over a third had polluted plastic fragments in their stomachs.
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i preko trećine je imalo zagađene plastične fragmente u utrobi.
05:38
The record-holder, only two-and-a-half inches long,
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Rekorder, dug tek nešto preko šest centimetara,
05:41
had 84 pieces in its tiny stomach.
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imao je 84 komadića u svom malom stomaku.
05:44
Now, you can buy certified organic produce.
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Vi možete kupiti organsku hranu s certifikatom.
05:47
But no fishmonger on Earth
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Ali nema tog ribolovca na Zemlji
05:50
can sell you a certified organic wild-caught fish.
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koji vam može prodati ribu ulovljenu u prirodi s certifikatom da je organska.
05:55
This is the legacy we are leaving to future generations.
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To je baština koju ostavljamo narednim naraštajima.
06:00
The throwaway society cannot be contained --
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Društvo bacanja ne može se ograničiti,
06:03
it has gone global.
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postalo je globalno.
06:06
We simply cannot store and maintain or recycle all our stuff.
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Jednostavno ne možemo uskladištiti ili održavati ili reciklirati sve što koristimo.
06:09
We have to throw it away.
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Moramo to bacati.
06:11
Now, the market can do a lot for us,
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Tržište može učiniti puno,
06:14
but it can't fix the natural system in the ocean we've broken.
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ali ne može popraviti uništen prirodni sustav oceana.
06:17
All the king's horses and all the king's men ...
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Svi kraljevi konji i svi kraljevi ljudi ...
06:20
will never gather up all the plastic and put the ocean back together again.
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nikada više neće skupiti svu plastiku i vratiti ocean u staro stanje.
06:26
Narrator (Video): The levels are increasing,
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Video: Razine rastu,
06:28
the amount of packaging is increasing,
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količina ambalaže se povećava,
06:30
the "throwaway" concept of living is proliferating,
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rasipnički koncept življenja buja,
06:33
and it's showing up in the ocean.
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i pojavljuje se u oceanu.
06:36
Anchor: He offers no hope of cleaning it up.
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Voditelj: On ne nudi nadu da ćemo to počistiti.
06:39
Straining the ocean for plastic
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Čišćenje oceana od plastike
06:42
would be beyond the budget of any country
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premašilo bi proračun bilo koje zemlje,
06:45
and it might kill untold amounts of sea life in the process.
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a sam proces bi mogao uništiti neizrecivo puno morskog života.
06:48
The solution, Moore says, is to stop the plastic at its source:
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Rješenje je, kaže Moore, u tome da zaustavimo plastiku na izvoru:
06:51
stop it on land before it falls in the ocean.
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moramo je zaustaviti na kopnu prije nego što padne u ocean.
06:58
And in a plastic-wrapped and packaged world,
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A u svijetu omotanom i upakiranom u plastiku,
07:01
he doesn't hold out much hope for that, either.
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on ni u to ne polaže puno nade.
07:04
This is Brian Rooney for Nightline,
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Ovo je Brian Rooney za emisiju Nightline,
07:06
in Long Beach, California.
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u Long Beachu u Kaliforniji.
07:12
Charles Moore: Thank you.
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Charles Moore: Hvala vam.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Charles Moore - OceanographerCharles Moore is founder of the Algalita Marine Research Foundation. He captains the foundation's research vessel, the Alguita, documenting the great expanses of plastic waste that now litter our oceans.
Why you should listen
A yachting competition across the Pacific led veteran seafarer Charles Moore to discover what some have since deemed the world's largest "landfill" -- actually a huge water-bound swath of floating plastic garbage the size of two Texases. Trapped in an enormous slow whirlpool called the Pacific Gyre, a mostly stagnant, plankton-rich seascape spun of massive competing air currents, this Great Pacific Garbage Patch in some places outweighs even the surface waters' biomass six-to-one.
Moore said after his return voyage, "There were shampoo caps and soap bottles and plastic bags and fishing floats as far as I could see. Here I was in the middle of the ocean, and there was nowhere I could go to avoid the plastic."
Since his discovery, Moore has been analyzing the giant litter patch and its disastrous effects on ocean life. Through the Algalita Marine Research Foundation, he hopes to raise awareness about the problem and find ways to restrict its growth. He's now leading several expeditions to sample plastic fragments across thousands of miles of the Pacific.
Charles Moore | Speaker | TED.com