TED2009
Charles Moore: Seas of plastic
Čarls Mur o morima plastike
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Kapetan Čarls Mur (Charles Moore) iz istraživačke fondacije "Algalita Marine" prvi put je otkrio Veliku pacifičku Mrlju Smeća - beskrajni plutajući otpad plastičnog smeća. Sada on skreće pažnju na rastući, zagušujući problem plastičnog otpada u našim morima.
Charles Moore - Oceanographer
Charles Moore is founder of the Algalita Marine Research Foundation. He captains the foundation's research vessel, the Alguita, documenting the great expanses of plastic waste that now litter our oceans. Full bio
Charles Moore is founder of the Algalita Marine Research Foundation. He captains the foundation's research vessel, the Alguita, documenting the great expanses of plastic waste that now litter our oceans. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Let's talk trash.
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Pričajmo prljavo (o smeću, igra reči).
00:14
You know, we had to be taught
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Znate, morali smo da naučimo
00:17
to renounce the powerful conservation ethic
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da se odreknemo moćne etike očuvanja
00:20
we developed during the Great Depression and World War II.
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koju smo razvili tokom Velike Depresije i Drugog svetskog rata.
00:23
After the war, we needed to direct our enormous production capacity
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Posle rata, trebalo je da usmerimo svoj ogromni kapacitet proizvodnje
00:26
toward creation of products for peacetime.
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ka stvaranju proizvoda za period mira.
00:29
Life Magazine helped in this effort
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"Life Magazine" je pomogao u tom naporu
00:32
by announcing the introduction of throwaways
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najavljujući uvođenje potrošnih stvari
00:35
that would liberate the housewife from the drudgery of doing dishes.
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koje bi oslobodile domaćicu od gnjavaže pranja sudova.
00:38
Mental note to the liberators:
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Mentalna poruka oslobodiocima:
00:40
throwaway plastics take a lot of space and don't biodegrade.
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plastika za jednu upotrebu zauzima mnogo mesta i nije biorazgradiva.
00:43
Only we humans make waste that nature can't digest.
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Samo ljudi proizvode otpad koji priroda ne može da svari.
00:48
Plastics are also hard to recycle.
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Plastiku je jako teško reciklirati.
00:51
A teacher told me how to express the under-five-percent
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Jedan nastavnik mi je rekao kako da predstavim manje od 5%
00:54
of plastics recovered in our waste stream.
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plastike koja je izvađena iz naših odvoda.
00:57
It's diddly-point-squat.
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To je ništa-zarez-ništa.
01:00
That's the percentage we recycle.
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To je procenat koji recikliramo.
01:06
Now, melting point has a lot to do with this.
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E sad, tačka topljenja ima mnogo veze s ovim.
01:09
Plastic is not purified by the re-melting process like glass and metal.
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Plastika se ne prečišćava ponovnim topljenjem kao staklo i metal.
01:12
It begins to melt below the boiling point of water
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Počinje da se topi ispod tačke na kojoj voda ključa
01:15
and does not drive off the oily contaminants
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i ne odstranjuje uljne zagađivače
01:18
for which it is a sponge.
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koje upija kao sunđer.
01:21
Half of each year's 100 billion pounds of thermal plastic pellets
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Polovina od godišnjih 100 milijardi loptica termalne plastike
01:24
will be made into fast-track trash.
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pretvoriće se u brzinsko smeće.
01:27
A large, unruly fraction of our trash
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Veliki, nesavladivi deo našeg smeća
01:30
will flow downriver to the sea.
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će rekama otploviti u more.
01:33
Here is the accumulation at Biona Creek next to the L.A. airport.
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Ovo je taloženje kod Biona zaliva pored aerodroma.
01:36
And here is the flotsam near California State University Long Beach
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A evo i krša u blizini kalifornijskog univerziteta u Long Biču
01:41
and the diesel plant we visited yesterday.
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i postrojenja za desalinizaciju koje smo posetili juče.
01:43
In spite of deposit fees,
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Uprkos provizijama,
01:45
much of this trash leading out to the sea will be plastic beverage bottles.
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većina ovog smeća koje pliva u more biće plastične flaše.
01:48
We use two million of them in the United States every five minutes,
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U Sjedinjenim Državama ih potrošimo dva miliona svakih pet minuta,
01:52
here imaged by TED presenter Chris Jordan,
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kako je ovde predstavio Kris Džordan,
01:55
who artfully documents mass consumption and zooms in for more detail.
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koji je divno zabeležio masovnu potrošnju i prikazao više detalja.
02:01
Here is a remote island repository for bottles
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Ovo je skladište za flaše na udaljenom ostrvu,
02:05
off the coast of Baja California.
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nedaleko od obale Bahe, Kalifornija.
02:08
Isla San Roque is an uninhabited bird rookery
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Ostrvo San Rok je nenaseljeno gnezdilište ptica
02:10
off Baja's sparsely populated central coast.
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udaljeno od retko naseljene centralne obale Bahe.
02:12
Notice that the bottles here have caps on them.
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Primetite da ovde flaše imaju zatvarače.
02:15
Bottles made of polyethylene terephthalate, PET,
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Flaše od polietilenskog tereftalata, PET-a,
02:19
will sink in seawater and not make it this far from civilization.
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potonuće u morsku vodu i neće dospeti ovako daleko od civilizacije.
02:22
Also, the caps are produced in separate factories
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Takođe, čepovi se prave u odvojenim fabrikama,
02:25
from a different plastic, polypropylene.
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od drugačije plastike, polipropilena.
02:28
They will float in seawater,
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Oni će plutati u morskoj vodi,
02:30
but unfortunately do not get recycled under the bottle bills.
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ali nažalost neće se reciklirati po zakonu o flašama.
02:34
Let's trace the journey of the millions of caps
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Hajde da ispratimo put miliona čepova
02:37
that make it to sea solo.
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koji sami dospeju u more.
02:39
After a year the ones from Japan are heading straight across the Pacific,
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Posle godinu dana, oni iz Japana idu pravo preko Tihog okeana,
02:42
while ours get caught in the California current
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dok su naši uhvaćeni u kalifornijskoj struji
02:45
and first head down to the latitude of Cabo San Lucas.
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i prvo idu do Kabo San Lukasa.
02:48
After ten years, a lot of the Japanese caps
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Posle deset godina, veliki broj japanskih čepova
02:51
are in what we call the Eastern Garbage Patch,
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nalazi se u onome što zovemo Istočna Mrlja Smeća,
02:53
while ours litter the Philippines.
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dok naši zagađuju Filipine.
02:55
After 20 years, we see emerging the debris accumulation zone
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Posle 20 godina vidimo nastajanje zone gomilanja smeća
02:58
of the North Pacific Gyre.
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u severnopacifičkoj struji.
03:01
It so happens that millions of albatross
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Milioni albatrosa
03:03
nesting on Kure and Midway atolls
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koji se gnezde na kurskim i Midvej ostrvima
03:05
in the Northwest Hawaiian Islands National Monument
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u nacionalnom parku Severozapadnih havajskih ostrva,
03:08
forage here and scavenge whatever they can find
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ovde tragaju i kopaju za bilo čime
03:11
for regurgitation to their chicks.
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čime mogu nahraniti svoje mladunce.
03:13
A four-month old Laysan Albatross chick
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Četvoromosečno mladunče albatrosa
03:16
died with this in its stomach.
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je uginulo sa ovim u stomaku.
03:19
Hundreds of thousands of the goose-sized chicks are dying
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Stotine hiljada mladunaca veličine patke umiru
03:24
with stomachs full of bottle caps and other rubbish,
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sa stomacima punim čepova od flaša i drugog đubreta
03:27
like cigarette lighters ...
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kao što su upaljači...
03:30
but, mostly bottle caps.
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Ali uglavnom čepovi od flaša.
03:33
Sadly, their parents mistake bottle caps for food
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Na žalost, njihovi roditelji misle da su čepovi
03:36
tossing about in the ocean surface.
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hrana koja pliva po površini okeana.
03:39
The retainer rings for the caps
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Obruči za čepove
03:41
also have consequences for aquatic animals.
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takođe ostavljaju posledice na vodene životinje.
03:44
This is Mae West,
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Ovo je Me Vest,
03:46
still alive at a zookeeper's home in New Orleans.
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još uvek živa u čuvarevoj kući u Nju Orleansu.
03:49
I wanted to see what my home town of Long Beach was contributing to the problem,
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Želeo sam da vidim kako moj rodni grad doprinosi ovom problemu,
03:53
so on Coastal Clean-Up Day in 2005
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pa sam na Dan Čišćenja Obale 2005.
03:56
I went to the Long Beach Peninsula, at the east end of our long beach.
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otišao do poluostrva Long Bič na istočnom kraju naše dugačke plaže.
03:59
We cleaned up the swaths of beach shown.
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Očistili smo otkos ove plaže.
04:02
I offered five cents each for bottle caps.
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Ponudio sam po pet centi za svaki čep od flaše.
04:05
I got plenty of takers.
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Dosta ljudi je došlo.
04:07
Here are the 1,100 bottle caps they collected.
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Ovde je 1100 čepova koji su sakupljeni.
04:10
I thought I would spend 20 bucks.
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Mislio sam da ću potrošiti 20 dolara.
04:13
That day I ended up spending nearly 60.
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Tog dana sam potrošio skoro 60.
04:16
I separated them by color
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Odvojio sam ih po boji
04:18
and put them on display the next Earth Day
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i izložio sledećeg Dana Zemlje
04:20
at Cabrillo Marine Aquarium in San Pedro.
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u Kabrilo akvarijumu u San Pedro.
04:22
Governor Schwarzenegger and his wife Maria stopped by to discuss the display.
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Guverner Švarceneger i njegova žena Marija su zastali da prokomentarišu izloženo.
04:26
In spite of my "girly man" hat, crocheted from plastic shopping bags,
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Uprkos mom ženskastom šeširu, sklepanom od plastičnih kesa,
04:29
they shook my hand. (Laughter)
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rukovali su se sa mnom.
04:33
I showed him and Maria a zooplankton trawl
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Pokazao sam njemu i Mariji ulov zooplanktona
04:36
from the gyre north of Hawaii
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iz struje severno od Havaja,
04:39
with more plastic than plankton.
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u kojoj je bilo više plastike nego planktona.
04:41
Here's what our trawl samples from the plastic soup our ocean has become look like.
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Evo kako izgledaju naši uzorci iz plastične supe u koju se pretvorio naš okean.
04:46
Trawling a zooplankton net on the surface for a mile
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Površinskim lovom mrežom za zooplankton u toku
04:49
produces samples like this.
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jedne milje, dobijate ovakve uzorke.
04:52
And this.
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I ovo.
04:55
Now, when the debris washes up on the beaches of Hawaii
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Sad, kad se smeće nasuče na plaže Havaja
04:58
it looks like this.
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onda to izgleda ovako.
05:00
And this particular beach is Kailua Beach,
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Ova plaža je Kailua plaža,
05:02
the beach where our president and his family vacationed before moving to Washington.
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plaža na kojoj se naš predsednik odmarao sa svojom porodicom pre nego što se preselio u Vašington.
05:05
Now, how do we analyze samples like this one
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Kako analiziramo ovakve uzorke,
05:08
that contain more plastic than plankton?
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u kojima ima više plastike nego planktona?
05:11
We sort the plastic fragments into different size classes,
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Podelimo deliće plastike u klase različitih veličina
05:14
from five millimeters to one-third of a millimeter.
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od 5mm do jedne trećine milimetra.
05:17
Small bits of plastic concentrate persistent organic pollutants
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Mali delovi plastike sadrže postojane organske zagađivače
05:21
up to a million times their levels in the surrounding seawater.
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u nivoima koji su milionima puta veći nego u okolnim vodama.
05:25
We wanted to see if the most common fish in the deep ocean,
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Želeli smo da vidimo da li se obične ribe u dubokom okeanu,
05:28
at the base of the food chain,
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na dnu lanca ishrane,
05:30
was ingesting these poison pills.
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hrane ovim otrovnim pilulama.
05:32
We did hundreds of necropsies,
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Uradili smo na stotine nekropsija,
05:35
and over a third had polluted plastic fragments in their stomachs.
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i preko trećine je imalo zagađene delove plastike u svojim stomacima.
05:38
The record-holder, only two-and-a-half inches long,
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Nosilac rekorda, koji je dug samo oko 6 cm,
05:41
had 84 pieces in its tiny stomach.
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imao je 84 komadića u svom majušnom stomaku.
05:44
Now, you can buy certified organic produce.
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E sad, možete kupiti sertifikovane organske proizvode.
05:47
But no fishmonger on Earth
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Ali nema uzgajivača ribe na svetu
05:50
can sell you a certified organic wild-caught fish.
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koji vam može prodati sertifikovanu ribu koja je ulovljena u divljini.
05:55
This is the legacy we are leaving to future generations.
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Ovo je nasleđe koje ostavljamo budućim generacijama.
06:00
The throwaway society cannot be contained --
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Potrošačko društvo ne može da se zadrži,
06:03
it has gone global.
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postalo je globalno.
06:06
We simply cannot store and maintain or recycle all our stuff.
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Jednostavno ne možemo da čuvamo i održavamo ili recikliramo sve.
06:09
We have to throw it away.
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Moramo nešto baciti.
06:11
Now, the market can do a lot for us,
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Sad, tržište može mnogo da učini za nas,
06:14
but it can't fix the natural system in the ocean we've broken.
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ali ne može da popravi prirodni sistem okeana koji smo uništili.
06:17
All the king's horses and all the king's men ...
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Svi kraljevi konji i svi kraljevi ljudi...
06:20
will never gather up all the plastic and put the ocean back together again.
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nikada neće sakupiti svu plastiku i ponovo sastaviti okean.
06:26
Narrator (Video): The levels are increasing,
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Video: Nivoi se povećavaju,
06:28
the amount of packaging is increasing,
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količina pakovanja se povećava,
06:30
the "throwaway" concept of living is proliferating,
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koncept odbacivanja se širi,
06:33
and it's showing up in the ocean.
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i to se vidi u okeanu.
06:36
Anchor: He offers no hope of cleaning it up.
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Reporter: On ne daje nadu da će se to očistiti.
06:39
Straining the ocean for plastic
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Traganje za plastikom u okeanu
06:42
would be beyond the budget of any country
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bilo bi izvan budžeta svake države
06:45
and it might kill untold amounts of sea life in the process.
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i moglo bi ubiti nezamislive količine morskog života u procesu.
06:48
The solution, Moore says, is to stop the plastic at its source:
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Rešenje, po Muru, je zaustaviti plastiku na njenom izvoru:
06:51
stop it on land before it falls in the ocean.
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zaustaviti je na kopnu pre nego što dospe u okean.
06:58
And in a plastic-wrapped and packaged world,
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I u svetu koji je upakovan u plastiku,
07:01
he doesn't hold out much hope for that, either.
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on se ni tome ne nada mnogo.
07:04
This is Brian Rooney for Nightline,
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Ja sam Brajan Runi za "Nightline",
07:06
in Long Beach, California.
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iz Long Biča, Kalifornija.
07:12
Charles Moore: Thank you.
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Čarls Mur: Hvala vam.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Charles Moore - OceanographerCharles Moore is founder of the Algalita Marine Research Foundation. He captains the foundation's research vessel, the Alguita, documenting the great expanses of plastic waste that now litter our oceans.
Why you should listen
A yachting competition across the Pacific led veteran seafarer Charles Moore to discover what some have since deemed the world's largest "landfill" -- actually a huge water-bound swath of floating plastic garbage the size of two Texases. Trapped in an enormous slow whirlpool called the Pacific Gyre, a mostly stagnant, plankton-rich seascape spun of massive competing air currents, this Great Pacific Garbage Patch in some places outweighs even the surface waters' biomass six-to-one.
Moore said after his return voyage, "There were shampoo caps and soap bottles and plastic bags and fishing floats as far as I could see. Here I was in the middle of the ocean, and there was nowhere I could go to avoid the plastic."
Since his discovery, Moore has been analyzing the giant litter patch and its disastrous effects on ocean life. Through the Algalita Marine Research Foundation, he hopes to raise awareness about the problem and find ways to restrict its growth. He's now leading several expeditions to sample plastic fragments across thousands of miles of the Pacific.
Charles Moore | Speaker | TED.com