TED2006
Saul Griffith: Everyday inventions
Saul Griffith o svakodnevnim izumima
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Izumitelj i MacArthurov stipendist Saul Griffith dijeli neke inovativne ideje iz svog laboratorija: od „pametnog užeta“ do zmaja veličine kuće za vuču velikog tereta.
Saul Griffith - Inventor
Inventor Saul Griffith looks for elegant ways to make real things, from low-cost eyeglasses to a kite that tows boats. His latest projects include open-source inventions and elegant new ways to generate power. Full bio
Inventor Saul Griffith looks for elegant ways to make real things, from low-cost eyeglasses to a kite that tows boats. His latest projects include open-source inventions and elegant new ways to generate power. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:24
So anyway, who am I?
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Dakle, tko sam ja?
00:25
I usually say to people, when they say, "What do you do?"
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Obično kad me ljudi pitaju što radim
00:28
I say, "I do hardware,"
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kažem: „Izrađujem stvari“
00:30
because it sort of conveniently encompasses everything I do.
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jer to obično obuhvaća sve što radim.
00:32
And I recently said that to a venture capitalist casually at some
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To sam nedavno neformalno rekao jednom rizičnom kapitalistu na nekom
00:36
Valley event, to which he replied, "How quaint."
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događaju u Dolini na što je on odgovorio: „Kako zanimljivo.“
00:39
(Laughter)
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(smijeh)
00:41
And I sort of really was dumbstruck.
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Ostao sam bez teksta.
00:44
And I really should have said something smart.
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I stvarno sam trebao reći nešto pametno.
00:46
And now I've had a little bit of time to think about it,
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Sad kad sam imao malo vremena razmisliti,
00:51
I would have said, "Well, you know,
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bio bih mu rekao: „Znate,
00:53
if we look at the next 100 years
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ako pogledamo na sljedećih 100 godina
00:55
and we've seen all these problems in the last few days,
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i ako smo vidjeli sve ove probleme zadnjih dana,
00:57
most of the big issues -- clean water, clean energy --
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većina važnih pitanja: čista voda, čista energija,
01:00
and they're interchangeable in some respects --
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međusobno su zamjenjivi na određenoj razini,
01:02
and cleaner, more functional materials --
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i čišći, funkcionalniji materijali,
01:04
they all look to me to be hardware problems.
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svi mi izgledaju kao konkretni problemi.“
01:07
This doesn't mean we should ignore software,
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To ne znači da moramo zapostaviti programsku podršku,
01:09
or information, or computation."
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informacije ili računanje.
01:11
And that's in fact probably what I'm going to try and tell you about.
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To je u stvari vjerojatno ono o čemu ću vam probati pričati.
01:14
So, this talk is going to be about how do we make things
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Ovaj govor će biti o tome kako pravimo stvari
01:17
and what are the new ways that we're going to make things in the future.
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i koji su novi načini na koje ćemo praviti stvari u budućnosti.
01:22
Now, TED sends you a lot of spam if you're a speaker
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TED vam šalje mnogo neželjene pošte ako ste govornik
01:27
about "do this, do that" and you fill out all these forms,
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„napravi ovo, napravi ono“ i ispuniš sve te obrasce
01:29
and you don't actually know how they're going to describe you,
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i ne znaš zapravo kako će te predstaviti.
01:32
and it flashed across my desk that they were going to introduce me as a futurist.
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I sinulo mi je za radnim stolom da će me predstaviti kao futurista.
01:35
And I've always been nervous about the term "futurist,"
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Oduvijek sam bio uznemiren zbog pojma futurist
01:37
because you seem doomed to failure because you can't really predict it.
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jer se čini da si osuđen na propast jer ju ne možeš stvarno predvidjeti.
01:40
And I was laughing about this with the very smart colleagues I have,
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Smijao sam se ovome sa svojim vrlo pametnim kolegama
01:43
and said, "You know, well, if I have to talk about the future, what is it?"
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i rekao sam: „Znate, ako moram pričati o budućnosti, što je ona?“
01:47
And George Homsey, a great guy, said, "Oh, the future is amazing.
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I George Homsey, odličan čovjek, je rekao: „Budućnost je odlična.
01:52
It is so much stranger than you think.
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Mnogo je čudnija nego što misliš.
01:54
We're going to reprogram the bacteria in your gut,
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Reprogramirat ćemo bakterije u tvojoj utrobi
01:56
and we're going to make your poo smell like peppermint."
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i napravit ćemo da ti izmet miriši po pepermintu.“
02:01
(Laughter)
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(smijeh)
02:03
So, you may think that's sort of really crazy,
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Možete misliti kako je to stvarno ludo,
02:06
but there are some pretty amazing things that are happening
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ali postoje stvarno zanimljive stvari koje se događaju,
02:08
that make this possible.
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a čine to mogućim.
02:09
So, this isn't my work, but it's work of good friends of mine at MIT.
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To nije moj rad, ali je rad mog dobrog prijatelja s MIT-a.
02:13
This is called the registry of standard biological parts.
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Zove se katalog standardnih bioloških dijelova.
02:15
This is headed by Drew Endy and Tom Knight
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To vode Drew Endy i Tom Knight
02:17
and a few other very, very bright individuals.
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i još nekoliko jako, jako bistrih osoba.
02:20
Basically, what they're doing is looking at biology as a programmable system.
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U biti, oni promatraju biologiju kao sustav koji se može programirati.
02:23
Literally, think of proteins as subroutines
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Doslovno, zamislite proteine kao potprograme
02:27
that you can string together to execute a program.
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koje spojimo zajedno da izvrše program.
02:30
Now, this is actually becoming such an interesting idea.
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Ovo stvarno postaje zanimljiva ideja.
02:35
This is a state diagram. That's an extremely simple computer.
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Ovo je dijagram stanja. To je prilično jednostavno računalo.
02:38
This one is a two-bit counter.
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Ovo je dvobitni brojač.
02:40
So that's essentially the computational equivalent of two light switches.
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To je doslovno računalni ekvivalent dvama prekidačima za svjetlo.
02:46
And this is being built by a group of students at Zurich
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I ovo gradi grupa studenata u Zurichu
02:49
for a design competition in biology.
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za natjecanje u dizajnu iz biologije.
02:51
And from the results of the same competition last year,
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Iz rezultata istog natjecanja prošle godine,
02:54
a University of Texas team of students programmed bacteria
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studentska ekipa sa Sveučilišta u Texasu programirala je bakterije
02:58
so that they can detect light and switch on and off.
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tako da detektiraju svjetlo i da ga pale i gase.
03:01
So this is interesting in the sense that you can now
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To je zanimljivo u smislu da sad možemo
03:03
do "if-then-for" statements in materials, in structure.
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napraviti „ako, onda, za“ izjave u materijalima, u strukturi.
03:08
This is a pretty interesting trend,
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To je prilično zanimljiv trend.
03:10
because we used to live in a world where everyone's said glibly,
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Zato što smo živjeli u svijetu gdje su svi glatko rekli
03:12
"Form follows function," but I think I've sort of grown up in a world
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da oblik prati funkciju, ali mislim da sam ja odrastao u svijetu,
03:16
-- you listened to Neil Gershenfeld yesterday;
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slušali ste Neila Gershenfelda jučer,
03:19
I was in a lab associated with his -- where it's really a world
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bio sam u labosu povezanim s njegovim, gdje je zapravo svijet
03:23
where information defines form and function.
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u kojemu informacija određuje oblik i funkciju.
03:26
I spent six years thinking about that,
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Šest sam godina proveo razmišljajući o tome,
03:30
but to show you the power of art over science --
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ali da vam pokažem moć umjetnosti nad znanošću,
03:32
this is actually one of the cartoons I write. These are called "HowToons."
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ovo je jedan od stripova koje pišem. Zovu se Howtoonsi.
03:35
I work with a fabulous illustrator called Nick Dragotta.
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Radim s iznimnim ilustratorom koji se zove Nick Dragotta.
03:37
Took me six years at MIT,
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Trebalo mi je šest godina na MIT-u
03:39
and about that many pages to describe what I was doing,
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i otprilike ovoliko stranica da opišem što radim,
03:43
and it took him one page. And so this is our muse Tucker.
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a njemu je trebala jedna stranica. Ovo je naša muza, Tucker.
03:48
He's an interesting little kid -- and his sister, Celine --
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Zanimljivo je malo dijete, i njegova sestra Celine,
03:50
and what he's doing here
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i ovdje proučava
03:52
is observing the self-assembly of his Cheerios in his cereal bowl.
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samosastavljanje svojih pahuljica u zdjeli.
03:56
And in fact you can program the self-assembly of things,
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Možete zapravo programirati samosastavljanje stvari
03:59
so he starts chocolate-dipping edges,
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tako da on počinje umakati rubove pahuljica u čokoladu
04:01
changing the hydrophobicity and the hydrophylicity.
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i time mijenjati hidrofobnost i hidrofilnost.
04:03
In theory, if you program those sufficiently,
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U teoriji, ako ih isprogramirate dovoljno,
04:05
you should be able to do something pretty interesting
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trebali biste moći napraviti nešto prilično zanimljivo
04:07
and make a very complex structure.
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i stvoriti vrlo složene strukture.
04:09
In this case, he's done self-replication of a complex 3D structure.
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U ovom slučaju, napravio je samoreplikaciju složenih 3D struktura.
04:14
And that's what I thought about for a long time,
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O tome sam razmišljao jako dugo,
04:17
because this is how we currently make things.
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jer to je način na koji trenutno pravimo stvari.
04:19
This is a silicon wafer, and essentially
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Ovo je silikonska ploča, to je zapravo
04:21
that's just a whole bunch of layers of two-dimensional stuff, sort of layered up.
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samo niz slojeva dvodimenzionalne tvari koja je poredana u slojeve.
04:25
The feature side is -- you know, people will say,
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Izvedbena strana je velika
04:27
[unclear] down around about 65 nanometers now.
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otprilike 65 nanometara sada.
04:29
On the right, that's a radiolara.
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Na desno vidimo radiolaru.
04:31
That's a unicellular organism ubiquitous in the oceans.
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To je jednostaničan organizam prisutan u svim oceanima.
04:34
And that has feature sizes down to about 20 nanometers,
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Veličina mu je 20 nanometara
04:38
and it's a complex 3D structure.
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i složene je 3D strukture.
04:40
We could do a lot more with computers and things generally
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Mogli bismo raditi mnogo više s računalima i općenito
04:44
if we knew how to build things this way.
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sa stvarima kad bismo znali graditi predmete na ovaj način.
04:47
The secret to biology is, it builds computation
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Tajna biologije je da ugrađuje računanje
04:50
into the way it makes things. So this little thing here, polymerase,
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u način na koji pravi stvari. Ova mala stvar ovdje, polimeraza
04:53
is essentially a supercomputer designed for replicating DNA.
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je zapravo superračunalo namijenjeno replikaciji DNA.
04:58
And the ribosome here is another little computer
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I ovaj ribosom ovdje je još jedno malo računalo
05:01
that helps in the translation of the proteins.
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koje pomaže translaciju proteina.
05:03
I thought about this
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Razmišljao sam o ovome
05:04
in the sense that it's great to build in biological materials,
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na način da je odlično graditi s biološkim materijalima,
05:07
but can we do similar things?
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ali možemo li mi napraviti nešto slično?
05:09
Can we get self-replicating-type behavior?
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Možemo li postići samoreplicirajuće ponašanje?
05:11
Can we get complex 3D structure automatically assembling
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Možemo li dobiti 3D strukture koje se automatski sklope
05:15
in inorganic systems?
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u anorganskim sustavima?
05:17
Because there are some advantages to inorganic systems,
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Zato što anorganski sustavi imaju svoje prednosti
05:19
like higher speed semiconductors, etc.
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poput poluvodiča veće brzine i slično.
05:21
So, this is some of my work
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Ovo je dio mog rada o tome
05:23
on how do you do an autonomously self-replicating system.
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kako napraviti autonomno samoreplicirajući sustav.
05:29
And this is sort of Babbage's revenge.
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I ovo je na neki način Babbageova osveta.
05:31
These are little mechanical computers.
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Ovo su mala mehanička računala.
05:32
These are five-state state machines.
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Ovo su strojevi s pet stanja.
05:35
So, that's about three light switches lined up.
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To je kao da imamo tri svjetlosna prekidača.
05:38
In a neutral state, they won't bind at all.
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U neutralnom stanju neće se uopće povezivati.
05:40
Now, if I make a string of these, a bit string,
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Ali ako napravimo niz od njih,
05:44
they will be able to replicate.
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moći će se replicirati.
05:46
So we start with white, blue, blue, white.
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Počnemo s bijelo, plavo, plavo, bijelo.
05:47
That encodes; that will now copy. From one comes two,
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To kodira, to će se sada kopirati. Od jednoga nastanu dva,
05:53
and then from two comes three.
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od dva nastanu tri.
05:55
And so you've got this sort of replicating system.
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I tako dobijete replicirajući sustav.
05:59
It was work actually by Lionel Penrose,
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To je zapravo rad Lionela Penrosea,
06:01
father of Roger Penrose, the tiles guy.
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oca Rogera Penrosea, tipa s pločicama.
06:04
He did a lot of this work in the '60s,
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Radio je mnogo na ovome u 60-ima,
06:06
and so a lot of this logic theory lay fallow
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tako da je mnogo ove logičke teorije bilo zanemareno
06:08
as we went down the digital computer revolution, but it's now coming back.
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dok smo prolazili kroz digitalnu računalnu revoluciju, ali sada se vraća.
06:11
So now I'm going to show you the hands-free, autonomous self-replication.
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Sad ću vam pokazati daljinsku autonomnu samoreplikaciju.
06:15
So we've tracked in the video the input string,
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Pratili smo u videu ulazni niz
06:17
which was green, green, yellow, yellow, green.
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koji je bio zeleno, zeleno, žuto, žuto, zeleno.
06:19
We set them off on this air hockey table.
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Postavili smo ih na ovaj stol za zračni hokej.
06:23
You know, high science uses air hockey tables --
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Znate, visoka znanost koristi stolove za zračni hokej.
06:25
(Laughter)
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(smijeh)
06:26
-- and if you watch this thing long enough you get dizzy,
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Ako gledate ovo dovoljno dugo zavrti vam se u glavi,
06:28
but what you're actually seeing is copies of that original string
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ali ono što zapravo vidite su kopije originala
06:31
emerging from the parts bin that you have here.
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koje proizlaze iz dijelova koje imamo ovdje.
06:34
So we've got autonomous replication of bit strings.
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Imamo autonomnu replikaciju niza bitova.
06:39
So, why would you want to replicate bit strings?
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Zašto bismo željeli replicirati nizove bitova?
06:42
Well, it turns out biology has this other very interesting meme,
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Čini se da biologija ima još jednu zanimljivu karakteristiku,
06:45
that you can take a linear string, which is a convenient thing to copy,
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a to je da možete uzeti linearan niz, što je prikladna stvar za kopiranje,
06:48
and you can fold that into an arbitrarily complex 3D structure.
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i možete ju smotati u strukturu proizvoljne 3D složenosti.
06:52
So I was trying to, you know, take the engineer's version:
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Pokušavao sam napraviti inženjersku verziju:
06:55
Can we build a mechanical system in inorganic materials
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Možemo li napraviti mehanički sustav od anorganskih materijala
06:58
that will do the same thing?
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koji će raditi to isto?
06:59
So what I'm showing you here is that we can make a 2D shape --
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Ovdje vam pokazujem da možemo napraviti 2D oblik,
07:04
the B -- assemble from a string of components
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slovo B, koji se spaja od niza komponenata
07:08
that follow extremely simple rules.
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koje prate iznimno jednostavna pravila.
07:10
And the whole point of going with the extremely simple rules here,
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I sav smisao korištenja iznimno jednostavnih pravila
07:13
and the incredibly simple state machines in the previous design,
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i iznimno jednostavnih strojeva stanja u prošlom dizajnu
07:16
was that you don't need digital logic to do computation.
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je ta da ne treba digitalna logika za računanje.
07:19
And that way you can scale things much smaller than microchips.
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Na taj način možemo napraviti mnogo manje predmete od mikročipova.
07:23
So you can literally use these as the tiny components in the assembly process.
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Možete doslovno koristiti ove kao male komponente u procesu izrade.
07:27
So, Neil Gershenfeld showed you this video on Wednesday, I believe,
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Neil Gershenfeld vam je pokazao ovaj video u srijedu, čini mi se,
07:32
but I'll show you again.
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ali pokazat ću vam opet.
07:34
This is literally the colored sequence of those tiles.
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To je doslovno obojan slijed onih pločica.
07:37
Each different color has a different magnetic polarity,
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Svaka boja ima drugačiju magnetsku polarnost
07:40
and the sequence is uniquely specifying the structure that is coming out.
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i slijed jedinstveno definira strukturu koja izlazi.
07:45
Now, hopefully, those of you who know anything about graph theory
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Nadam se da oni koji znaju išta o teoriji grafova
07:48
can look at that, and that will satisfy you
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mogu pogledati ovo i to će ih uvjeriti da
07:50
that that can also do arbitrary 3D structure,
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tako možemo napraviti proizvoljne 3D strukture.
07:53
and in fact, you know, I can now take a dog, carve it up
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Zapravo, znate, mogu uzeti psa, izrezati ga
07:58
and then reassemble it so it's a linear string
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i ponovno ga složiti da bude linearan niz
08:00
that will fold from a sequence. And now
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koji će se složiti iz slijeda. I sad
08:02
I can actually define that three-dimensional object as a sequence of bits.
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zapravo mogu definirati taj 3D objekt kao slijed bitova.
08:09
So, you know, it's a pretty interesting world
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Prilično je zanimljiv svijet
08:12
when you start looking at the world a little bit differently.
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kad ga počnete gledati malo drugačije.
08:14
And the universe is now a compiler.
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Svijet je sad program prevoditelj.
08:17
And so I'm thinking about, you know, what are the programs
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I tako razmišljam o tome koji su to programi
08:19
for programming the physical universe?
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za programiranje fizičkog svijeta?
08:22
And how do we think about materials and structure,
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I kako razmišljamo o materijalima i strukturi,
08:25
sort of as an information and computation problem?
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kao o informacijama i računskim problemima?
08:28
Not just where you attach a micro-controller to the end point,
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Ne samo gdje prikačite mikroupravljač na završnu točku,
08:31
but that the structure and the mechanisms are the logic, are the computers.
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nego da su struktura i mehanizmi logika, da su računala.
08:36
Having totally absorbed this philosophy,
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Kad sam potpuno upio ovu logiku
08:41
I started looking at a lot of problems a little differently.
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počeo sam gledati na mnoge probleme malo drugačije.
08:44
With the universe as a computer,
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Sa svijetom kao računalom,
08:45
you can look at this droplet of water
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možete promatrati ovu kapljicu vode
08:47
as having performed the computations.
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kao da je obavila račun.
08:49
You set a couple of boundary conditions, like gravity,
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Postavite nekoliko graničnih stanja, poput gravitacije,
08:51
the surface tension, density, etc., and then you press "execute,"
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površinske napetosti, gustoće i slično i tada pritisnete Izvrši
08:55
and magically, the universe produces you a perfect ball lens.
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i kao čarolijom svijet vam stvori savršenu loptastu leću.
09:00
So, this actually applied to the problem
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Ovo primijenjeno na problem-
09:02
of -- so there's a half a billion to a billion people in the world
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postoji pola milijarde do milijarde ljudi na svijetu
09:05
don't have access to cheap eyeglasses.
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koji nemaju pristup jeftinim naočalama.
09:07
So can you make a machine
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Možemo li napraviti stroj
09:09
that could make any prescription lens very quickly on site?
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koji bi mogao napraviti bilo koje leće brzo na licu mjesta?
09:13
This is a machine where you literally define a boundary condition.
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Ovo je stroj u kojemu doslovno definirate granična stanja.
09:17
If it's circular, you make a spherical lens.
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Ako je kružno, napravite sferičnu leću.
09:20
If it's elliptical, you can make an astigmatic lens.
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Ako je eliptično, napravite astigmatičnu leću.
09:23
You then put a membrane on that and you apply pressure --
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Stavite membranu na to i primijenite pritisak,
09:26
so that's part of the extra program.
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to je dio dodatnog programa.
09:28
And literally with only those two inputs --
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Doslovno samo s dva ulazna podatka –
09:31
so, the shape of your boundary condition and the pressure --
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oblika graničnog uvjeta i pritiska
09:33
you can define an infinite number of lenses
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možete definirati bezbroj leća
09:35
that cover the range of human refractive error,
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koje pokrivaju opseg ljudske refraktivne pogreške,
09:37
from minus 12 to plus eight diopters, up to four diopters of cylinder.
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od -12 do +8 dioptara, i do 4 dioptra cilindra.
09:42
And then literally, you now pour on a monomer.
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I sad doslovno izlijemo monomer.
09:45
You know, I'll do a Julia Childs here.
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Ovdje ću se ponijeti kao Julia Childs.
09:48
This is three minutes of UV light.
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Ovo su tri minute UV svjetla.
09:51
And you reverse the pressure on your membrane
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Obrnete pritisak na membranu
09:54
once you've cooked it. Pop it out.
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kada ste ju skuhali. Izbacite ju van.
09:57
I've seen this video, but I still don't know if it's going to end right.
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Gledao sam ovaj video, ali još ne znam hoće li dobro završiti.
10:00
(Laughter)
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(smijeh)
10:03
So you reverse this. This is a very old movie,
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Obrnete ovo. Ovo je vrlo star film.
10:05
so with the new prototypes, actually both surfaces are flexible,
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S novim prototipovima obje površine su fleksibilne,
10:09
but this will show you the point.
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ali ovo će vam pokazati princip.
10:11
Now you've finished the lens, you literally pop it out.
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Kad ste završili leću doslovno ju izbacite van.
10:13
That's next year's Yves Klein, you know, eyeglasses shape.
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Ovo je Yves Kleinov oblik naočala za sljedeću godinu.
10:20
And you can see that that has a mild prescription of about minus two diopters.
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Možete vidjeti da ima blagu dioptriju od otprilike -2.
10:23
And as I rotate it against this side shot, you'll see that that has cylinder,
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Kako ju rotiram vidjet ćete da ima cilindar
10:27
and that was programmed in --
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koji je bio isprogramiran
10:28
literally into the physics of the system.
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u fiziku sustava.
10:32
So, this sort of thinking about structure as computation
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Ovakvo razmišljanje o strukturi kao računanju
10:35
and structure as information leads to other things, like this.
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i strukturi kao informaciji vodi do drugih stvari poput ovoga.
10:40
This is something that my people at SQUID Labs
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Ovo je nešto na čemu moje kolege u SQUID laboratorijima
10:43
are working on at the moment, called "electronic rope."
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trenutno rade, zove se elektroničko uže.
10:45
So literally, you think about a rope. It has very complex structure in the weave.
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Doslovno, mislite o užetu. Ima vrlo složenu strukturu tkanja.
10:49
And under no load, it's one structure.
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Bez opterećenja ima jednu strukturu.
10:51
Under a different load, it's a different structure. And you can actually exploit that
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Pod drugim opterećenjem ima drugačiju strukturu. To možete iskoristiti
10:54
by putting in a very small number of
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umetanjem malog broja
10:56
conducting fibers to actually make it a sensor.
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vodljivih vlakana što ga zapravo pretvara u senzor.
10:58
So this is now a rope that knows the load on the rope
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Ovo je sad uže koje zna teret
11:01
at any particular point in the rope.
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na svakoj pojedinoj točki užeta.
11:03
Just by thinking about the physics of the world,
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Samo razmišljanjem o fizici svijeta,
11:06
materials as the computer,
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o materijalima kao računalima,
11:08
you can start to do things like this.
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možete početi raditi stvari poput ove.
11:11
I'm going to segue a little here.
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Nastavit ću ovdje.
11:14
I guess I'm just going to casually tell you the types of things
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Čini mi se da ću vam reći vrste stvari
11:16
that I think about with this.
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o kojima mislim pod ovim.
11:17
One thing I'm really interested about this right now is, how,
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Jedna stvar vezana uz ovo koja me sad stvarno zanima je kako,
11:21
if you're really taking this view of the universe as a computer,
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ako stvarno gledate svijet kao računalo,
11:25
how do we make things in a very general sense,
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kako napravimo stvari u vrlo uopćenom smislu
11:27
and how might we share the way we make things in a general sense
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i kako bismo mogli dijeliti način na koji ih proizvodimo
11:31
the same way you share open source hardware?
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istim principom kao što dijelimo i strojnu opremu otvorenog pristupa.
11:34
And a lot of talks here have espoused the benefits
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Mnogo govora ovdje je govorilo o prednostima
11:37
of having lots of people look at problems,
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toga da mnogo ljudi promatra neki problem,
11:39
share the information and work on those things together.
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dijele informacije i rade na tim stvarima zajedno.
11:42
So, a convenient thing about being a human is you move in linear time,
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Zgodna stvar kad si čovjek je ta da se krećeš u linearnom vremenu,
11:45
and unless Lisa Randall changes that,
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i ako Lisa Randall ne promijeni to,
11:47
we'll continue to move in linear time.
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nastavit ćemo se tako kretati.
11:50
So that means anything you do, or anything you make,
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To znači da sve što radimo, ili napravimo,
11:52
you produce a sequence of steps --
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radimo u nizu koraka,
11:54
and I think Lego in the '70s nailed this,
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mislim da je Lego u 70-im svladao to,
11:57
and they did it most elegantly.
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i napravili su to vrlo elegantno.
11:58
But they can show you how to build things in sequence.
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Mogu vam pokazati kako gradimo stvari u nizu.
12:02
So, I'm thinking about, how can we generalize
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Razmišljam o tome kako možemo generalizirati
12:05
the way we make all sorts of things,
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način na koji radimo cijeli niz stvari i
12:07
so you end up with this sort of guy, right?
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završimo na ovom tipu.
12:09
And I think this applies across a very broad -- sort of, a lot of concepts.
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I mislim da se ovo može primijeniti na mnogo koncepata.
12:14
You know, Cameron Sinclair yesterday said,
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Cameron Sinclair je jučer rekao:
12:16
"How do I get everyone to collaborate on design
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„Kako natjerati sve da surađuju na globalnom dizajnu
12:18
globally to do housing for humanity?"
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da naprave kuće za čovječanstvo?“
12:21
And if you've seen Amy Smith,
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I ako ste gledali Amy Smith,
12:23
she talks about how you get students at MIT
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govori o tome kako postići da studenti MIT-a
12:27
to work with communities in Haiti.
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rade sa zajednicama na Haitiju.
12:29
And I think we have to sort of redefine and rethink
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Mislim da moramo redefinirati i ponovno razmisliti
12:31
how we define structure and materials and assembly things,
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o tome kako definiramo strukturu i materijale i slaganje stvari
12:35
so that we can really share the information
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tako da zaista možemo dijeliti informacije
12:37
on how you do those things in a more profound way
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o tome kako to raditi na dublji način;
12:39
and build on each other's source code for structure.
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i međusobno nadograđivati tuđe izvorne kodove za strukturu.
12:42
I don't know exactly how to do this yet,
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Ne znam točno kako to napraviti,
12:43
but, you know, it's something being actively thought about.
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ali o tome se aktivno razmišlja.
12:48
So, you know, that leads to questions
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To vodi do pitanja poput:
12:50
like, is this a compiler? Is this a sub-routine?
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je li ovo program prevoditelj? Je li to potprogram?
12:54
Interesting things like that.
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Zanimljive stvari poput toga.
12:55
Maybe I'm getting a little too abstract, but you know,
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Možda postajem previše apstraktan, ali znate,
12:58
this is the sort of -- returning to our comic characters --
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ovo je na neki način, ako se vratimo na likove iz stripa,
13:01
this is sort of the universe, or a different universe view,
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ovo je svijet, ili drugačiji pogled na svijet
13:03
that I think is going to be very prevalent in the future --
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za koji vjerujem da će biti dominantan u budućnosti –
13:05
from biotech to materials assembly. It was great to hear Bill Joy.
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od biotehnologije do slaganja materijala. Bilo je odlično slušati Billa Joya.
13:08
They're starting to invest in materials science,
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Počinju ulagati u znanost o materijalima,
13:11
but these are the new things in materials science.
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ali ovo su nove stvari u znanosti o materijalima.
13:13
How do we put real information and real structure into new ideas,
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Kako staviti stvarne informacije i stvarne strukture u nove ideje
13:17
and see the world in a different way? And it's not going to be binary code
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i vidjeti svijet na drugačiji način? Neće binarni kod
13:20
that defines the computers of the universe --
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definirati računala budućnosti,
13:22
it's sort of an analog computer.
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nego će to biti analogno računalo.
13:24
But it's definitely an interesting new worldview.
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Ali je to svakako zanimljiv pogled na svijet.
13:29
I've gone too far. So that sounds like it's it.
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Otišao sam predaleko. To zvuči kao da je to sve.
13:32
I've probably got a couple of minutes of questions,
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Imam vjerojatno još nekoliko minuta za pitanja,
13:34
or I can show -- I think they also said that I do extreme stuff
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ili mogu pokazati, mislim da su rekli u uvodu da radim ekstremne stvari
13:38
in the introduction, so I may have to explain that.
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tako da ću možda to morati objasniti.
13:42
So maybe I'll do that with this short video.
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Možda to napravim ovim kratkim videom.
13:45
So this is actually a 3,000-square-foot kite,
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Ovo je zmaj od 3000 četvornih stopa,
13:51
which also happens to be a minimal energy surface.
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to je površina s najmanje energije.
13:53
So returning to the droplet, again,
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Vraćajući se ponovno na kapljicu,
13:55
thinking about the universe in a new way.
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misleći o svijetu na drugačiji način.
13:57
This is a kite designed by a guy called Dave Kulp.
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Ovoga je zmaja dizajnirao Dave Kulp.
13:59
And why do you want a 3,000-square-foot kite?
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I zašto biste željeli zmaja velik 3000 četvornih stopa?
14:01
So that's a kite the size of your house.
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To je zmaj veličine kuće.
14:03
And so you want that to tow boats very fast.
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Želite da to vuče brodove velikom brzinom.
14:07
So I've been working on this a little, also,
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I ja sam malo radio na tome
14:10
with a couple of other guys.
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s nekoliko kolega.
14:12
But, you know, this is another way to look at the --
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Ovo je drugi način gledanja,
14:14
if you abstract again,
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ako ponovno apstrahirate,
14:16
this is a structure that is defined by the physics of the universe.
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ovo je struktura definirana fizikom svemira.
14:20
You could just hang it as a bed sheet,
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Mogli biste to objesiti kao plahtu,
14:21
but again, the computation of all the physics
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ali opet, račun cijele fizike
14:23
gives you the aerodynamic shape.
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daje vam aerodinamičan oblik.
14:25
And so you can actually sort of almost double your boat speed
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Možete zapravo gotovo udvostručiti brzinu broda
14:28
with systems like that. So that's sort of another interesting aspect of the future.
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takvim sustavima. To je još jedan zanimljiv aspekt budućnosti.
14:35
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Saul Griffith - InventorInventor Saul Griffith looks for elegant ways to make real things, from low-cost eyeglasses to a kite that tows boats. His latest projects include open-source inventions and elegant new ways to generate power.
Why you should listen
Innovator and inventor Saul Griffith has a uniquely open approach to problem solving. Whether he's devising a way to slash the cost of prescription eyeglasses or teaching science through cartoons, Griffith makes things and then shares his ideas with the world.
A proponent of open-source information, he established Instructables , an open website showing how to make an array of incredible objects. He is the co-founder of numerous companies including Squid Labs, Low Cost Eyeglasses, Potenco and Makani Power, where he is President and Chief Scientist. His companies have invented a myriad of new devices and materials, such as a "smart" rope that senses its load, or a machine for making low-cost eyeglass lenses through a process inspired by a water droplet. He is a columnist at Make magazine and co-writes How Toons! He's fascinated with materials that assemble themselves, and with taking advantage of those properties to make things quickly and cheaply.
Saul Griffith | Speaker | TED.com