ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Pete Alcorn - Media exec
Pete Alcorn is the head of podcasting for Apple, and a veteran of the paper-publishing industry.

Why you should listen

Pete Alcorn has been in the forefront of several head-snapping changes in media over the past two decades. Starting as a computer-textbook writer in the late '80s, Alcorn became fascinated with the new electronic side of print. He founded NetRead in the early '90s to help book publishers work with metadata and understand the next world of e-publishing.

Since 2005, he has led the podcasting operation at iTunes, bulking up the iTunes Music Store's podcast library with thousands of free (and very findable) titles. Before Apple, he led the sale of ebooks and electronic documents at Amazon.com. In his spare time, he thinks big thoughts.

More profile about the speaker
Pete Alcorn | Speaker | TED.com
TED2009

Pete Alcorn: The world in 2200

Pere Alcorn no mundo em 2200

Filmed:
561,452 views

Nesta pequena, otimista conversa do TED2009, Pete Alcorn divide sua visão do mundo daqui a dois séculos -- quando o declínio populacional e o crescimento da oportunidade provarem que Malthus estava errado.
- Media exec
Pete Alcorn is the head of podcasting for Apple, and a veteran of the paper-publishing industry. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
I used to be a Malthusian.
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Sempre fui um Malthusiano.
00:15
This was my mental model of the world:
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Este era meu modelo mental do mundo.
00:18
exploding population, small planet;
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Explosão populacional, planeta pequeno,
00:21
it's going to lead to ugly things.
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isso gera consequências bem ruins.
00:23
But I'm moving past Malthus,
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Mas deixei Malthus para trás.
00:25
because I think that we just might be about 150 years
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Porque acho que podemos estar a 150 anos
00:28
from a kind of new enlightenment.
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de algo como um novo iluminismo.
00:30
Here's why.
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Aqui está o porquê.
00:32
This is the U.N.'s population data,
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Estes são dados da ONU sobre a população
00:34
you may have seen, for the world.
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mundial, como você pode ver.
00:37
And the world's population expected to top out
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E a expectativa é que a população mundial atinja
00:39
at something hopefully a bit less than 10 billion, late this century.
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algo pouco abaixo de 10 bilhões, ainda neste século.
00:43
And after that, most likely it's going to begin to decline.
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E depois disso, o esperado é que comece a diminuir.
00:47
So what then?
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E o que vem depois disso?
00:50
Most of the economic models are built around scarcity and growth.
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A maioria dos modelos econômicos se constrói em torno da escassez e do crescimento.
00:53
So a lot of economists
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Então muitos economistas
00:55
look at declining population
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observam o declínio da população
00:57
and expect to see stagnation, maybe depression.
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e esperam estagnação, talvez crise.
01:00
But a declining population is going to have
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Mas este declínio populacional vai ter
01:03
at least two very beneficial economic effects.
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pelo menos dois efeitos econômicos benéficos.
01:07
One: fewer people on a fixed amount of land
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Primeiro, menos gente na mesma quantidade de terra
01:12
make investing in property a bad bet.
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faz com que o investimento em imóveis não seja uma boa aposta.
01:16
In the cities, a lot of the cost of property
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Nas cidades, grande parte do custo dos imóveis
01:20
is actually wrapped up in its speculative value.
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é na verdade um valor especulativo.
01:24
Take away land speculation,
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Sem especulação imobiliária,
01:26
price of land drops.
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o preço da terra cai,
01:28
And that begins to lift a heavy burden
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e isso começa a diminuir o impacto
01:30
off the world's poor.
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na pobreza mundial.
01:33
Number two: a declining population
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Segundo, um declínio populacional
01:37
means scarce labor.
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significa mão-de-obra escassa.
01:39
Scarce labor drives wages.
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Falta de mão-de-obra causa aumento nos salários.
01:41
As wages increase
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Com salários maiores
01:43
that also lifts the burden on the poor and the working class.
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também diminui a carga sobre os pobres e os trabalhadores.
01:48
Now I'm not talking about a radical drop in population like we saw in the Black Death.
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Não falo de uma queda radical na população como aconteceu na Peste Negra.
01:52
But look what happened in Europe
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Mas veja o que aconteceu na Europa
01:54
after the plague:
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depois da Peste:
01:56
rising wages,
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aumento salarial,
01:58
land reform,
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reforma agrária,
02:00
technological innovation,
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inovação tecnológica,
02:03
birth of the middle class;
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nascimento da classe media.
02:05
and after that, forward-looking social movements
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E depois disso, movimentos sociais progressistas
02:09
like the Renaissance,
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como a Renascença,
02:11
and later the Enlightenment.
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e depois o Iluminismo.
02:14
Most of our cultural heritage has tended to look backward,
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A maior parte da nossa herança cultural tende a olhar para trás
02:17
romanticizing the past.
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romantizando o passado.
02:20
All of the Western religions begin with the notion of Eden,
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Todas religiões do ocidente começam com a idéia do Éden (Paraíso),
02:23
and descend through a kind of profligate present
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passam por em um presente de libertinagem,
02:26
to a very ugly future.
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e acabam em um futuro muito negativo.
02:29
So human history is viewed
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Vejam que a historia da humanidade é vista
02:31
as sort of this downhill slide
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como um tipo de descida ladeira abaixo,
02:33
from the good old days.
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partindo dos bons e velhos tempos.
02:35
But I think we're in for another change,
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Mas acredito que teremos outras mudanças
02:38
about two generations after the top of that curve,
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cerca de duas gerações após o topo desta curva,
02:41
once the effects of a declining population
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assim que os efeitos do declínio populacional
02:44
start to settle in.
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começarem a se estabelecer.
02:46
At that point, we'll start romanticizing the future again,
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Neste ponto, começaremos a romantizar o futuro novamente,
02:50
instead of the nasty, brutish past.
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no lugar do brutal e desagradável passado.
02:53
So why does this matter?
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Mas porque isso é importante?
02:55
Why talk about social-economic movements
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Por que falarmos de movimentos socioeconômicos
02:57
that may be more than a century away?
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que podem levar mais de um século para acontecer?
02:59
Because transitions are dangerous times.
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Porque transições são épocas perigosas.
03:03
When land owners start to lose money,
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Quando donos de terra começam a perder dinheiro
03:06
and labor demands more pay,
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e trabalhadores demandam maiores salários,
03:08
there are some powerful interests that are going to fear for the future.
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há interesses poderosos que nos fazem temer o futuro.
03:12
Fear for the future leads to some rash decisions.
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E temor pelo futuro leva a decisões precipitadas.
03:16
If we have a positive view about the future
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Se tivermos uma visão positiva do futuro
03:19
then we may be able to accelerate through that turn,
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poderemos acelerar essa virada,
03:22
instead of careening off a cliff.
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ao invés de irmos para o precipício.
03:25
If we can make it through the next 150 years,
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Se conseguirmos fazer isso nos proximos 150 anos,
03:28
I think that your great great grandchildren
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Acho que seus tataranetos
03:30
will forget all about Malthus.
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esquecerão completamente Malthus.
03:32
And instead, they'll be planning for the future
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E ao invés disso, estarão fazendo planos para o futuro
03:36
and starting to build the 22nd Century Enlightenment.
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e começando a construir o Iluminismo do Século 22
03:39
Thank you.
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Obrigado.
03:41
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
Translated by Sadon França
Reviewed by Marcelo Lopes

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Pete Alcorn - Media exec
Pete Alcorn is the head of podcasting for Apple, and a veteran of the paper-publishing industry.

Why you should listen

Pete Alcorn has been in the forefront of several head-snapping changes in media over the past two decades. Starting as a computer-textbook writer in the late '80s, Alcorn became fascinated with the new electronic side of print. He founded NetRead in the early '90s to help book publishers work with metadata and understand the next world of e-publishing.

Since 2005, he has led the podcasting operation at iTunes, bulking up the iTunes Music Store's podcast library with thousands of free (and very findable) titles. Before Apple, he led the sale of ebooks and electronic documents at Amazon.com. In his spare time, he thinks big thoughts.

More profile about the speaker
Pete Alcorn | Speaker | TED.com

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