TEDGlobal 2012
Manu Prakash: A 50-cent microscope that folds like origami
Manu Prakash: Mikroskop za 50 centov, ktorý zložíte ako origami
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Vystrihovali ste niekedy papierovú bábiku alebo ste skladali origami labuť?
TED Fellow Manu Prakash vytvoril so svojím tímom papierový mikroskop, ktorý sa skladá a používa ľahko ako hračka. Živo podaná ukážka toho, ako by tento vynález mohol priniesť revolúciu v zdravotníctve rozvojových krajín... a skoro všetko premeniť na veselý experiment vlastnými rukami.
Manu Prakash - Physicist, inventor
TED Fellow Manu Prakash is on a mission to bring radical new technology to global health. Full bio
TED Fellow Manu Prakash is on a mission to bring radical new technology to global health. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
The year is 1800.
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Píše sa rok 1800.
00:15
A curious little invention is being talked about.
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Hovorí sa o neobvyklom vynáleze.
00:18
It's called a microscope.
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Volá sa to mikroskop.
00:21
What it allows you to do
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Umožňuje vidieť
00:22
is see tiny little lifeforms
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maličké formy života,
00:25
that are invisible to the naked eye.
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ktoré nevidíme voľným okom.
00:28
Soon comes the medical discovery
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Lekári čoskoro zisťujú,
00:30
that many of these lifeforms are actually causes
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že mnohé z nich spôsobujú
00:33
of terrible human diseases.
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hrozivé ľudské choroby.
00:35
Imagine what happened to the society
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Predstavte si, čo sa v spoločnosti dialo,
00:38
when they realized
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keď si uvedomili,
00:40
that an English mom in her teacup
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že anglické žienky nepili čaj,
00:43
actually was drinking a monster soup,
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ale koktejl plný príšer.
00:46
not very far from here. This is from London.
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Obrázok je z Londýna, neďaleko odtiaľto.
00:49
Fast forward 200 years.
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O 200 rokov neskôr.
00:52
We still have this monster soup around,
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Príšerný koktejl je stále tu,
00:54
and it's taken hold in the developing countries
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kraľuje v rozvojových krajinách
00:57
around the tropical belt.
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tropického pásma.
00:59
Just for malaria itself,
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Len samotná malária
01:02
there are a million deaths a year,
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spôsobuje milión úmrtí ročne.
01:04
and more than a billion people
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Viac ako miliarda ľudí
01:06
that need to be tested because they are at risk
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je ohrozených rôznymi druhmi malárie
01:08
for different species of malarial infections.
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a potrebuje prejsť testami.
01:12
Now it's actually very simple to put a face
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Posvietiť si na tieto potvorky
01:14
to many of these monsters.
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nie je vôbec také ťažké.
01:16
You take a stain, like acridine orange
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Vezmete farbivo, arkidínovú oranž,
01:19
or a fluorescent stain or Giemsa,
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alebo fluorescentnú farbu či Giemsu
01:21
and a microscope, and you look at them.
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a mikroskop a pozorujete.
01:24
They all have faces.
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Každá má tváričku.
01:27
Why is that so, that Alex in Kenya,
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Prečo potom Alex z Kene,
01:29
Fatima in Bangladesh, Navjoot in Mumbai,
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Fatima z Bangladéša, Navjoot z Bombaja
01:32
and Julie and Mary in Uganda still wait months
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a Julie a Mary z Ugandy
čakajú celé mesiace,
čakajú celé mesiace,
01:36
to be able to diagnose why they are sick?
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aby zistili, akú majú chorobu?
01:39
And that's primarily because scalability
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Hlavne preto, že nikdy nebude dostatok
01:42
of the diagnostics is completely out of reach.
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klasických diagnostických prístrojov.
01:45
And remember that number: one billion.
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Pamätajte si ten počet: miliarda.
01:49
The problem lies with the microscope itself.
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Problém spočíva v samotnom mikroskope.
01:53
Even though the pinnacle of modern science,
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Vrchol modernej vedy, mikroskop,
01:56
research microscopes are
not designed for field testing.
not designed for field testing.
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sa totiž nehodí na pozorovanie v teréne.
01:59
Neither were they first designed
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Pôvodne nebol ani určený
02:00
for diagnostics at all.
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na diagnostiku.
02:03
They are heavy, bulky, really hard to maintain,
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Je ťažký, veľký, ťažko sa udržiava
02:06
and cost a lot of money.
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a je drahý.
02:08
This picture is Mahatma Gandhi in the '40s
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Tu vidíte Mahátmú Gándího v 40. rokoch.
02:12
using the exact same setup
that we actually use today
that we actually use today
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Pomocou rovnakého mikroskopu,
aký používame aj dnes,
aký používame aj dnes,
02:15
for diagnosing T.B. in his ashram
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diagnostikuje tuberkulózu vo svojom ašrame
02:18
in Sevagram in India.
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v indickom Sevagrame.
02:20
Two of my students, Jim and James,
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Dvaja moji študenti, Jim a James,
02:23
traveled around India and Thailand,
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precestovali Indiu a Thajsko
02:26
starting to think about this problem a lot.
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a rozmýšľali nad týmto problémom.
02:28
We saw all kinds of donated equipment.
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Videli sme všakovaké darované prístroje.
02:30
We saw fungus growing on microscope lenses.
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Na niektorých šošovkách rástli huby.
02:33
And we saw people who had a functional microscope
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A niektorí ľudia nevedeli
02:36
but just didn't know how to even turn it on.
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svoj funkčný mikroskop ani zapnúť.
02:39
What grew out of that work and that trip
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Výsledkom tohto úsilia a cesty
02:41
was actually the idea of what we call Foldscopes.
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bol nápad na vecičku,
ktorú sme nazvali Foldscope.
ktorú sme nazvali Foldscope.
02:45
So what is a Foldscope?
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O čo ide?
02:47
A Foldscope is a completely functional microscope,
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Foldscope je kompletne funkčný mikroskop
02:50
a platform for fluorescence, bright-field,
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s možnosťou fluorescencie, svetlého poľa,
02:53
polarization, projection,
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polarizácie, projekcie,
02:55
all kinds of advanced microscopy
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všetkých pokročilých funkcií
02:58
built purely by folding paper.
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a skladá sa čisto z papiera.
03:01
So, now you think, how is that possible?
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Asi ste zvedaví, ako je to možné.
03:04
I'm going to show you some examples here,
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Ukážem vám pár príkladov
03:06
and we will run through some of them.
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a niektoré si prejdeme.
03:07
It starts with a single sheet of paper.
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Začína to jedným listom papiera.
03:11
What you see here is all the possible components
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Sú tu všetky možné diely na poskladanie
03:15
to build a functional bright-field
and fluorescence microscope.
and fluorescence microscope.
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funkčného fluorescenčného mikroskopu.
03:19
So, there are three stages:
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Má to tri časti:
03:21
There is the optical stage, the illumination stage
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Optiku, osvetlenie
03:24
and the mask-holding stage.
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a clonu.
03:26
And there are micro optics at the bottom
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Dole je mikro-optika,
03:28
that's actually embedded in the paper itself.
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ktorá je vsadená priamo do papiera.
03:31
What you do is, you take it on,
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Vy sa do toho pustíte
03:33
and just like you are playing like a toy,
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a ako keby to bola hračka,
03:36
which it is,
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čo vlastne aj je,
03:40
I tab it off,
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vylomím
jednotlivé diely.
03:47
and I break it off.
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03:49
This paper has no instructions and no languages.
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Na papieri nie je návod v žiadnom jazyku.
03:51
There is a code, a color code embedded,
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Je na ňom vytlačený farebný kód,
03:54
that tells you exactly how to
fold that specific microscope.
fold that specific microscope.
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podľa ktorého viete,
ako zložiť ten-ktorý mikroskop.
ako zložiť ten-ktorý mikroskop.
03:58
When it's done, it looks something like this,
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Hotový vyzerá nejako takto
04:01
has all the functionalities of a standard microscope,
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a má všetky funkcie bežného mikroskopu.
04:04
just like an XY stage,
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Napríklad krížový stolík,
04:06
a place where a sample slide could go,
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kam sa vkladajú vzorky,
04:10
for example right here.
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ten je tu.
04:13
We didn't want to change this,
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Nechceli sme meniť formu vzorky,
04:14
because this is the standard
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lebo toto je štandard,
04:15
that's been optimized for over the years,
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optimalizovaný dlhé roky,
04:17
and many health workers are actually used to this.
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a mnoho zdravotníkov je naň zvyknutých.
04:20
So this is what changes,
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Toto je nové,
04:21
but the standard stains all remain the same
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ale všetky klasické farbivá zostávajú
04:24
for many different diseases.
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na mnoho rôznych chorôb.
04:25
You pop this in.
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Vložíte vzorku,
04:28
There is an XY stage,
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na krížovej rovine si ju nastavíte
04:32
and then there is a focusing stage,
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a potom zaostrujete,
04:34
which is a flexure mechanism
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pomocou ohýbacieho mechanizmu
04:36
that's built in paper itself that allows us to move
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zabudovaného priamo do papiera,
má to mikrónovú presnosť.
04:39
and focus the lenses by micron steps.
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04:42
So what's really interesting about this object,
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Čo je na tejto vecičke fakt dobré
04:44
and my students hate when I do this,
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a študenti neznášajú, keď to robím,
04:46
but I'm going to do this anyway,
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ale urobím to aj tak,
04:47
is these are rugged devices.
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je jej odolnosť.
04:49
I can turn it on and throw it on the floor
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Môžem ju zapnúť, hodiť o zem
04:54
and really try to stomp on it.
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a skúsiť rozdupať.
04:57
And they last, even though they're designed
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Odolá aj napriek tomu, že je z takého
04:59
from a very flexible material, like paper.
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ohybného materiálu, akým je papier.
05:03
Another fun fact is, this is what we actually
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Tiež je sranda, že toto tam normálne
05:06
send out there as a standard diagnostic tool,
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posielame ako štandardný
diagnostický prístroj.
diagnostický prístroj.
05:10
but here in this envelope
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Ale v tejto obálke
05:11
I have 30 different foldscopes
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mám 30 rôznych foldscopov
05:14
of different configurations all in a single folder.
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na rôzne účely, všetky v jednom obale.
05:20
And I'm going to pick one randomly.
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Náhodne jeden vyberiem.
05:21
This one, it turns out, is actually designed
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Tento sme navrhli
05:23
specifically for malaria,
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špecificky na maláriu,
05:25
because it has the fluorescent filters built
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lebo sú v ňom fluorescenčné filtre
05:27
specifically for diagnosing malaria.
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na diagnostikovanie malárie.
05:29
So the idea of very specific diagnostic microscopes
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Preto máme špeciálne mikroskopy
05:33
comes out of this.
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na jednotlivé choroby.
05:35
So up till now, you didn't actually see
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Zatiaľ ste ešte nevideli,
05:38
what I would see from one of these setups.
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čo sa dá v takomto mikroskope vidieť.
05:41
So what I would like to do is,
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Rád by som vám niečo ukázal,
05:43
if we could dim the lights, please,
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ak môžeme stlmiť svetlá, prosím.
05:44
it turns out foldscopes are
also projection microscopes.
also projection microscopes.
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Pomocou foldscopu
totiž dokážeme aj premietať.
totiž dokážeme aj premietať.
05:48
I have these two microscopes that I'm going to turn --
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Zapnem tieto dva mikroskopy,
05:50
go to the back of the wall --
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podídem k stene
05:52
and just project, and this way you will see
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a premietnem vám presne to,
05:54
exactly what I would see.
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čo by človek videl v mikroskope.
05:56
What you're looking at --
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Pozeráte sa na...
05:58
(Applause) —
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(potlesk)
06:00
This is a cross-section of a compound eye,
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Toto je priečny rez zloženého oka
06:03
and when I'm going to zoom in closer, right there,
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a keď priblížim,
06:05
I am going through the z-axis.
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prechádzam osou z,
06:07
You actually see how the lenses are cut together
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vidíte aj to, ako sú šošovky spojené
06:10
in the cross-section pattern.
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v priečnom reze.
06:12
Another example, one of my favorite insects,
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Teraz vidíte môj obľúbený hmyz,
06:15
I love to hate this one,
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ktorý rád nenávidím.
06:17
is a mosquito,
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Komára.
06:18
and you're seeing the antenna of a culex pipiens.
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Vidíte tykadlo komára piskľavého.
06:22
Right there.
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Priamo tu.
06:26
All from the simple setup that I actually described.
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Stačí na to zariadenie,
čo som práve opísal.
čo som práve opísal.
06:30
So my wife has been field testing
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Moja žena terénne testovala
06:31
some of our microscopes
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niektoré naše mikroskopy tým,
06:33
by washing my clothes whenever I forget them
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že ich vyprala vždy,
keď som ich zabudol v sušičke.
06:36
in the dryer.
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06:38
So it turns out they're waterproof, and --
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Ukázalo sa, že sú vodotesné,
06:41
(Laughter) —
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(smiech)
06:43
right here is just fluorescent water,
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a tu mám fluorescenčnú vodu,
neviem, či je to vidieť.
06:45
and I don't know if you can actually see this.
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Je to tiež názorná ukážka
projekčného mikroskopu.
projekčného mikroskopu.
06:47
This also shows you how
the projection scope works.
the projection scope works.
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06:49
You get to see the beam the
way it's projected and bent.
way it's projected and bent.
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Vidíte, ako sa lúč svetla
ohýba a premieta.
ohýba a premieta.
06:56
Can we get the lights back on again?
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Možeme zasa zažnúť?
06:59
So I'm quickly going to show you,
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Teraz vám v rýchlosti poviem,
07:00
since I'm running out of time,
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lebo mi dochádza čas,
07:02
in terms of how much it costs for us to manufacture,
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koľko nás stojí ich výroba.
07:05
the biggest idea was roll-to-roll manufacturing,
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Vyrábame metódou roll-to-roll,
07:08
so we built this out of 50 cents of parts and costs.
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čiže na diely a výdavky
minieme len 50 centov.
minieme len 50 centov.
07:11
(Applause)
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(potlesk)
07:14
And what this allows us to do
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Vďaka čomu môžeme uvažovať
07:16
is to think about a new paradigm in microscopy,
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o novej paradigme v mikroskopii,
07:18
which we call use-and-throw microscopy.
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voláme ju „použi a vyhoď“.
07:20
I'm going to give you a quick snapshot
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Rýchlo vám predvediem
07:22
of some of the parts that go in.
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niektoré z použitých častí.
07:24
Here is a sheet of paper.
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Vidíte list papiera
07:26
This is when we were thinking about the idea.
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a ako sme uvažovali nad novým nápadom.
07:28
This is an A4 sheet of paper.
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Papier má rozmery A4.
07:29
These are the three stages that you actually see.
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Tu sú tie tri časti, čo som spomínal.
07:31
And the optical components, if you
look at the inset up on the right,
look at the inset up on the right,
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Optické komponenty sú tu vpravo hore,
07:35
we had to figure out a way to manufacture lenses
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potrebovali sme vymyslieť,
ako vyrobiť šošovky
ako vyrobiť šošovky
07:37
in paper itself at really high throughputs,
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vložené do papiera
pri vysokej výrobnej kapacite.
pri vysokej výrobnej kapacite.
07:39
so it uses a process of self-assembly
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Využívame proces samousporiadania
07:41
and surface tension
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a povrchové napätie
07:42
to build achromatic lenses in the paper itself.
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na výrobu achromatických šošoviek
priamo v papieri.
priamo v papieri.
07:46
So that's where the lenses go.
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Sem idú šošovky.
07:47
There are some light sources.
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Tu sú zdroje svetla.
07:49
And essentially, in the end,
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Nakoniec všetky časti
07:50
all the parts line up because of origami,
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v zásade zapadnú do seba ako origami.
07:53
because of the fact that origami allows us
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Pretože toto origami nám umožňuje
07:57
micron-scale precision of optical alignment.
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na mikrometer presné optické vyladenie.
08:00
So even though this looks like a simple toy,
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Vyzerá to síce ako obyčajná hračka,
08:02
the aspects of engineering that go in
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ale na takéto niečo potrebujete
08:04
something like this are fairly sophisticated.
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vyspelé technológie.
08:07
So here is another obvious thing that we would do,
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Ďalšia vec, čo sme samozrejme vyskúšali
08:10
typically, if I was going to show
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na dôkaz,
08:12
that these microscopes are robust,
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že náš mikroskop je odolný,
08:13
is go to the third floor and
drop it from the floor itself.
drop it from the floor itself.
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bolo vyjsť na 3. poschodie
a hodiť ho dolu.
a hodiť ho dolu.
08:17
There it is, and it survives.
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Tu je a prežil.
08:20
So for us, the next step actually
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Naším ďalším cieľom
08:23
is really finishing our field trials.
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je dokončiť terénne testovanie.
08:24
We are starting at the end of the summer.
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Začíname koncom leta.
08:27
We are at a stage where we'll be
making thousands of microscopes.
making thousands of microscopes.
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Čoskoro vyrobíme tisíce mikroskopov.
08:29
That would be the first time where we would be
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Bude to prvý z našich terénnych testov
08:32
doing field trials with the highest density
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s rekordnou hustotou mikroskopov
08:34
of microscopes ever at a given place.
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na danom mieste.
08:36
We've started collecting data for malaria,
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Začali sme zbierať dáta o malárii,
08:38
Chagas disease and giardia from patients themselves.
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Chagasovej chorobe a giardióze
od samotných pacientov.
od samotných pacientov.
08:42
And I want to leave you with this picture.
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Zakončím to týmto obrázkom.
08:44
I had not anticipated this before,
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Predtým mi to nenapadlo,
08:46
but a really interesting link
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ale je tu zaujímavá spojitosť
08:48
between hands-on science education
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medzi praktickým vzdelávaním
08:50
and global health.
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a svetovým zdravím.
08:51
What are the tools that we're actually providing
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Aké nástroje vlastne poskytujeme?
08:54
the kids who are going to fight
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Deti, ktoré budú bojovať
08:56
this monster soup for tomorrow?
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proti tomu koktejlu príšer v budúcnosti.
08:58
I would love for them to be able to just print out
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Veľmi by som si prial,
aby si mohli proste vytlačiť
aby si mohli proste vytlačiť
09:00
a Foldscope and carry them around in their pockets.
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Foldscope a nosiť ho so sebou vo vrecku.
09:02
Thank you.
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Ďakujem.
09:05
(Applause)
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(potlesk)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Manu Prakash - Physicist, inventorTED Fellow Manu Prakash is on a mission to bring radical new technology to global health.
Why you should listen
An assistant professor of bioengineering at Stanford University, Manu Prakash is a physicist working at the molecular scale to try and understand no less than how the world really works. As he told BusinessWeek in 2010, he is humbled and inspired by nature’s own solutions to the world's biggest problems. "I build and design tools to uncover how and why biological systems so often outsmart us. I believe one day we will be able to understand the physical design principles of life on Earth, leading to a new way to look at the world we live in."
Born in Meerut, India, Prakash earned a BTech in computer science and engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology in Kanpur before moving to the United States. He did his master’s and PhD in applied physics at MIT before founding the Prakash Lab at Stanford.
Prakash's ultra-low-cost, "print-and-fold" paper microscope won a $100,000 grant from the Gates Foundaton in 2012.
Manu Prakash | Speaker | TED.com