TED2011
Aaron O'Connell: Making sense of a visible quantum object
Aaron O'Connel: Osmišljanje vidnega kvantnega predmeta
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Fiziki so navajeni na misel, da se osnovni delci obnašajo po bizarnih pravilih kvantne mehanike, ki so popolnoma drugačni kot pri predmetih človeške velikosti. V prebojnem poskusu je Aaron O'Connell zabrisal to razliko in ustvaril predmet, viden s prostim očesom, a ki je lahko na dveh mestih hkrati. V pričujočem posnetku predstavi fascinantno dojemanje končnega rezultata.
Aaron O'Connell - Physicist
Aaron O'Connell is the first person to experimentally induce and measure quantum effects in the motion of a humanmade object, bridging the quantum and classical worlds. Full bio
Aaron O'Connell is the first person to experimentally induce and measure quantum effects in the motion of a humanmade object, bridging the quantum and classical worlds. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
This is a representation of your brain,
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To je prikaz vaših možganov,
00:18
and your brain can be broken into two parts.
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ki jih lahko razdelimo na dva dela.
00:21
There's the left half, which is the logical side,
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Tu je leva hemisfera, ki je logična,
00:23
and then the right half,
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tu pa desna hemisfera,
00:25
which is the intuitive.
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ki je intuitivna.
00:27
And so if we had a scale to measure the aptitude of each hemisphere,
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Če bi lahko z lestvico izmerili sposobnosti vsake hemisfere,
00:30
then we can plot our brain.
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bi lahko zasnovali naše možgane.
00:32
And for example, this would be somebody who's completely logical.
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Tako bi bil to nekdo, ki se odziva popolnoma logično.
00:35
This would be someone who's entirely intuitive.
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To pa nekdo s popolnoma intuitivnim odzivanjem.
00:39
So where would you put your brain on this scale?
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Kam bi na tej lestvici uvrstili vaše možgane?
00:42
Some of us may have opted for one of these extremes,
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Nekateri bi izbrali enega od ekstremov,
00:45
but I think for most people in the audience,
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a pri večini ljudi v občinstvu
00:47
your brain is something like this --
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so možgani nekaj takega,
00:49
with a high aptitude in both hemispheres at the same time.
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z veliko odzivnostjo v obeh hemisferah hkrati.
00:52
It's not like they're mutually exclusive or anything.
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Ena druge torej ne izključujeta.
00:54
You can be logical and intuitive.
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Lahko se odzivate tako logično kot intuitivno.
00:56
And so I consider myself one of these people,
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Sam sebe prištevam med tiste ljudi,
00:59
along with most of the other experimental quantum physicists,
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skupaj z večino drugih eksperimentalnih kvantnih fizikov,
01:02
who need a good deal of logic
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ki veliko uporabljajo logiko,
01:04
to string together these complex ideas.
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da povežejo te zapletene zamisli.
01:06
But at the same time, we need a good deal of intuition
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A hkrati potrebujemo veliko intuicije,
01:09
to actually make the experiments work.
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da lahko poskusi zaživijo.
01:11
How do we develop this intuition? Well we like to play with stuff.
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Kako razvijemo intuicijo? Radi se igramo s stvarmi.
01:14
So we go out and play with it, and then we see how it acts,
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Začnemo se torej igrati in ko vidimo, kako se odzivajo,
01:17
and then we develop our intuition from there.
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razvijemo tudi našo intuicijo.
01:20
And really you do the same thing.
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Tudi pri vas je enako.
01:22
So some intuition
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Tista intuicija, ki ste jo razvili skozi čas,
01:24
that you may have developed over the years
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vam pravi, da je določena stvar
01:26
is that one thing is only in one place at a time.
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ob določenem trenutku le na enem mestu.
01:30
I mean, it can sound weird to think about
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Morda bi se vam zdelo čudno misliti,
01:33
one thing being in two different places at the same time,
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da bi lahko ena stvar bila na dveh mestih hkrati,
01:37
but you weren't born with this notion, you developed it.
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a s to intuicijo se niste rodili, pač pa ste jo razvili.
01:40
And I remember watching a kid playing on a car stop.
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Spominjam se otroka pri igri s parkirno blokado.
01:43
He was just a toddler and he wasn't very good at it, and he kept falling over.
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Bil je še majhen in okoren, zato se je stalno spotikal.
01:46
But I bet playing with this car stop taught him a really valuable lesson,
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A verjamem, da se je pri tem naučil nekaj pomembnega,
01:49
and that's that large things don't let you get right past them,
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da preko velikih stvari ne moremo iti
01:53
and that they stay in one place.
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in da obstanejo na svojem mestu.
01:56
And so this is a great conceptual model to have of the world,
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To je krasen pojmovni model sveta,
01:59
unless you're a particle physicist.
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razen če preučujete fiziko osnovnih delcev.
02:01
It'd be a terrible model for a particle physicist,
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Za te fizike bi bil ta model obupen,
02:03
because they don't play with car stops,
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saj se ne igrajo z blokadami za avte,
02:05
they play with these little weird particles.
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temveč s posebnimi majhnimi delci.
02:08
And when they play with their particles,
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Ko se z njimi igrajo, ugotavljajo,
02:10
they find they do all sorts of really weird things --
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da počnejo res posebne stvari,
02:12
like they can fly right through walls,
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lahko potujejo skozi stene
02:15
or they can be in two different places at the same time.
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ali pa so lahko na dveh mestih hkrati.
02:19
And so they wrote down all these observations,
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Vse te ugotovitve so zapisali
02:22
and they called it the theory of quantum mechanics.
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in jih poimenovali teorija kvantne mehanike.
02:26
And so that's where physics was at a few years ago;
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Področje fizike se je pred nekaj leti nahajalo tu;
02:29
you needed quantum mechanics
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majhne, majcene delce so razlagali
02:31
to describe little, tiny particles.
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s kvantno mehaniko.
02:33
But you didn't need it
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Niso pa je več uporabljali
02:35
to describe the large, everyday objects around us.
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pri opisih večjih vsakodnevnih predmetov.
02:39
This didn't really sit well with my intuition,
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To nekako ni prepričalo moje intuicije, morda le zato,
02:42
and maybe it's just because I don't play with particles very often.
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ker se ne srečujem pogosto z osnovnimi delci.
02:45
Well, I play with them sometimes,
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No, včasih že,
02:47
but not very often.
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ne pa prav pogosto.
02:49
And I've never seen them.
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In še nikdar jih nisem videl.
02:51
I mean, nobody's ever seen a particle.
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Pravzaprav jih ni še nihče.
02:54
But it didn't sit well with my logical side either.
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A tudi moje logične plati to ni prepričalo.
02:57
Because if everything is made up of little particles
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Namreč, če vse temelji na osnovnih delcih
03:00
and all the little particles
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in če vsi ti osnovni delci
03:02
follow quantum mechanics,
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sledijo načelom kvantne mehanike,
03:04
then shouldn't everything just follow quantum mechanics?
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mar jim ne bi morali slediti tudi večji predmeti?
03:09
I don't see any reason why it shouldn't.
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Ne vidim razloga, zakaj ne.
03:12
And so I'd feel a lot better about the whole thing
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Zelo vesel bi bil,
03:14
if we could somehow show
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če bi lahko nekako pokazali,
03:16
that an everyday object
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da tudi vsakodnevni predmeti
03:18
also follows quantum mechanics.
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sledijo načelom kvantne mehanike.
03:20
So a few years ago, I set off to do just that.
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Pred nekaj leti sem se tega lotil.
03:23
So I made one.
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In naredil sem tak predmet.
03:26
This is the first object
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To je prvi predmet,
03:28
that you can see
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ki ga lahko vidite
03:30
that has been in a mechanical quantum superposition.
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ki je bil v mehanski kvantni superpoziciji.
03:33
So what we're looking at here
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Tu opazujemo
03:35
is a tiny computer chip.
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majcen računalniški čip.
03:37
And you can sort of see this green dot right in the middle.
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V sredini lahko vidite to zeleno piko.
03:40
And that's this piece of metal I'm going to be talking about in a minute.
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O tem koščku kovine bom govoril čez nekaj trenutkov.
03:43
This is a photograph of the object.
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To je fotografija tega predmeta.
03:45
And here I'll zoom in a little bit. We're looking right there in the center.
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Približal bom, da vidimo točno v sredino.
03:48
And then here's a really, really big close-up of the little piece of metal.
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To je zelo zelo približan prikaz.
03:51
So what we're looking at is a little chunk of metal,
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Opazujemo ta majcen kovinski kos
03:53
and it's shaped like a diving board, and it's sticking out over a ledge.
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v obliki odskočne deske, ki štrli od nosilca.
03:56
And so I made this thing
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To sem ustvaril na podoben način,
03:58
in nearly the same way as you make a computer chip.
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kot so sestavljeni računalniški čipi.
04:00
I went into a clean room with a fresh silicon wafer,
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Čisto silicijsko rezino sem nesel v sterilno sobo
04:03
and then I just cranked away at all the big machines for about 100 hours.
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in zagnal vse velike stroje za okrog 100 ur.
04:06
For the last stuff, I had to build my own machine --
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Nazadnje sem moral sestaviti svoj stroj,
04:08
to make this swimming pool-shaped hole
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da sem pod napravo naredil
04:11
underneath the device.
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luknjo v obliki bazena.
04:13
This device has the ability
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Ta naprava je lahko
04:15
to be in a quantum superposition,
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v kvantni superpoziciji,
04:17
but it needs a little help to do it.
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a pri tem potrebuje nekaj pomoči.
04:19
Here, let me give you an analogy.
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Naj vam ponazorim s primerom.
04:21
You know how uncomfortable it is to be in a crowded elevator?
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Veste, kako neprijetno je obtičati v polnem dvigalu?
04:24
I mean, when I'm in an elevator all alone, I do all sorts of weird things,
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Ko sem v dvigalu sam, se obnašam čudaško,
04:27
but then other people get on board
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a ko ostali vstopijo,
04:29
and I stop doing those things
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se ustavim in odneham,
04:31
because I don't want to bother them,
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saj jih ne želim motiti
04:33
or, frankly, scare them.
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ali pa jih preprosto prestrašiti.
04:36
So quantum mechanics says
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Kvantna mehanika pravi,
04:38
that inanimate objects feel the same way.
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da se negibni predmeti obnašajo enako.
04:41
The fellow passengers for inanimate objects
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Sopotniki v dvigalu pri negibnih predmetih
04:43
are not just people,
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niso le ljudje,
04:45
but it's also the light shining on it
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temveč tudi svetloba,
04:47
and the wind blowing past it and the heat of the room.
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pihanje vetra in toplota v prostoru.
04:50
And so we knew, if we wanted to see
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Vedeli smo torej, da če želimo,
04:52
this piece of metal behave quantum mechanically,
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da se ta kos kovine obnaša kvantno mehanično,
04:55
we're going to have to kick out all the other passengers.
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se bomo morali znebiti vseh ostalih potnikov.
04:57
And so that's what we did.
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Točno to smo storili.
04:59
We turned off the lights,
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Izklopili smo luči,
05:01
and then we put it in a vacuum and sucked out all the air,
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ga postavili v vakum in izsesali ves zrak
05:03
and then we cooled it down
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ter ga ohladili na le delček stopinje
05:05
to just a fraction of a degree above absolute zero.
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nad absolutno ničlo.
05:07
Now, all alone in the elevator,
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Ko je zdaj sam v dvigalu,
05:09
the little chunk of metal is free to act however it wanted.
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se lahko ta kovinski kos giblje po želji.
05:11
And so we measured its motion.
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Izmerili smo njegovo gibanje
05:13
We found it was moving in really weird ways.
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in ugotovili, da se je gibal resnično čudno.
05:15
Instead of just sitting perfectly still, it was vibrating,
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Namesto da bi miroval, je vibriral
05:18
and the way it was vibrating was breathing something like this --
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in sicer kot bi dihal podobno kot
05:21
like expanding and contracting bellows.
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širjenje in krčenje meha.
05:23
And by giving it a gentle nudge,
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Ko smo ga narahlo dregnili,
05:25
we were able to make it both vibrate
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je zavibriral
05:27
and not vibrate
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in ni zavibriral
05:29
at the same time --
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hkrati --
05:31
something that's only allowed with quantum mechanics.
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to dovoljuje le kvantna mehanika.
05:34
So what I'm telling you here is something truly fantastic.
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Pripovedujem vam o nečem resnično izjemnem.
05:37
What does it mean for one thing
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Kaj pomeni, da stvar hkrati
05:39
to be both vibrating and not vibrating
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vibrira in
05:41
at the same time?
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ne vibrira?
05:43
So let's think about the atoms.
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Pomislimo na atome.
05:45
So in one case:
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Na eni strani so torej
05:47
all the trillions of atoms that make up that chunk of metal
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bilijoni atomov, ki sestavljajo ta kovinski kos
05:50
are sitting still
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in mirujejo,
05:52
and at the same time those same atoms
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hkrati pa se ti isti atomi
05:54
are moving up and down.
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pomikajo gor in dol.
05:56
Now it's only at precise times when they align.
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Le v točno določenih trenutkih se poravnajo.
05:59
The rest of the time they're delocalized.
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V ostalih trenutkih so dislocirani.
06:01
That means that every atom
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To pomeni, da je vsak atom
06:03
is in two different places at the same time,
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na dveh različnih mestih hkrati,
06:05
which in turn means the entire chunk of metal
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kar posledično pomeni, da je celoten
06:08
is in two different places.
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koviski del na dveh mestih hkrati.
06:10
I think this is really cool.
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To se mi zdi res super.
06:12
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
06:14
Really.
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Resnično.
06:16
(Applause)
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(Aplavz)
06:19
It was worth locking myself in a clean room to do this for all those years
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Bilo je vredno, da sem toliko let preždel v sterilni sobi
06:24
because, check this out,
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in to počel. Le pomislite,
06:26
the difference in scale
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da je razlika v velikosti
06:28
between a single atom and that chunk of metal
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med atomom in tem kosom kovine
06:30
is about the same as the difference
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podobna razliki v velikosti
06:32
between that chunk of metal and you.
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med tem kosom in vami.
06:34
So if a single atom can be in two different places at the same time,
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Če je torej atom lahko na dveh mestih hkrati,
06:37
that chunk of metal can be in two different places,
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je lahko tudi ta kos kovine
06:40
then why not you?
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in zakaj ne bi bili vi?
06:42
I mean, this is just my logical side talking.
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To mi pravi moja logična plat.
06:46
So imagine if you're in multiple places at the same time,
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Predstavljajte si, kako bi bilo,
06:50
what would that be like?
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če bi bili na večih krajih hkrati.
06:53
How would your consciousness
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Kako bi se vaša zavest
06:55
handle your body being delocalized in space?
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odzivala na vaše telo, dislocirano v prostoru?
06:59
There's one more part to the story.
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Tu je še en del zgodbe.
07:01
It's when we warmed it up,
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Ko smo ta kos ogreli,
07:03
and we turned on the lights and looked inside the box,
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vklopili luči in pogledali v notranjost,
07:06
we saw that the piece metal was still there in one piece.
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smo videli, da je košček ostal na mestu in cel.
07:10
And so I had to develop this new intuition,
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Razvil sem torej to novo slutnjo,
07:13
that it seems like all the objects in the elevator
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da so očitno vse stvari v dvigalu
07:16
are really just quantum objects
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pravzaprav zgolj kvantne stvari,
07:18
just crammed into a tiny space.
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natrpane v majhnem prostoru.
07:20
You hear a lot of talk
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Velikokrat slišite, da je po načelih
07:22
about how quantum mechanics says that everything is all interconnected.
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kvantne mehanike vse medsebojno povezano.
07:25
Well, that's not quite right.
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A temu ni ravno tako.
07:27
It's more than that; it's deeper.
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Gre namreč še globlje.
07:30
It's that those connections,
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Vse povezave med vami
07:32
your connections to all the things around you,
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in stvarmi, ki vas obdajajo,
07:35
literally define who you are,
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dobesedno določajo, kdo ste
07:38
and that's the profound weirdness of quantum mechanics.
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in v tem je globoka posebnost kvantne mehanike.
07:41
Thank you.
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Hvala.
07:43
(Applause)
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(Aplavz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Aaron O'Connell - PhysicistAaron O'Connell is the first person to experimentally induce and measure quantum effects in the motion of a humanmade object, bridging the quantum and classical worlds.
Why you should listen
Growing up reading philosophy, playing guitar, and generally not thinking about science, Aaron O’Connell never expected to revolutionize the world of physics. But an inspiring stuffed-monkey-shot-from-a-cannon demonstration and a series of positive research experiences as an undergraduate propelled him to graduate school at UCSB.
While there, in an experiment remarkable both for its conceptual simplicity and technical difficulty, O’Connell was the first person to measure quantum effects in an object large enough to see with the naked eye. Named Breakthrough of the year by Science Magazine, the experiment shattered the previous record for the largest quantum object, showing decisively that there is no hard line between the quantum and everyday worlds.
Aaron O'Connell | Speaker | TED.com