TEDGlobal 2011
Todd Kuiken: A prosthetic arm that "feels"
Tod Kuiken: Prostetička ruka koja "oseća"
Filmed:
Readability: 3.6
964,029 views
Lekar i inženjer Tod Kuiken pravi prostetičku ruku koja se povezuje sa ljudskim nervnim sistemom -- i na taj način poboljšava kretanje, kontrolu i čak osećaje. Na bini, pacijentkinja Amanda Kits mu pomaže da demonstrira ovu robotičku ruku nove generacije.
Todd Kuiken - Biomedical engineer
A doctor and engineer, Todd Kuiken builds new prosthetics that connect with the human nervous system. Yes: bionics. Full bio
A doctor and engineer, Todd Kuiken builds new prosthetics that connect with the human nervous system. Yes: bionics. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
So today, I would like to talk with you
0
0
3000
Dakle, danas bih želeo da sa vama razgovaram
00:18
about bionics,
1
3000
2000
o bionici,
00:20
which is the popular term
2
5000
2000
što je popularan naziv
00:22
for the science of replacing part of a living organism
3
7000
3000
za nauku koja se bavi zamenjivanjem delova živog organizma
00:25
with a mechatronic device, or a robot.
4
10000
3000
mehatroničkim uredjajima, ili robotima.
00:28
It is essentially
5
13000
2000
To praktično znači
00:30
the stuff of life meets machine.
6
15000
3000
da se živa materija spaja sa mašinom.
00:33
And specifically, I'd like to talk with you
7
18000
2000
I posebno bih želeo da vam govorim
00:35
about how bionics is evolving
8
20000
3000
o tome kako bionika napreduje
00:38
for people with arm amputations.
9
23000
3000
u odnosu na ljude kojima je amputirana ruka.
00:41
This is our motivation.
10
26000
3000
To je naš motiv.
00:44
Arm amputation causes a huge disability.
11
29000
3000
Amputacija ruke je uzrok velikog invaliditeta.
00:47
I mean, the functional impairment is clear.
12
32000
2000
Mislim, jasno je da dolazi do narušavanja funkcije.
00:49
Our hands are amazing instruments.
13
34000
2000
Naše šake su zadivljujući instrumenti.
00:51
And when you lose one, far less both,
14
36000
3000
I ako izgubite jednu, ili još gore obe,
00:54
it's a lot harder to do the things
15
39000
2000
mnogo je teže raditi stvari
00:56
we physically need to do.
16
41000
2000
koje fizički moramo da radimo.
00:58
There's also a huge emotional impact.
17
43000
2000
Postoji takodje i ogroman emotivni efekat.
01:00
And actually, I spend as much of my time in clinic
18
45000
2000
Ja, zapravo, provodim isto toliko vremena u klinici
01:02
dealing with the emotional adjustment of patients
19
47000
3000
baveći se emotivnim prilagodjavanjem pacijenata,
01:05
as with the physical disability.
20
50000
2000
koliko i baveći se samim fizičkim invaliditetom.
01:07
And finally, there's a profound social impact.
21
52000
3000
I konačno, postoji i značajan socijalni efekat.
01:10
We talk with our hands.
22
55000
2000
Mi govorimo šakama.
01:12
We greet with our hands.
23
57000
2000
Pozdravljamo se šakama.
01:14
And we interact with the physical world with our hands.
24
59000
3000
U kontaktu smo sa fizičkim svetom preko svojih šaka.
01:17
And when they're missing,
25
62000
2000
A ako nam šake nedostaju,
01:19
it's a barrier.
26
64000
2000
to predstavlja prepreku.
01:21
Arm amputation is usually caused by trauma,
27
66000
3000
Najčešći uzrok amputacije ruke je povreda,
01:24
with things like industrial accidents,
28
69000
2000
nastala u industrijskim nesrećama,
01:26
motor vehicle collisions
29
71000
2000
sudarima motornih vozila
01:28
or, very poignantly, war.
30
73000
2000
ili, što je vrlo žalosno, u ratu.
01:30
There are also some children who are born without arms,
31
75000
3000
Postoje takodje neka deca rodjena bez ruku,
01:33
called congenital limb deficiency.
32
78000
3000
što se naziva kongenitalna deficijencija ekstremiteta.
01:36
Unfortunately, we don't do great
33
81000
2000
Na žalost, ne ide nam sjajno
01:38
with upper-limb prosthetics.
34
83000
2000
u vezi sa protezama gornjih ekstremiteta.
01:40
There are two general types.
35
85000
2000
Postoje dva opšta tipa.
01:42
They're called body-powered prostheses,
36
87000
2000
Takozvane proteze-koje-pokreću-mišići
01:44
which were invented just after the Civil War,
37
89000
2000
izmišljene su neposredno posle Gradjanskog rata
01:46
refined in World War I and World War II.
38
91000
3000
a usavršene u Prvom i Drugom svetskom ratu.
01:49
Here you see a patent
39
94000
2000
Ovde vidite patent
01:51
for an arm in 1912.
40
96000
2000
za ruku iz 1912. godine.
01:53
It's not a lot different
41
98000
2000
Ne razlikuje se mnogo
01:55
than the one you see on my patient.
42
100000
3000
od one koju vidite na mom pacijentu.
01:58
They work by harnessing shoulder power.
43
103000
2000
Ove proteze koriste snagu ramenih mišića.
02:00
So when you squish your shoulders, they pull on a bicycle cable.
44
105000
3000
Pa tako, kad stisnete ramena, to povlači kabl iz bicikla.
02:03
And that bicycle cable can open or close a hand or a hook
45
108000
3000
I taj kabl iz bicikla može da otvara ili zatvara šaku ili kuku
02:06
or bend an elbow.
46
111000
2000
ili da savije lakat.
02:08
And we still use them commonly,
47
113000
2000
I dalje ih često koristimo,
02:10
because they're very robust
48
115000
2000
jer su to vrlo čvrsti
02:12
and relatively simple devices.
49
117000
2000
i relativno jednostavni uređaji.
02:14
The state of the art
50
119000
2000
Najsavremenije su
02:16
is what we call myoelectric prostheses.
51
121000
2000
takozvane mioelektrične proteze.
02:18
These are motorized devices
52
123000
2000
To su motorizovani uredjaji
02:20
that are controlled
53
125000
2000
kontrolisani
02:22
by little electrical signals from your muscle.
54
127000
2000
putem slabih električnih signala iz mišića.
02:24
Every time you contract a muscle,
55
129000
2000
Svaki put kad se mišić kontrahuje,
02:26
it emits a little electricity
56
131000
2000
to proizvodi slabu struju
02:28
that you can record with antennae or electrodes
57
133000
2000
koju možemo da zabeležimo pomoću antena ili elektroda
02:30
and use that to operate the motorized prosthesis.
58
135000
3000
i da koristimo da bi upravljali motorizovanim protezama.
02:33
They work pretty well
59
138000
2000
Ove proteze rade prilično dobro
02:35
for people who have just lost their hand,
60
140000
2000
kod ljudi koji su upravo izgubili šaku,
02:37
because your hand muscles are still there.
61
142000
2000
jer su mišići šake i dalje prisutni.
02:39
You squeeze your hand, these muscles contract.
62
144000
2000
Kada stisnete šaku, ovi mišići se kontrahuju.
02:41
You open it, these muscles contract.
63
146000
2000
Kada je otvorite, ovi mišići se kontrahuju.
02:43
So it's intuitive, and it works pretty well.
64
148000
3000
vrlo je intuitivno i radi prilično dobro.
02:46
Well how about with higher levels of amputation?
65
151000
2000
Ali, šta je sa slučajevima kada je amputacija veća?
02:48
Now you've lost your arm above the elbow.
66
153000
2000
Ako ste izgubili ruku iznad lakta.
02:50
You're missing not only these muscles,
67
155000
2000
Nedostaju vam, ne samo ovi mišići,
02:52
but your hand and your elbow too.
68
157000
2000
nego i šaka i lakat.
02:54
What do you do?
69
159000
2000
Šta ćete tada?
02:56
Well our patients have to use
70
161000
2000
Pa, naši pacijenti moraju da koriste
02:58
very code-y systems
71
163000
3000
neke zastarele sisteme
03:01
of using just their arm muscles
72
166000
2000
koji koriste samo mišiće ruke
03:03
to operate robotic limbs.
73
168000
3000
da upravljaju robotičkim ekstremitetima.
03:06
We have robotic limbs.
74
171000
2000
Imamo robotičke ekstremitete.
03:08
There are several available on the market, and here you see a few.
75
173000
3000
Na tržištu ih ima nekoliko, i ovde vidite neke od njih.
03:11
They contain just a hand that will open and close,
76
176000
3000
Sastoje se samo od šake koja se otvara i zatvara,
03:14
a wrist rotator and an elbow.
77
179000
2000
od obrtnog ručnog zgloba i lakta.
03:16
There's no other functions.
78
181000
2000
Nema drugih funkcija.
03:18
If they did, how would we tell them what to do?
79
183000
2000
A i da imaju druge funkcije, kako upravljati njima?
03:20
We built our own arm at the Rehab Institute of Chicago
80
185000
3000
Mi smo našu ruku napravili na Institutu za rehabilitaciju u Čikagu (IRČ)
03:23
where we've added some wrist flexion and shoulder joints
81
188000
3000
u koju smo dodali funkciju savijanja ručnog zgloba i ramene zglobove
03:26
to get up to six motors, or six degrees of freedom.
82
191000
3000
i dodali smo šest motora, odnosno šest stepeni slobode.
03:29
And we've had the opportunity to work with some very advanced arms
83
194000
3000
A takodje radimo i sa nekim vrlo naprednim veštačkim rukama
03:32
that were funded by the U.S. military, using these prototypes,
84
197000
3000
koje je finansirala američka vojska, koristeći ove prototipe,
03:35
that had up to 10 different degrees of freedom
85
200000
3000
koji su imali i do 10 različitih stepeni slobode
03:38
including movable hands.
86
203000
2000
uključujući i pokretne šake.
03:40
But at the end of the day,
87
205000
2000
Ali, sve u svemu,
03:42
how do we tell these robotic arms what to do?
88
207000
2000
kako reći ovim robotičkim rukama šta treba da rade?
03:44
How do we control them?
89
209000
2000
Kako da ih kontrolišemo?
03:46
Well we need a neural interface,
90
211000
2000
Pa, potreban nam je nervni priključak
03:48
a way to connect to our nervous system
91
213000
2000
način da se povežu sa našim nervnim sistemom
03:50
or our thought processes
92
215000
2000
ili sa našim procesima mišljenja
03:52
so that it's intuitive, it's natural,
93
217000
2000
tako da to bude intuitivno, prirodno.
03:54
like for you and I.
94
219000
4000
kao što je za vas ili za mene.
03:58
Well the body works by starting a motor command in your brain,
95
223000
3000
Dakle, telo radi tako što započne komandu za pokret u vašem mozgu,
04:01
going down your spinal cord,
96
226000
2000
i to se spušta niz kičmenu moždinu,
04:03
out the nerves and to your periphery.
97
228000
2000
ide kroz nerve u periferne delove.
04:05
And your sensation's the exact opposite.
98
230000
2000
A potpuno obrnuto se dešava kad imate neki osećaj.
04:07
You touch yourself, there's a stimulus
99
232000
2000
Dodirnete sebe, to je stimulus,
04:09
that comes up those very same nerves back up to your brain.
100
234000
3000
koji se penje kroz one iste nerve gore do vašeg mozga.
04:13
When you lose your arm, that nervous system still works.
101
238000
3000
I kad čovek izgubi ruku, taj nervni sistem i dalje radi.
04:16
Those nerves can put out command signals.
102
241000
3000
Ti nervi mogu da šalju komandne signale.
04:19
And if I tap the nerve ending
103
244000
2000
I ako dotaknem nervni završetak
04:21
on a World War II vet,
104
246000
2000
kod veterana iz Drugog svetskog rata,
04:23
he'll still feel his missing hand.
105
248000
2000
on će i dalje osećati šaku koja mu nedostaje.
04:25
So you might say,
106
250000
2000
Prema tome, moglo bi se reći
04:27
let's go to the brain
107
252000
2000
"pa, 'ajmo u mozak"
04:29
and put something in the brain to record signals,
108
254000
3000
i moglo bi da se nešto stavi u mozak da beleži signale,
04:32
or in the end of the peripheral nerve and record them there.
109
257000
3000
ili na krajeve perifernih nerava da tamo beleži signale.
04:35
And these are very exciting research areas,
110
260000
3000
I to su sve vrlo uzbudljiva područja istraživanja,
04:38
but it's really, really hard.
111
263000
2000
ali to je veoma, veoma teško.
04:40
You have to put in
112
265000
2000
Morali biste da stavite
04:42
hundreds of microscopic wires
113
267000
2000
stotine mikroskopskih žica
04:44
to record from little tiny individual neurons -- ordinary fibers
114
269000
4000
da snimaju iz malih, sićušnih pojedinačnih neurona - običnih vlakana
04:48
that put out tiny signals
115
273000
2000
koji provode sićušne signale
04:50
that are microvolts.
116
275000
2000
koji se nazivaju mikrovolti.
04:52
And it's just too hard
117
277000
2000
I prosto rečeno, suviše je teško
04:54
to use now and for my patients today.
118
279000
2000
da se to sada koristi za pacijente.
04:56
So we developed a different approach.
119
281000
3000
Tako da smo razvili drugačiji pristup.
04:59
We're using a biological amplifier
120
284000
3000
Koristimo biološki pojačivač
05:02
to amplify these nerve signals -- muscles.
121
287000
3000
da bismo pojačali ove nervne signale -- mišiće.
05:05
Muscles will amplify the nerve signals
122
290000
2000
Mišići će pojačati ove nervne signale
05:07
about a thousand-fold,
123
292000
2000
oko hiljadu puta,
05:09
so that we can record them from on top of the skin,
124
294000
3000
tako da možemo da ih zabeležimo na površini kože,
05:12
like you saw earlier.
125
297000
2000
kao što ste videli ranije.
05:14
So our approach is something we call targeted reinnervation.
126
299000
3000
Dakle, naš pristup je nešto što nazivamo ciljanom reinervacijom.
05:17
Imagine, with somebody who's lost their whole arm,
127
302000
3000
Zamislite, kod nekog ko je izgubio celu ruku,
05:20
we still have four major nerves
128
305000
2000
i dalje imamo četiri glavna nerva
05:22
that go down your arm.
129
307000
2000
koji idu do ruke.
05:24
And we take the nerve away from your chest muscle
130
309000
3000
Pa tako, uklonimo nerve iz grudnog mišića
05:27
and let these nerves grow into it.
131
312000
3000
i omogućimo ovim nervima iz ruke da urastu u grudni mišić.
05:30
Now you think, "Close hand," and a little section of your chest contracts.
132
315000
3000
I sada ako se pomisli "Zatvori šaku", mali deo grudnog mišića će se kontrahovati.
05:33
You think, "Bend elbow,"
133
318000
2000
Ako se pomisli "Savij lakat,"
05:35
a different section contracts.
134
320000
2000
kontrahovaće se drugi deo.
05:37
And we can use electrodes or antennae
135
322000
2000
I možemo da koristimo elektrode ili antene
05:39
to pick that up and tell the arm to move.
136
324000
3000
da to zabeležimo i da naredimo ruci da se pokrene.
05:42
That's the idea.
137
327000
2000
To je ideja.
05:44
So this is the first man that we tried it on.
138
329000
3000
Dakle, ovo je prvi čovek na kome smo to probali.
05:47
His name is Jesse Sullivan.
139
332000
2000
Zove se Džesi Salivan.
05:49
He's just a saint of a man --
140
334000
2000
On je pravi svetac --
05:51
54-year-old lineman who touched the wrong wire
141
336000
2000
54-godišnji monter strujnih kablova koji je pipnuo pogrešnu žicu
05:53
and had both of his arms burnt so badly
142
338000
3000
zbog čega su mu obe ruke tako jako izgorele
05:56
they had to be amputated at the shoulder.
143
341000
2000
da je bilo neophodno da se amputiraju u ramenu.
05:58
Jesse came to us at the RIC
144
343000
2000
Džesi je došao kod nas u IRČ
06:00
to be fit with these state-of-the-art devices, and here you see them.
145
345000
3000
da bi dobio ove savremene uredjaje, i ovde ih vidite.
06:03
I'm still using that old technology
146
348000
3000
I dalje koristim tu staru tehnologiju
06:06
with a bicycle cable on his right side.
147
351000
2000
sa kablom iz bicikla na Džesijevoj desnoj strani.
06:08
And he picks which joint he wants to move with those chin switches.
148
353000
3000
I on bira koji zglob hoće da pomeri preko ovih prekidača koje pritiska bradom.
06:11
On the left side he's got a modern motorized prosthesis
149
356000
3000
Sa leve strane, Džesi ima modernu motorizovanu protezu
06:14
with those three joints,
150
359000
2000
sa ova tri zgloba,
06:16
and he operates little pads in his shoulder
151
361000
3000
i koristi male jastučiće u ramenu
06:19
that he touches to make the arm go.
152
364000
2000
koje dodiruje da bi pokrenuo ruku.
06:21
And Jesse's a good crane operator,
153
366000
2000
Džesi dobro upravlja dizalicama,
06:23
and he did okay by our standards.
154
368000
2000
i dobro mu je išlo, po našim standardima.
06:25
He also required a revision surgery on his chest.
155
370000
3000
Takodje, Džesiju je trebala dodatna operacija na grudnom košu.
06:28
And that gave us the opportunity
156
373000
2000
To nam je dalo priliku
06:30
to do targeted reinnervation.
157
375000
2000
da izvršimo ciljanu reinervaciju.
06:32
So my colleague, Dr. Greg Dumanian, did the surgery.
158
377000
3000
Dakle, moj kolega, dr Greg Dumanijan, je uradio operaciju.
06:35
First, we cut away the nerve to his own muscle,
159
380000
3000
Prvo smo odsekli nerve za Džesijev mišić,
06:38
then we took the arm nerves
160
383000
2000
onda smo uzeli nerve za ruku
06:40
and just kind of had them shift down onto his chest
161
385000
2000
i, na neki način, smo ih samo preusmerili ka grudnom košu
06:42
and closed him up.
162
387000
2000
i završili operaciju.
06:44
And after about three months,
163
389000
2000
I posle oko tri meseca,
06:46
the nerves grew in a little bit and we could get a twitch.
164
391000
2000
ti nervi su pomalo urasli i mogli smo da dobijemo grčenje mišića.
06:48
And after six months, the nerves grew in well,
165
393000
3000
A posle šest meseci, nervi su već dobro urasli,
06:51
and you could see strong contractions.
166
396000
2000
i mogle su se videti jake kontrakcije.
06:53
And this is what it looks like.
167
398000
2000
I evo kako to izgleda.
06:55
This is what happens when Jesse thinks
168
400000
2000
Evo šta se dešava kada Džesi pomisli
06:57
open and close his hand,
169
402000
2000
da otvara i zatvara svoju šaku,
06:59
or bend or straighten your elbow.
170
404000
3000
ili savija i ispravlja lakat.
07:02
You can see the movements on his chest,
171
407000
2000
Mogu se videti pokreti grudnog mišića,
07:04
and those little hash marks
172
409000
2000
i ovih malih oznaka
07:06
are where we put our antennae, or electrodes.
173
411000
2000
gde smo stavili naše antene, ili elektrode.
07:08
And I challenge anybody in the room
174
413000
2000
I, ne verujem da bi iko iz publike
07:10
to make their chest go like this.
175
415000
2000
mogao da ovako pokreće grudne mišiće.
07:12
His brain is thinking about his arm.
176
417000
2000
Njegov mozak misli o njegovoj ruci.
07:14
He has not learned how to do this with the chest.
177
419000
3000
Džesi nije naučio kako da ovo radi preko grudnih mišića.
07:17
There is not a learning process.
178
422000
2000
To nije naučen proces.
07:19
That's why it's intuitive.
179
424000
2000
Zato je to intuitivno.
07:21
So here's Jesse in our first little test with him.
180
426000
3000
I evo ga Džesi u našem prvom malom testu za njega.
07:24
On the left-hand side, you see his original prosthesis,
181
429000
3000
Na levoj strani se vidi njegova originalna proteza,
07:27
and he's using those switches
182
432000
2000
i kako on koristi te prekidače
07:29
to move little blocks from one box to the other.
183
434000
2000
da pomera kockice iz jedne kutije u drugu.
07:31
He's had that arm for about 20 months, so he's pretty good with it.
184
436000
3000
Tu ruku ima već oko 20 meseci, pa je prilično dobro koristi.
07:34
On the right side,
185
439000
2000
Sa desne strane,
07:36
two months after we fit him with his targeted reinnervation prosthesis --
186
441000
3000
dva meseca pošto smo ga opremili ovom protezom sa ciljanom reinervacijom --
07:39
which, by the way, is the same physical arm,
187
444000
3000
koja je, uzgred, fizički ista kao ova druga,
07:42
just programmed a little different --
188
447000
2000
samo programirana na malo drugačiji način --
07:44
you can see that he's much faster
189
449000
2000
vidite da je Džesi mnogo brži
07:46
and much smoother as he moves these little blocks.
190
451000
3000
i pokreti su mu ravnomerniji dok pomera te kockice.
07:49
And we're only able to use three of the signals at this time.
191
454000
3000
A u to vreme smo mogli da koristimo samo tri signala.
07:52
Then we had one of those little surprises in science.
192
457000
5000
I onda se desilo jedno od onih malih iznenadjenja u nauci.
07:57
So we're all motivated to get motor commands
193
462000
2000
Znači, mi smo svi motivisani da usmerimo komande za pokret
07:59
to drive robotic arms.
194
464000
2000
da bi upravljali robotičkim rukama.
08:01
And after a few months,
195
466000
2000
A, posle nekoliko meseci,
08:03
you touch Jesse on his chest,
196
468000
2000
ako biste dotakli Džesijev grudni koš,
08:05
and he felt his missing hand.
197
470000
3000
on bi osetio šaku koja mu nedostaje.
08:08
His hand sensation grew into his chest again
198
473000
2000
Osećaj posedovanja šake se ponovo javio u njegovom grudnom mišiću
08:10
probably because we had also taken away a lot of fat,
199
475000
3000
verovatno zato što smo uklonili i dosta masnog tkiva,
08:13
so the skin was right down to the muscle
200
478000
2000
pa je koža bila neposredno uz mišić
08:15
and deinnervated, if you would, his skin.
201
480000
2000
i takodje smo de-inervisali njegovu kožu.
08:17
So you touch Jesse here, he feels his thumb;
202
482000
2000
Tako da, ako dotaknete Džesija ovde, on oseća svoj palac;
08:19
you touch it here, he feels his pinky.
203
484000
2000
ako ga pipnete ovde, oseća svoj mali prst.
08:21
He feels light touch
204
486000
2000
Oseća i vrlo blag dodir
08:23
down to one gram of force.
205
488000
2000
čak i samo pritisak od jednog grama.
08:25
He feels hot, cold, sharp, dull,
206
490000
3000
Oseća vruće, hladno, oštro, tupo,
08:28
all in his missing hand,
207
493000
2000
sve to u šaci koja mu nedostaje,
08:30
or both his hand and his chest,
208
495000
2000
ili u obe šake i u grudnom košu,
08:32
but he can attend to either.
209
497000
2000
ali ne može da reaguje ni na jedno.
08:34
So this is really exciting for us,
210
499000
2000
Dakle, ovo je zaista uzbudljivo za nas,
08:36
because now we have a portal,
211
501000
2000
jer sada imamo portal,
08:38
a portal, or a way to potentially give back sensation,
212
503000
4000
portal ili način da, eventualno, vratimo osećaj,
08:42
so that he might feel what he touches
213
507000
2000
tako da on može da oseti šta dodiruje
08:44
with his prosthetic hand.
214
509000
2000
svojom prostetičkom rukom.
08:46
Imagine sensors in the hand
215
511000
2000
Zamislite senzore u šaci
08:48
coming up and pressing on this new hand skin.
216
513000
3000
koji se penju i pritiskaju ovaj novi prikaz šake.
08:51
So it was very exciting.
217
516000
2000
To je bilo vrlo uzbudljivo.
08:53
We've also gone on
218
518000
2000
Takodje smo nastavili
08:55
with what was initially our primary population
219
520000
2000
sa onim što je prvobitno bila naša primarna populacija
08:57
of people with above-the-elbow amputations.
220
522000
2000
ljudi sa amputacijama iznad ramena.
08:59
And here we deinnervate, or cut the nerve away,
221
524000
3000
I tu smo de-inervisali, odnosno odsekli, nerv
09:02
just from little segments of muscle
222
527000
2000
iz samo malog segmenta mišića,
09:04
and leave others alone
223
529000
2000
a druge smo ostavili tu,
09:06
that give us our up-down signals
224
531000
2000
druge koji prenose signale gore-dole
09:08
and two others that will give us a hand open and close signal.
225
533000
3000
i još dva druga koji će prenositi signal za otvaranje i zatvaranje šake.
09:11
This was one of our first patients, Chris.
226
536000
2000
Ovo je jedan od naših prvih pacijenata, Kris.
09:13
You see him with his original device
227
538000
2000
Vidite ga sa njegovim originalnim uredjajem
09:15
on the left there after eight months of use,
228
540000
2000
sa leve strane, posle osam meseci upotrebe,
09:17
and on the right, it is two months.
229
542000
2000
a sa desne strane je posle dva meseca.
09:19
He's about four or five times as fast
230
544000
3000
Tu je oko četiri ili pet puta brži
09:22
with this simple little performance metric.
231
547000
3000
sa ovim jednostavnim malim sistemom.
09:25
All right.
232
550000
2000
Dobro.
09:27
So one of the best parts of my job
233
552000
3000
Dakle, jedna od najboljih strana mog posla
09:30
is working with really great patients
234
555000
2000
je to što radim sa zaista sjajnim pacijentima
09:32
who are also our research collaborators.
235
557000
2000
koji su takodje i naši saradnici u istraživanju.
09:34
And we're fortunate today
236
559000
2000
I danas imamo privilegiju
09:36
to have Amanda Kitts come and join us.
237
561000
2000
što će Amanda Kits doći da nam se pridruži.
09:38
Please welcome Amanda Kitts.
238
563000
2000
Molim vas pozdravite Amandu Kits.
09:40
(Applause)
239
565000
7000
(aplauz)
09:47
So Amanda, would you please tell us how you lost your arm?
240
572000
3000
Pa, Amanda, možeš li nam, molim te, reći kako si izgubila ruku?
09:50
Amanda Kitts: Sure. In 2006, I had a car accident.
241
575000
3000
Amanda Kits: Da, naravno. Imala sam saobraćajnu nesreću 2006. godine.
09:53
And I was driving home from work,
242
578000
3000
Vozila sam kući sa posla,
09:56
and a truck was coming the opposite direction,
243
581000
2000
a kamion je dolazio iz suprotnog smera,
09:58
came over into my lane,
244
583000
2000
skrenuo je u moju traku,
10:00
ran over the top of my car and his axle tore my arm off.
245
585000
4000
prešao je preko krova mog automobila i osovina kamiona mi je otkinula ruku.
10:04
Todd Kuiken: Okay, so after your amputation, you healed up.
246
589000
3000
Tod Kuiken: U redu, i posle amputacije, oporavila si se.
10:07
And you've got one of these conventional arms.
247
592000
2000
i dobila si jednu od onih konvencionalnih proteza za ruku.
10:09
Can you tell us how it worked?
248
594000
3000
Možeš li nam reći kako je to funkcionisalo?
10:12
AK: Well, it was a little difficult,
249
597000
2000
AK: Pa, bilo je pomalo teško,
10:14
because all I had to work with was a bicep and a tricep.
250
599000
2000
jer su mi preostali samo biceps i triceps.
10:16
So for the simple little things like picking something up,
251
601000
3000
Tako bih, za proste stvarčice, kao što je podizanje nečega,
10:19
I would have to bend my elbow,
252
604000
3000
morala da savijam lakat,
10:22
and then I would have to cocontract
253
607000
2000
onda bih morala da ga ponovo savijam
10:24
to get it to change modes.
254
609000
2000
da bi promenio način kretanja.
10:26
When I did that,
255
611000
2000
Kada sam to radila,
10:28
I had to use my bicep
256
613000
3000
morala sam da koristim biceps
10:31
to get the hand to close,
257
616000
2000
da bih zatvorila šaku,
10:33
use my tricep to get it to open,
258
618000
2000
i da koristim triceps da bih je otvorila,
10:35
cocontract again
259
620000
2000
pa ponovo da kontrahujem
10:37
to get the elbow to work again.
260
622000
2000
da bi lakat ponovo funkcionisao.
10:39
TK: So it was a little slow?
261
624000
2000
TK: Znači bilo je pomalo sporo?
10:41
AK: A little slow, and it was just hard to work.
262
626000
3000
AK: pomalo sporo i bilo je vrlo teško da se radi s tim.
10:44
You had to concentrate a whole lot.
263
629000
2000
Morali ste da se dobro koncentrišete.
10:46
TK: Okay, so I think about nine months later
264
631000
3000
TK: U redu, onda posle otprilike devet meseci
10:49
that you had the targeted reinnervation surgery,
265
634000
2000
imala si operaciju za ciljanu reinervaciju,
10:51
took six more months to have all the reinnervation.
266
636000
3000
trebalo je još šest meseci da bi se uradila sva reinervacija.
10:54
Then we fit her with a prosthesis.
267
639000
3000
Onda smo joj dali protezu.
10:57
And how did that work for you?
268
642000
2000
I kako je to funkcionisalo?
10:59
AK: It works good.
269
644000
3000
AK: Dobro funkcioniše.
11:02
I was able to use my elbow
270
647000
4000
Mogla sam da koristim lakat
11:06
and my hand simultaneously.
271
651000
3000
i šaku u isto vreme.
11:09
I could work them just by my thoughts.
272
654000
2000
Mogla sam da upravljam njima samo preko misli.
11:11
So I didn't have to do any of the cocontracting and all that.
273
656000
3000
Tako da nisam morala da radim sve ono grčenje i kontrahovanje.
11:14
TK: A little faster?
274
659000
2000
TK: Bilo je malo brže?
11:16
AK: A little faster. And much more easy, much more natural.
275
661000
4000
AK: Malo brže. I mnogo jednostavnije, mnogo prirodnije.
11:20
TK: Okay, this was my goal.
276
665000
3000
TK: U redu, to je i bio moj cilj.
11:23
For 20 years, my goal was to let somebody
277
668000
3000
Već 20 godina, moj cilj je da omogućim ljudima
11:26
[be] able to use their elbow and hand in an intuitive way
278
671000
3000
da koriste lakat i šaku na intuitivan način
11:29
and at the same time.
279
674000
2000
i to u isto vreme.
11:31
And we now have over 50 patients around the world who have had this surgery,
280
676000
3000
I sada imamo preko 50 pacijenata širom sveta koji su imali ovu operaciju,
11:34
including over a dozen of our wounded warriors
281
679000
2000
uključujući preko desetine naših ranjenih vojnika
11:36
in the U.S. armed services.
282
681000
2000
u službi američke vojske.
11:38
The success rate of the nerve transfers is very high.
283
683000
3000
Uspešnost ovih nervnih transfera je vrlo visoka.
11:41
It's like 96 percent.
284
686000
2000
Oko 96 odsto.
11:43
Because we're putting a big fat nerve onto a little piece of muscle.
285
688000
3000
Jer stavljamo veliki debeli nerv na mali komad mišića.
11:46
And it provides intuitive control.
286
691000
4000
I to omogućava intuitivnu kontrolu.
11:50
Our functional testing, those little tests,
287
695000
2000
Naše funkcionalno testiranje, ti mali testovi,
11:52
all show that they're a lot quicker and a lot easier.
288
697000
2000
svi pokazuju da su pacijenti mnogo brži i da im lakše ide.
11:54
And the most important thing
289
699000
2000
I najvažnija stvar
11:56
is our patients have appreciated it.
290
701000
2000
je to što i naši pacijenti to potpuno prepoznaju.
11:58
So that was all very exciting.
291
703000
2000
Dakle, to je sve bilo veoma uzbudljivo.
12:00
But we want to do better.
292
705000
3000
Ali, želeli bismo da radimo još bolje.
12:03
There's a lot of information in those nerve signals,
293
708000
4000
U tim nervnim signalima ima mnogo informacija,
12:07
and we wanted to get more.
294
712000
2000
i hteli smo da dobijemo još više.
12:09
You can move each finger. You can move your thumb, your wrist.
295
714000
3000
Svaki prst može da se pomera. Palac može da se pomera, može i zglob.
12:12
Can we get more out of it?
296
717000
2000
Možemo li dobiti još više?
12:14
So we did some experiments
297
719000
2000
Pa smo tako uradili eksperimente
12:16
where we saturated our poor patients with zillions of electrodes
298
721000
3000
gde smo stavili našim sirotim pacijentima milijarde elektroda
12:19
and then had them try to do two dozen different tasks --
299
724000
3000
i onda im dali da rade desetine različitih zadataka --
12:22
from wiggling a finger to moving a whole arm
300
727000
3000
od vrtenja prsta do pokretanja cele ruke
12:25
to reaching for something --
301
730000
2000
i dohvatanja nečega --
12:27
and recorded this data.
302
732000
2000
i to smo sve beležili.
12:29
And then we used some algorithms
303
734000
2000
I onda smo koristili neke algoritme
12:31
that are a lot like speech recognition algorithms,
304
736000
2000
koji su slični algoritmima za prepoznavanje govora,
12:33
called pattern recognition.
305
738000
2000
što se naziva prepoznavanje obrasca.
12:35
See.
306
740000
2000
Vidite.
12:37
(Laughter)
307
742000
2000
(smeh)
12:39
And here you can see, on Jesse's chest,
308
744000
2000
I ovde možete videti, na Džesijevim grudima,
12:41
when he just tried to do three different things,
309
746000
2000
kad pokušava da uradi tri različite stvari,
12:43
you can see three different patterns.
310
748000
2000
možete videti tri različita obrasca.
12:45
But I can't put in an electrode
311
750000
2000
Ali, ne mogu da ubacim elektrodu
12:47
and say, "Go there."
312
752000
2000
i da kažem, "Idi tamo."
12:49
So we collaborated with our colleagues in University of New Brunswick,
313
754000
3000
Zato smo saradjivali sa kolegama na Univerzitetu u Nju Bransviku,
12:52
came up with this algorithm control,
314
757000
2000
formulisali smo ovakvo kontrolisanje algoritma,
12:54
which Amanda can now demonstrate.
315
759000
2000
koje Amanda sada može da demonstrira.
12:56
AK: So I have the elbow that goes up and down.
316
761000
5000
AK: Dakle, lakat može da ide gore i dole.
13:01
I have the wrist rotation
317
766000
2000
Ovaj obrtni zglob
13:03
that goes -- and it can go all the way around.
318
768000
3000
koji ide ovako -- može da napravi pun krug.
13:06
And I have the wrist flexion and extension.
319
771000
4000
I mogu da vršim savijanje i opružanje ručnog zgloba.
13:10
And I also have the hand closed and open.
320
775000
3000
I mogu da zatvorim i otvorim šaku.
13:13
TK: Thank you, Amanda.
321
778000
2000
TK: Hvala ti, Amanda.
13:15
Now this is a research arm,
322
780000
2000
Ovo je ruka korišćena u istraživanju,
13:17
but it's made out of commercial components from here down
323
782000
3000
ali je napravljena od komercijalnih komponenti odavde do dole
13:20
and a few that I've borrowed from around the world.
324
785000
3000
i nekoliko koje sam pozajmio širom sveta.
13:23
It's about seven pounds,
325
788000
3000
Ima oko 3.2 kilograma
13:26
which is probably about what my arm would weigh
326
791000
2000
što je, verovatno, slično težini moje ruke
13:28
if I lost it right here.
327
793000
2000
ako bih je odavde izgubio.
13:30
Obviously, that's heavy for Amanda.
328
795000
3000
Očigledno, to je teško za Amandu.
13:33
And in fact, it feels even heavier,
329
798000
2000
I u stvari, deluje još teže,
13:35
because it's not glued on the same.
330
800000
2000
jer nije zalepljeno na ostatak ruke.
13:37
She's carrying all the weight through harnesses.
331
802000
2000
Ona nosi svu težinu preko sistema kablova.
13:39
So the exciting part isn't so much the mechatronics,
332
804000
3000
Dakle, uzbudljivi deo nije toliko u vezi sa mehatronikom,
13:42
but the control.
333
807000
2000
već u vezi sa kontrolom.
13:44
So we've developed a small microcomputer
334
809000
3000
Mi smo napravili mali mikrokompjuter
13:47
that is blinking somewhere behind her back
335
812000
3000
koji svetluca negde iza njenih ledja
13:50
and is operating this
336
815000
2000
i koji upravlja svim ovim,
13:52
all by the way she trains it
337
817000
2000
a ona ga trenira
13:54
to use her individual muscle signals.
338
819000
2000
da koristi njene pojedinačne mišićne signale.
13:56
So Amanda, when you first started using this arm,
339
821000
2000
Dakle, Amanda, kada si prvi put počela da koristiš ovu ruku,
13:58
how long did it take to use it?
340
823000
3000
koliko dugo ti je trebalo da je zaista koristiš?
14:01
AK: It took just about probably three to four hours
341
826000
2000
AK: Trebalo je oko tri do četiri sata
14:03
to get it to train.
342
828000
2000
da je istreniram.
14:05
I had to hook it up to a computer,
343
830000
2000
Morala sam da je prikačim za kompjuter,
14:07
so I couldn't just train it anywhere.
344
832000
2000
pa nisam mogla da je treniram bilo gde.
14:09
So if it stopped working, I just had to take it off.
345
834000
3000
Tako da, ako bi prestala da radi, morala sam da je skinem.
14:12
So now it's able to train
346
837000
2000
A sada može da se trenira
14:14
with just this little piece on the back.
347
839000
2000
samo ovim malim delom na ledjima.
14:16
I can wear it around.
348
841000
2000
To mogu svuda da nosim.
14:18
If it stops working for some reason, I can retrain it.
349
843000
3000
Ako, iz nekog razloga, prestane da radi, mogu da ponovo istreniram ruku.
14:21
Takes about a minute.
350
846000
2000
u roku od oko jednog minuta.
14:23
TK: So we're really excited,
351
848000
2000
TK: Mi smo veoma uzbudjeni,
14:25
because now we're getting to a clinically practical device.
352
850000
3000
jer sada praktično dolazimo do uredjaja za kliničku primenu.
14:28
And that's where our goal is --
353
853000
2000
A to je upravo naš cilj --
14:30
to have something clinically pragmatic to wear.
354
855000
4000
da imamo nešto što je klinički upotrebljivo.
14:34
We've also had Amanda able to use
355
859000
3000
Takodje smo omogućili Amandi da koristi
14:37
some of our more advanced arms that I showed you earlier.
356
862000
3000
neke od naših naprednijih proteza koje sam vam ranije pokazao.
14:41
Here's Amanda using an arm made by DEKA Research Corporation.
357
866000
3000
Evo Amande dok koristi protezu koju je napravila "DEKA" Istraživačka korporacija.
14:44
And I believe Dean Kamen presented it at TED a few years ago.
358
869000
4000
I mislim da je Din Kejmen prezentovao ovu protezu na TEDu pre nekoliko godina.
14:48
So Amanda, you can see,
359
873000
2000
Dakle, Amanda ima, kao što vidite,
14:50
has really good control.
360
875000
2000
vrlo dobru kontrolu.
14:52
It's all the pattern recognition.
361
877000
2000
To je sve prepoznavanje obrazaca.
14:54
And it now has a hand that can do different grasps.
362
879000
3000
A, sada imamo šaku koja može da izvodi različite načine hvatanja.
14:57
What we do is have the patient go all the way open
363
882000
3000
Ono što radimo je da pustimo pacijenta da potpuno otvori šaku
15:00
and think, "What hand grasp pattern do I want?"
364
885000
3000
i da pomisli, "Na koji način želim da uhvatim ovom šakom?"
15:03
It goes into that mode,
365
888000
2000
I proteza kreće u taj proces,
15:05
and then you can do up to five or six different hand grasps with this hand.
366
890000
2000
i sa ovom protezom je moguće izvesti do pet ili šest različitih zahvata šakom.
15:07
Amanda, how many were you able to do with the DEKA arm?
367
892000
3000
Amanda, koliko si ti mogla da izvedeš sa "DEKA" rukom?
15:10
AK: I was able to get four.
368
895000
2000
AK: ja sam mogla da uradim četiri.
15:12
I had the key grip, I had a chuck grip,
369
897000
3000
Mogla sam da uhvatim bočno, da uhvatim sa tri prsta
15:15
I had a power grasp
370
900000
2000
mogla sam da snažno obuhvatim
15:17
and I had a fine pinch.
371
902000
2000
i da nežno uštinem.
15:19
But my favorite one was just when the hand was open,
372
904000
2000
Ali moj omiljeni zahvat je bilo kad mi je šaka potpuno otvorena,
15:21
because I work with kids,
373
906000
2000
jer radim sad decom,
15:23
and so all the time you're clapping and singing,
374
908000
3000
i sve vreme ima tapšanja i pevanja,
15:26
so I was able to do that again, which was really good.
375
911000
3000
pa sam tako mogla da to sve ponovo radim, što je bilo stvarno dobro.
15:29
TK: That hand's not so good for clapping.
376
914000
2000
TK: Ta ruka nije baš dobra za tapšanje.
15:31
AK: Can't clap with this one.
377
916000
2000
AK: Ne može se tapšati sa ovom.
15:33
TK: All right. So that's exciting
378
918000
2000
TK: Dobro. Dakle to je uzbudljivo
15:35
on where we may go with the better mechatronics,
379
920000
2000
u smislu kuda bismo mogli da idemo sa boljom mehatronikom,
15:37
if we make them good enough
380
922000
2000
ako ih napravimo da budu dovoljno dobre
15:39
to put out on the market and use in a field trial.
381
924000
3000
da bismo mogli da ih pustimo na tržište i za upotrebu u praksi.
15:42
I want you to watch closely.
382
927000
2000
Želeo bih da pažljivo pogledate.
15:44
(Video) Claudia: Oooooh!
383
929000
2000
(Video) Klaudija: Uuuuuu!
15:46
TK: That's Claudia,
384
931000
2000
TK: To je Klaudija,
15:48
and that was the first time
385
933000
2000
i to je prvi put
15:50
she got to feel sensation through her prosthetic.
386
935000
3000
kada je osetila nešto kroz svoju protezu.
15:53
She had a little sensor at the end of her prosthesis
387
938000
3000
Imala je mali senzor na kraju proteze
15:56
that then she rubbed over different surfaces,
388
941000
3000
koji je trljala na različite površine,
15:59
and she could feel different textures
389
944000
2000
i mogla je da oseti različitu strukturu
16:01
of sandpaper, different grits, ribbon cable,
390
946000
3000
šmirgle, raznih vrsta šljunka, trakastog kabla,
16:04
as it pushed on her reinnervated hand skin.
391
949000
3000
kad bi nešto od toga pritisnulo njen reinervisani prikaz šake.
16:07
She said that when she just ran it across the table,
392
952000
3000
Rekla je da kad samo prelazi protezom preko stola,
16:10
it felt like her finger was rocking.
393
955000
2000
ima osećaj da joj se prst ljulja.
16:12
So that's an exciting laboratory experiment
394
957000
2000
Dakle to je uzbudljiv laboratorijski eksperiment
16:14
on how to give back, potentially, some skin sensation.
395
959000
3000
koji pokazuje kako mogu da se, potencijalno, vrate neki osećaji preko kože.
16:17
But here's another video that shows some of our challenges.
396
962000
3000
Ali, evo drugog video snimka koji pokazuje neke od naših izazova.
16:20
This is Jesse, and he's squeezing a foam toy.
397
965000
3000
Ovo je Džesi, stiska penastu igračku.
16:23
And the harder he squeezes -- you see a little black thing in the middle
398
968000
3000
I što jače stisne -- vidite crnu stvarčicu u sredini
16:26
that's pushing on his skin proportional to how hard he squeezes.
399
971000
3000
to jače pritiska na njegovu kožu, srazmerno tome koliko jako on stiska.
16:29
But look at all the electrodes around it.
400
974000
2000
Ali, pogledajte sve te elektrode okolo.
16:31
I've got a real estate problem.
401
976000
2000
Imam pravi prostorni problem.
16:33
You're supposed to put a bunch of these things on there,
402
978000
2000
Trebalo bi da stavimo gomilu svih tih stvari tu,
16:35
but our little motor's making all kinds of noise
403
980000
3000
a naš mali motor pravi razne zvukove
16:38
right next to my electrodes.
404
983000
2000
tačno pored mojih elektroda.
16:40
So we're really challenged on what we're doing there.
405
985000
3000
Tako da je to što radimo priličan izazov.
16:43
The future is bright.
406
988000
2000
Budućnost je svetla.
16:45
We're excited about where we are and a lot of things we want to do.
407
990000
3000
Uzbudjeni smo time gde se sad nalazimo i mnogim stvarima koje želimo da uradimo.
16:48
So for example,
408
993000
2000
Tako na primer,
16:50
one is to get rid of my real estate problem
409
995000
3000
jedna od stvari je da se rešim mog prostornog problema
16:53
and get better signals.
410
998000
2000
i da dobijem bolje signale.
16:55
We want to develop these little tiny capsules
411
1000000
3000
Hoćemo da razvijemo ove malecke kapsule,
16:58
about the size of a piece of risotto
412
1003000
2000
otprilike veličine komadića iz rižota
17:00
that we can put into the muscles
413
1005000
2000
koje možemo da stavimo u mišiće
17:02
and telemeter out the EMG signals,
414
1007000
3000
i da prenosimo EMG signale,
17:05
so that it's not worrying about electrode contact.
415
1010000
3000
tako da nema brige o kontaktu sa elektrodom.
17:08
And we can have the real estate open
416
1013000
2000
I možemo da oslobodimo prostor
17:10
to try more sensation feedback.
417
1015000
2000
i pokušamo da dobijemo bolju povratnu reakciju za osećaj.
17:12
We want to build a better arm.
418
1017000
2000
Hoćemo da napravimo bolju ruku.
17:14
This arm -- they're always made for the 50th percentile male --
419
1019000
4000
Ova ruka -- uvek se prave za 50 procenata muškaraca --
17:18
which means they're too big for five-eighths of the world.
420
1023000
4000
što znači da su prevelike za 5/8 svetske populacije.
17:22
So rather than a super strong or super fast arm,
421
1027000
3000
I tako, umesto super snažne ili super brze ruke,
17:25
we're making an arm that is --
422
1030000
2000
mi pravimo ruku, tačnije --
17:27
we're starting with,
423
1032000
2000
počinjemo sa,
17:29
the 25th percentile female --
424
1034000
3000
25 procenata žena
17:32
that will have a hand that wraps around,
425
1037000
2000
koje će imati šaku koja može da obuhvati,
17:34
opens all the way,
426
1039000
2000
može da se potpuno otvori,
17:36
two degrees of freedom in the wrist and an elbow.
427
1041000
3000
ima dva stepena slobode u zglobu i laktu.
17:39
So it'll be the smallest and lightest
428
1044000
2000
Tako da će to biti najmanja i najlakša
17:41
and the smartest arm ever made.
429
1046000
2000
i najpametnija ruka ikad napravljena.
17:43
Once we can do it that small,
430
1048000
2000
Jednom kad budemo mogli da to napravimo tako malo,
17:45
it's a lot easier making them bigger.
431
1050000
2000
mnogo je jednostavnije posle ih napraviti veće.
17:47
So those are just some of our goals.
432
1052000
3000
Dakle, to su samo neki od naših ciljeva.
17:50
And we really appreciate you all being here today.
433
1055000
4000
I stvarno cenimo što ste svi vi danas ovde.
17:54
I'd like to tell you a little bit about the dark side,
434
1059000
2000
Želeo bih da vam ispričam nešto i o mračnoj strani,
17:56
with yesterday's theme.
435
1061000
2000
sa jučerašnjom temom.
17:58
So Amanda came jet-lagged,
436
1063000
2000
Znači Amanda je stigla sa džet-legom od puta,
18:00
she's using the arm,
437
1065000
2000
koristi ruku,
18:02
and everything goes wrong.
438
1067000
2000
i sve ide naopako.
18:04
There was a computer spook,
439
1069000
2000
Desio se kvar na kompjuteru,
18:06
a broken wire,
440
1071000
2000
pukla je žica,
18:08
a converter that sparked.
441
1073000
2000
transformator je varničio.
18:10
We took out a whole circuit in the hotel
442
1075000
2000
Izvadili smo celo strujno kolo u hotelu
18:12
and just about put on the fire alarm.
443
1077000
2000
i skoro aktivirali požarni alarm.
18:14
And none of those problems could I have dealt with,
444
1079000
3000
I nijedan od ovih problema ne bih mogao da rešim,
18:17
but I have a really bright research team.
445
1082000
2000
da nemam zaista sjajan tim istraživača.
18:19
And thankfully Dr. Annie Simon was with us
446
1084000
3000
I, na sreću, Dr Eni Sajmon je bila sa nama
18:22
and worked really hard yesterday to fix it.
447
1087000
2000
i juče smo se stvarno naradili da to sredimo.
18:24
That's science.
448
1089000
2000
To je nauka.
18:26
And fortunately, it worked today.
449
1091000
2000
I srećom, danas radi.
18:28
So thank you very much.
450
1093000
2000
Hvala vam mnogo.
18:30
(Applause)
451
1095000
14000
(aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Todd Kuiken - Biomedical engineerA doctor and engineer, Todd Kuiken builds new prosthetics that connect with the human nervous system. Yes: bionics.
Why you should listen
As Dean Kamen said at TED2007, the design of the prosthetic arm hadn't really been updated since the Civil War -- basically "a stick and a hook." But at the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, physiatrist Todd Kuiken is building new arms and hands that are wired into the nervous system and can be controlled by the same impulses from the brain that once controlled flesh and blood.
Kuiken's training -- as both a physician and an engineer -- helps him see both sides of this complex problem. A technology called targeted muscle reinnervation uses nerves remaining after an amputation to control an artificial limb, linking brain impulses to a computer in the prosthesis that directs motors to move the limb. An unexpected effect in some patients: not only can they move their new limb, they can feel with it.
He said: "From an engineering standpoint, this is the greatest challenge one can imagine: trying to restore the most incredible machine in the universe."
Todd Kuiken | Speaker | TED.com