TEDGlobal 2012
Ellen Jorgensen: Biohacking -- you can do it, too
Elen Jorgensen (Ellen Jorgensen): Biohakovanje - to možeš i ti
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Imamo personalne kompjutere, zašto ne bismo imali i personalnu biotehnologiju? To je pitanje koje su sebi postavljali biologičarka Elen Jorgensen i njene kolege pre otvaranja Genspejsa, neprofitne Bioradionice (Uradi-sam biolaboratorije - DIYbio) u Bruklinu, posvećene nauci za široke mase, u kojoj amateri mogu da se na zabavan i opušten način praktično obuče biotehnologijom. Genspejs je daleko od opake frankenštajnske laboratorije (kako su je neki zamišljali) i nudi dugačak spisak zabavne, kreativne i praktične primene biotehnologije za Bioradionice.
Ellen Jorgensen - Biologist, community science advocate
Ellen Jorgensen is at the leading edge of the do-it-yourself biotechnology movement, bringing scientific exploration and understanding to the public. Full bio
Ellen Jorgensen is at the leading edge of the do-it-yourself biotechnology movement, bringing scientific exploration and understanding to the public. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
It's a great time to be a molecular biologist. (Laughter)
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Ovo je pravo vreme za molekularnog biologa.
(Smeh)
(Smeh)
00:19
Reading and writing DNA code is getting easier
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Čitanje i pisanje DNK koda postaje lakše
00:22
and cheaper.
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i jeftinije.
00:24
By the end of this year, we'll be able to sequence
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Do kraja ove godine
moći ćemo da sekvenciramo
moći ćemo da sekvenciramo
00:26
the three million bits of information
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tri miliona delova informacije
00:28
in your genome in less than a day
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vašeg genoma za manje od dana
00:31
and for less than 1,000 euros.
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i za manje od 1.000 €.
00:33
Biotech is probably the most powerful
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Biotehnologija je verovatno najjača
00:36
and the fastest-growing technology sector.
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i najbrže rastuća tehnološka grana.
00:39
It has the power, potentially,
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Ima snagu da možda
00:42
to replace our fossil fuels,
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zameni naša fosilna goriva,
00:44
to revolutionize medicine,
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da napravi revoluciju u medicini,
00:47
and to touch every aspect of our daily lives.
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i da se dotakne svakog aspekta
našeg svakodnevnog života.
našeg svakodnevnog života.
00:51
So who gets to do it?
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I ko bi to trebalo da radi?
00:55
I think we'd all be pretty comfortable with
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Mislim da bi nam svima odgovarao
00:57
this guy doing it.
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ovaj momak.
01:00
But what about
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Ali šta ako je
01:02
that guy? (Laughter)
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to ovaj?
(Smeh)
(Smeh)
01:05
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
01:07
In 2009, I first heard about DIYbio.
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2009. sam prvi put čula za Bioradionice (Uradi-sam biolaboratorije - DIYbio)
01:13
It's a movement that -- it advocates making biotechnology
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To je pokret koji zagovara
praktičnu biotehnologiju,
praktičnu biotehnologiju,
01:17
accessible to everyone,
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koja je dostupna svima,
01:19
not just scientists and people in government labs.
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ne samo naučnicima
i ljudima u vladinim laboratorijima.
i ljudima u vladinim laboratorijima.
01:22
The idea is that if you open up the science
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Zamisao je da ako nauku napravite
pristupačnijom
pristupačnijom
01:26
and you allow diverse groups to participate,
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i dozvolite raznim grupama da učestvuju,
01:29
it could really stimulate innovation.
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mogle bi se zaista podstaći inovacije.
01:30
Putting technology in the hands of the end user
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Stavljanje tehnologije
u ruke krajnjeg korisnika
u ruke krajnjeg korisnika
01:33
is usually a good idea because they've got the best idea
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obično je dobra ideja,
jer oni najbolje znaju
jer oni najbolje znaju
01:36
of what their needs are.
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šta su njihove potrebe.
01:39
And here's this really sophisticated technology
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I evo je ovde ova zaista sofisticirana tehnologija
01:42
coming down the road, all these associated
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dolazi nam u susret i sa njom sva
01:44
social, moral, ethical questions,
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socijalna, moralna, etička pitanja
01:47
and we scientists are just lousy at explaining to the public
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i mi naučnici koji smo baš loši
u objašnjavanju javnosti
u objašnjavanju javnosti
01:51
just exactly what it is we're doing in those labs.
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u detalje šta sve radimo
u tim laboratorijama.
u tim laboratorijama.
01:54
So wouldn't it be nice
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Zar ne bi bilo lepo
01:57
if there was a place in your local neighborhood
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kada bi postojalo mesto u vašem susedstvu
02:00
where you could go and learn about this stuff,
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gde biste mogli otići i naučiti o svemu tome,
02:02
do it hands-on?
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kroz praksu?
02:04
I thought so.
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Tako sam ja razmišljala.
02:06
So, three years ago, I got together
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Zato sam se pre tri godine našla
02:08
with some friends of mine who had similar aspirations
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sa svojim prijateljima sličnih aspiracija
02:11
and we founded Genspace.
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i osnovali smo Genspejs
02:14
It's a nonprofit, a community biotech lab
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Neprofitnu društvenu biotehnološku laboratoriju
02:17
in Brooklyn, New York,
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u Bruklinu, Njujorku.
02:18
and the idea was people could come,
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Ideja je bila da bi ljudi mogli navratiti,
02:20
they could take classes and putter around in the lab
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pohađati predavanja i vršljati po laboratoriji
02:24
in a very open, friendly atmosphere.
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u veoma otvorenoj, prijateljskoj atmosferi.
02:28
None of my previous experience prepared me
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Nijedno od mojih pređašnjih iskustava
nije me pripremilo
nije me pripremilo
02:31
for what came next. Can you guess?
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za ono što je usledilo.
Pogađate li?
Pogađate li?
02:34
The press started calling us.
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Štampa je počela da nas proziva.
02:37
And the more we talked about how great it was to increase
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I što smo više govorili
kako bi dobro bilo da se poveća
kako bi dobro bilo da se poveća
02:40
science literacy, the more they wanted to talk
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naučna pismenost,
više su želeli da o nama
više su želeli da o nama
02:43
about us creating the next Frankenstein,
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govore kao o kreatorima
novog Frankenštajna,
novog Frankenštajna,
02:46
and as a result, for the next six months,
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što je u sledećih šest meseci dovelo
02:49
when you Googled my name,
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do toga da kada si uguglao moje ime,
02:51
instead of getting my scientific papers, you got this.
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umesto mojih naučnih svedočanstava,
dobio si ovo
dobio si ovo
02:55
["Am I a biohazard?"]
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[" Da li sam ja biohazard?"]
02:56
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
02:58
It was pretty depressing.
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Bilo je prilično depresivno.
03:00
The only thing that got us through that period
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Jedina stvar koja nas je tada održala
03:03
was that we knew that all over the world,
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bilo je naše saznanje da svuda po svetu
03:05
there were other people that were trying to do
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postoje drugi ljudi koji pokušavaju da urade
03:07
the same thing that we were.
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istu stvar kao i mi.
03:09
They were opening biohacker spaces, and some of them
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Otvarali su biohakerske radionice
i neki od njih su se
i neki od njih su se
03:11
were facing much greater challenges than we did,
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suočavali s još mnogo većim
izazovima od naših,
izazovima od naših,
03:14
more regulations, less resources.
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više pravila, manje resursa.
03:18
But now, three years later, here's where we stand.
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I evo gde smo sada, tri godine kasnije.
03:22
It's a vibrant, global community of hackerspaces,
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To je živopisna,
globalna zajednica hakerprostora
globalna zajednica hakerprostora
03:26
and this is just the beginning.
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i to je tek početak.
03:28
These are some of the biggest ones,
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Ovo su neke od najvećih
03:30
and there are others opening every day.
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i tu su druge koje se otvaraju svakog dana.
03:32
There's one probably going to open up in Moscow,
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Jedna će se verovatno otvoriti u Moskvi,
03:35
one in South Korea,
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jedna u Južnoj Koreji,
03:37
and the cool thing is they each have their own
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i kul stvar je da svaka ima svoju
03:39
individual flavor
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individualnu notu
03:41
that grew out of the community they came out of.
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koja izrasta iz zajednice iz koje izviru.
03:43
Let me take you on a little tour.
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Dozvolite da vas povedem u mali obilazak.
03:46
Biohackers work alone.
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Biohakeri rade sami.
03:49
We work in groups,
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Mi radimo u grupama,
03:51
in big cities — (Laughter) —
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u velikim gradovima
- (Smeh) -
- (Smeh) -
03:56
and in small villages.
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i u malim selima.
03:58
We reverse engineer lab equipment.
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Koristimo laboratorijsku opremu
za obrnuti inženjering.
za obrnuti inženjering.
04:01
We genetically engineer bacteria.
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Genetiski modifikujemo bakterije.
04:04
We hack hardware,
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Mi hakerišemo hardver,
04:06
software,
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softver,
04:08
wetware,
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vetver
04:10
and, of course, the code of life.
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i naravno, kod života.
04:13
We like to build things.
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Mi volimo da gradimo stvari.
04:16
Then we like to take things apart.
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Zatim, volimo da ih rastavljamo.
04:23
We make things grow.
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Stvaramo stvari koje rastu.
04:25
We make things glow.
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Stvaramo sjaj u stvarima.
04:27
And we make cells dance.
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I činimo da ćelije plešu.
04:31
The spirit of these labs, it's open, it's positive,
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Duša ovih laboratorija je u otvorenosti,
pozitivnosti
pozitivnosti
04:34
but, you know, sometimes when people think of us,
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ali, znate, ponekad kada ljudi pomisle na nas
04:37
the first thing that comes to mind is bio-safety,
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prva stvar koja im pada na pamet
je bio-sigurnost,
je bio-sigurnost,
04:41
bio-security, all the dark side stuff.
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bio-bezbednost,
sve same mračne strane.
sve same mračne strane.
04:44
I'm not going to minimize those concerns.
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Neću minimalizovati zabrinutost te vrste.
04:47
Any powerful technology is inherently dual use,
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Svaka tehnologija koja ima moć
nosi u sebi dvojnost upotrebe
nosi u sebi dvojnost upotrebe
04:50
and, you know, you get something like
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i tako imate nešto nalik
04:52
synthetic biology, nanobiotechnology,
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sintetičkoj biologiji, nanobiotehnologiji
04:55
it really compels you, you have to look at both
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što vas zaista primora
da pogledate kako na
da pogledate kako na
04:58
the amateur groups but also the professional groups,
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amaterske grupe
tako i na profesionalne grupe,
tako i na profesionalne grupe,
05:01
because they have better infrastructure,
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koje imaju bolju infrastrukturu,
05:04
they have better facilities,
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bolje uslove rada
05:05
and they have access to pathogens.
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i pristup patogenima.
05:08
So the United Nations did just that, and they recently
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Ujedinjene nacije su upravo to uradile
i nedavno su
i nedavno su
05:11
issued a report on this whole area,
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izdale izveštaj o celom tom području
05:14
and what they concluded was the power of this technology
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i njihov zaključak je bio
da je moć te tehnologije
da je moć te tehnologije
05:17
for positive was much greater than the risk for negative,
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u pozitivnom smislu mnogo veća
od rizika negativnog
od rizika negativnog
05:21
and they even looked specifically at the DIYbio community,
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i čak su posebnu pažnju posvetili
zajednicama bioradionica,
zajednicama bioradionica,
05:24
and they noted, not surprisingly, that the press
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i ne iznenađuje što su primetili da je štampa
05:28
had a tendency to consistently overestimate our capabilities
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imala nameru da stalno preuveličava
naše sposobnosti
naše sposobnosti
05:32
and underestimate our ethics.
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i da umanjuje našu etiku.
05:34
As a matter of fact, DIY people from all over the world,
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Štaviše, osoblje Bioradionica iz celoga sveta,
05:38
America, Europe, got together last year,
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iz Amerike, Evrope prošle godine se sastalo
05:41
and we hammered out a common code of ethics.
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i isklesali smo zajednički etički kodeks.
05:43
That's a lot more than conventional science has done.
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To je mnogo više od onoga
što je konvencionalna nauka uradila.
što je konvencionalna nauka uradila.
05:47
Now, we follow state and local regulations.
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Držimo se i državnih i lokalnih pravila.
05:50
We dispose of our waste properly, we follow
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Odlažemo naše otpatke pravilno, poštujemo
05:52
safety procedures, we don't work with pathogens.
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sigurnosne postupke,
ne radimo s patogenima.
ne radimo s patogenima.
05:56
You know, if you're working with a pathogen,
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Jer, oprostite, ako radite s patogenima
05:58
you're not part of the biohacker community,
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vi onda ne spadate u biohakerske zajednice
06:01
you're part of the bioterrorist community, I'm sorry.
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već u bioterorističke zajednice.
06:04
And sometimes people ask me,
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I ponekad me pitaju ljudi:
06:06
"Well, what about an accident?"
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"Šta ako se dogodi nesreća?"
06:08
Well, working with the safe organisms that we normally
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Pa, pošto radimo sa bezopasnim organizmima,
06:11
work with, the chance of an accident happening
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što je uobičajeno,
šansa da se dogodi nesreća
šansa da se dogodi nesreća
06:15
with somebody accidentally creating, like,
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i da neko slučajno stvori nešto
06:17
some sort of superbug,
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nalik na superbubu,
06:19
that's literally about as probable as a snowstorm
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to je moguće, bukvalno, koliko i mećava
06:23
in the middle of the Sahara Desert.
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usred pustinje Sahare.
06:25
Now, it could happen,
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Moglo bi se desiti,
06:26
but I'm not going to plan my life around it.
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ali neću svoj život tome podređivati.
06:30
I've actually chosen to take a different kind of risk.
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U stvari sama sam izabrala
da prihvatim rizik druge vrste.
da prihvatim rizik druge vrste.
06:33
I signed up for something called the Personal Genome Project.
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Prijavila sam se za nešto što se zove
Personalni genomski projekat.
Personalni genomski projekat.
06:36
It's a study at Harvard where, at the end of the study,
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To je istraživanje na Harvardu
gde će na kraju istraživanja
gde će na kraju istraživanja
06:39
they're going to take my entire genomic sequence,
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uzeti moj ceo genomski niz,
06:42
all of my medical information, and my identity,
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sve moje zdravstvene informacije
i moj identitet
i moj identitet
06:45
and they're going to post it online for everyone to see.
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i zatim će to staviti na internet
da svako može da vidi.
da svako može da vidi.
06:50
There were a lot of risks involved that they talked about
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To sadrži mnoge rizike o kojima se govorilo
06:52
during the informed consent portion.
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pre davanja saglasnosti,
informacije radi.
informacije radi.
06:54
The one I liked the best is,
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Najviše mi se dopalo
06:56
someone could download my sequence, go back to the lab,
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da bi neko mogao da skine s kompjutera
moju genomski niz, vrati se u laboratoriju,
moju genomski niz, vrati se u laboratoriju,
07:00
synthesize some fake Ellen DNA,
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sastavi neku lažnu Elen DNK
07:02
and plant it at a crime scene. (Laughter)
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i posadi je na neko mesto zločina.
(Smeh)
(Smeh)
07:06
But like DIYbio, the positive outcomes and
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Ali kao i bioradionice, pozitivni ishodi
07:11
the potential for good for a study like that
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i mogućnost dobroga za takvo istraživanje
07:14
far outweighs the risk.
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je daleko veća od rizika.
07:16
Now, you might be asking yourself,
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Mogli biste se upitati:
07:18
"Well, you know, what would I do in a biolab?"
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"Šta bih ja radila u biolaboratoriji?"
07:22
Well, it wasn't that long ago we were asking, "Well,
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Nije bilo tako davno kada smo se pitali:
07:25
what would anyone do with a personal computer?"
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"Šta će bilo ko od nas
raditi s kompjuterom?"
raditi s kompjuterom?"
07:28
So this stuff is just beginning.
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Te stvari su u samom začetku.
07:30
We're only seeing just the tip of the DNA iceberg.
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Mi vidimo samo vrh ledenog brega DNK.
07:34
Let me show you what you could do right now.
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Dozvolite da vam pokažem
šta biste mogli da uradite ovog časa.
šta biste mogli da uradite ovog časa.
07:37
A biohacker in Germany, a journalist, wanted to know
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Biohaker u Nemačkoj, novinar,
želeo je da sazna
želeo je da sazna
07:41
whose dog was leaving little presents on his street?
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čiji je pas ostavljao poklončiće
u njegovoj ulici?
u njegovoj ulici?
07:44
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(Smeh) (Aplauz)
07:47
Yep, you guessed it. He threw tennis balls
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Pogađate. Bacao je teniske loptice
07:50
to all the neighborhood dogs, analyzed the saliva,
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svim psima iz susedstva,
analizirao pljuvačku,
analizirao pljuvačku,
07:53
identified the dog, and confronted the dog owner.
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identifikovao psa i suočio vlasnika.
07:57
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(Smeh) (Aplauz)
08:03
I discovered an invasive species in my own backyard.
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Otkrila sam neku invazivnu vrstu
u sopstvenom dvorištu.
u sopstvenom dvorištu.
08:07
Looked like a ladybug, right?
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Nalik na bubamaru, je l' tako?
08:09
It actually is a Japanese beetle.
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To je ustvari (lat.) Popillia japonica.
08:11
And the same kind of technology --
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I istu vrstu tehnologije -
08:13
it's called DNA barcoding, it's really cool --
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po imenu DNK bar-kodiranje,
to je zaista kul -
to je zaista kul -
08:15
You can use it to check if your caviar is really beluga,
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možete koristiti da proverite
da li je vaš kavijar zaista iz beluge
da li je vaš kavijar zaista iz beluge
08:20
if that sushi is really tuna, or if that goat cheese
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da li je taj suši zaista iz tune
ili da li je taj kozji sir
ili da li je taj kozji sir
08:23
that you paid so much for is really goat's.
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koji ste skupo platili zaista kozji.
08:26
In a biohacker space, you can analyze your genome
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U biohakerskom prostoru
možete analizirati vaš genom
možete analizirati vaš genom
08:30
for mutations.
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za mutacije u njemu.
08:31
You can analyze your breakfast cereal for GMO's,
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Možete analizirati vaše pahuljice
za doručkom i udeo GMO u njima
za doručkom i udeo GMO u njima
08:35
and you can explore your ancestry.
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i možete istraživati vaše poreklo.
08:37
You can send weather balloons up into the stratosphere,
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Možete poslati
vremenske balone u stratosferu,
vremenske balone u stratosferu,
08:40
collect microbes, see what's up there.
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pokupiti mikrobe,
videti šta se događa tamo gore.
videti šta se događa tamo gore.
08:43
You can make a biocensor out of yeast
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Možete napraviti biosenzor iz kvasca
08:46
to detect pollutants in water.
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da otkrijete zagađivače u vodi.
08:48
You can make some sort of a biofuel cell.
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Možete napraviti neke vrste ćelije biogoriva.
08:52
You can do a lot of things.
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Možete raditi mnogo stvari.
08:54
You can also do an art science project. Some of these
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Takođe možete napraviti umetničko-naučni projekat.
Neki od njih
Neki od njih
08:57
are really spectacular, and they look at social,
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su zaista spektakularni i posmatraju socijalne,
09:01
ecological problems from a completely different perspective.
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ekološke probleme iz sasvim drugog ugla.
09:04
It's really cool.
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To je zaista kul.
09:05
Some people ask me, well, why am I involved?
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Pitaju me neki ljudi
zašto sam se angažovala?
zašto sam se angažovala?
09:08
I could have a perfectly good career in mainstream science.
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Mogla sam imati izvrsnu karijeru
u konvencionalnoj nauci.
u konvencionalnoj nauci.
09:12
The thing is, there's something in these labs
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Radi se o tome da postoji nešto
u tim laboratorijama
u tim laboratorijama
09:15
that they have to offer society that you can't find
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što imaju da ponude društvu
i što ne možete naći
i što ne možete naći
09:18
anywhere else.
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ni na jednom drugom mestu.
09:20
There's something sacred about a space where
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Postoji nešto sveto u prostoru gde
09:22
you can work on a project, and you don't have to justify
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možete raditi projekat,
a ne morate nikoga da uveravate
a ne morate nikoga da uveravate
09:25
to anyone that it's going to make a lot of money,
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kako će doneti mnogo para,
09:28
that it's going to save mankind, or even that it's feasible.
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kako će spasiti čovečanstvo,
čak ni to da je moguć.
čak ni to da je moguć.
09:31
It just has to follow safety guidelines.
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Jedino što treba je da se drži
sigurnosnih uputstava.
sigurnosnih uputstava.
09:34
If you had spaces like this all over the world,
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Da imate takve prostore širom sveta,
09:37
it could really change the perception
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zaista bi se moglo promeniti shvatanje
09:39
of who's allowed to do biotech.
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o tome kome je dozvoljeno
bavljenje biotehnologijom.
bavljenje biotehnologijom.
09:41
It's spaces like these that spawned personal computing.
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Iz takvih prostora su se izlegli
personalni kompjuteri.
personalni kompjuteri.
09:45
Why not personal biotech?
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Zašto se ne bi
i personalna biotehnologija?
i personalna biotehnologija?
09:48
If everyone in this room got involved,
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Ako bi se svi ovde prisutni uključili,
09:50
who knows what we could do?
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ko zna šta bismo sve mogli uraditi?
09:52
This is such a new area, and as we say back in Brooklyn,
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To je toliko nova oblast
i kako već kažemo u Bruklinu,
i kako već kažemo u Bruklinu,
09:55
you ain't seen nothin' yet. (Laughter)
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još ništa niste videli, najbolje tek dolazi.
(Smeh)
(Smeh)
09:59
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ellen Jorgensen - Biologist, community science advocateEllen Jorgensen is at the leading edge of the do-it-yourself biotechnology movement, bringing scientific exploration and understanding to the public.
Why you should listen
In 2009, after many years of working as a molecular biologist in the biotech industry, together with TED Fellow Oliver Medvedik, Jorgensen founded Genspace, a nonprofit community laboratory dedicated to promoting citizen science and access to biotechnology. Despite criticism that bioresearch should be left to the experts, the Brooklyn-based lab continues to thrive, providing educational outreach, cultural events and a platform for science innovation at the grassroots level. At the lab, amateur and professional scientists conduct award-winning research on projects as diverse as identifying microbes that live in Earth's atmosphere and (Jorgensen's own pet project) DNA-barcoding plants, to distinguish between species that look alike but may not be closely related evolutionarily. Fast Company magazine named Genspace one of the world's "Top 10 innovative companies in education."
Ellen Jorgensen | Speaker | TED.com