TED2016
Wanda Diaz Merced: How a blind astronomer found a way to hear the stars
Wanda Diaz Merced: 一位视障天文学家的“听”星之路
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Wanda Diaz Merced 致力于研究由宇宙中最激烈的活动，伽玛射线爆发所释放的光线。当她丧失了一种探索与研究的重要途径——视觉时，她有了一个启发性的洞悉：她所看不到的光曲线可以转化成声音。通过声处理，她恢复了对自己事业的掌控，现在，她正倡导一个更具包容性的科学界。“科学是每个人的科学，”她讲到，“它应当向芸芸大众敞开大门，因为我们皆为天生的探索者。”
Wanda Diaz Merced - Sonic astrophysicist
While searching for ways to study stellar radiation without relying on sight, Wanda Diaz Merced has developed a way to represent complex data about our universe as sound. Full bio
While searching for ways to study stellar radiation without relying on sight, Wanda Diaz Merced has developed a way to represent complex data about our universe as sound. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Once there was a star.
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曾经有一颗恒星。
00:16
Like everything else, she was born;
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像其他的事物一样，她诞生了；
她的体积等于我们太阳的30倍，
00:18
grew to be around 30 times
the mass of our sun
the mass of our sun
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存在了一段非常长的时间。
00:22
and lived for a very long time.
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00:25
Exactly how long,
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到底有多长？
没有人知道。
00:26
people cannot really tell.
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00:29
Just like everything in life,
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就像自然界中的一切一样，
她走到了恒星生涯的尽头，
00:30
she reached the end
of her regular star days
of her regular star days
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她的内心，生命之核，
00:34
when her heart, the core of her life,
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燃尽了所有燃料。
00:37
exhausted its fuel.
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00:38
But that was no end.
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但这还不是终结。
她转变成了一颗超新星，
在这个过程中，
在这个过程中，
00:40
She transformed into a supernova,
and in the process
and in the process
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她释放出大量的能量，
00:43
releasing a tremendous amount of energy,
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比宇宙其他的一切更闪亮，
00:46
outshining the rest of the galaxy
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并且，在短短一秒中，
释放了相当于
释放了相当于
00:49
and emitting, in one second,
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太阳10天才能释放的能量。
00:51
the same amount of energy
our sun will release in 10 days.
our sun will release in 10 days.
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接着，她进化为我们宇宙中的其他角色。
00:55
And she evolved
into another role in our galaxy.
into another role in our galaxy.
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00:59
Supernova explosions are very extreme.
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超新星爆炸十分剧烈。
01:02
But the ones that emit gamma rays
are even more extreme.
are even more extreme.
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但是释放出伽马射线的那一种爆炸
更为剧烈。
更为剧烈。
01:07
In the process of becoming a supernova,
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在变成超新星的过程中，
恒星的内部由于自身
重量过大而坍塌，
重量过大而坍塌，
01:09
the interior of the star collapses
under its own weight
under its own weight
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它开始以更快的速度旋转，
01:13
and it starts rotating ever faster,
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就像一位将手臂收拢的滑冰者。
01:16
like an ice skater when pulling
their arms in close to their body.
their arms in close to their body.
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01:20
In that way, it starts rotating very fast
and it increases, powerfully,
and it increases, powerfully,
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以那种方式，它开始飞快旋转，
十分快速地增强
十分快速地增强
它的磁场。
01:25
its magnetic field.
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01:27
The matter around the star
is dragged around,
is dragged around,
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恒星周围的物质被吸引过来，
一些旋转产生的能量
也转化成那种物质，
也转化成那种物质，
01:30
and some energy from that rotation
is transferred to that matter
is transferred to that matter
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磁场随之变得更强了。
01:33
and the magnetic field
is increased even further.
is increased even further.
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01:37
In that way, our star had extra energy
to outshine the rest of the galaxy
to outshine the rest of the galaxy
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渐渐地，我们的恒星有了额外的能量，
在亮度与伽马射线释放量的上
在亮度与伽马射线释放量的上
比银河系其他部分更耀眼。
01:43
in brightness and gamma ray emission.
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01:46
My star, the one in my story,
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我的故事中的恒星，
就成为了所谓的磁星。
01:48
became what is known as a magnetar.
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给大家一个概念，
01:51
And just for your information,
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磁星的磁场是地球磁场的
01:53
the magnetic field of a magnetar
is 1,000 trillion times
is 1,000 trillion times
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1,000万亿倍。
01:56
the magnetic field of Earth.
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01:59
The most energetic events
ever measured by astronomers
ever measured by astronomers
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天文学家迄今测量到最为剧烈的活动
被命名为伽马射线爆发，
02:02
carry the name gamma-ray bursts
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因为当我们观察它们的时候，
我们测量出它们的释放与爆炸程度
我们测量出它们的释放与爆炸程度
02:04
because we observe them
as bursts most or explosions,
as bursts most or explosions,
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与伽马射线一样强。
02:08
most strongly measured as gamma-ray light.
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02:11
Our star, like the one in our story
that became a magnetar,
that became a magnetar,
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一颗恒星，就像我们的故事中
变成磁星的那一颗一样，
变成磁星的那一颗一样，
当爆炸最为剧烈的部分发生时，
02:16
is detected as a gamma-ray burst
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就会被检测为伽马射线爆发。
02:18
during the most energetic
portion of the explosion.
portion of the explosion.
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02:22
Yet, even though gamma-ray bursts
are the strongest events
are the strongest events
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然而，即便伽马射线爆发是天文学家
迄今为止所测量过
迄今为止所测量过
最激烈的事件，
02:27
ever measured by astronomers,
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我们仍旧不能以肉眼看到它们。
02:29
we cannot see them with our naked eye.
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我们只能凭借其他的方式
02:32
We depend, we rely on other methods
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来研究这种伽马射线光。
02:34
in order to study this gamma-ray light.
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我们的肉眼看不到它们。
02:37
We cannot see them with our naked eye.
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我们只能看到电磁光谱中
02:39
We can only see
an itty bitty, tiny portion
an itty bitty, tiny portion
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极其，极其微小的部分，
我们称之为可见光。
我们称之为可见光。
02:42
of the electromagnetic spectrum
that we call visible light.
that we call visible light.
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除此之外，我们也依赖其他方式。
02:46
And beyond that, we rely on other methods.
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然而作为一名天文学家，
我们研究更广的光域，
我们研究更广的光域，
02:48
Yet as astronomers,
we study a wider range of light
we study a wider range of light
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也要依赖于其他的方式来实现。
02:53
and we depend on other methods to do that.
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02:56
On the screen, it may look like this.
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在屏幕上，它也许看起来像这样。
02:59
You're seeing a plot.
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你们正在看一张曲线图。
这是光曲线。
03:01
That is a light curve.
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这是关于光强度
随着时间变化的图。
随着时间变化的图。
03:03
It's a plot of intensity
of light over time.
of light over time.
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这是伽马光曲线。
03:07
It is a gamma-ray light curve.
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03:10
Sighted astronomers
depend on this kind of plot
depend on this kind of plot
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视觉正常的天文学家依赖这种图
来更好地理解光强随时间的变化。
03:13
in order to interpret how
this light intensity changes over time.
this light intensity changes over time.
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03:18
On the left, you will be seeing
the light intensity without a burst,
the light intensity without a burst,
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在左侧，你们会看到没有爆发时的光强，
在右侧，则是有爆发时的光强。
03:24
and on the right, you will be seeing
the light intensity with the burst.
the light intensity with the burst.
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03:30
Early during my career,
I could also see this kind of plot.
I could also see this kind of plot.
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在我事业的早期，
我也能看到这样的图。
我也能看到这样的图。
03:34
But then, I lost my sight.
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但后来，我失明了。
由于长期疾病，
我完全丧失了视觉，
我完全丧失了视觉，
03:37
I completely lost my sight
because of extended illness,
because of extended illness,
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因此，我失去了看这张图，
03:40
and with it, I lost
the opportunity to see this plot
the opportunity to see this plot
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03:45
and the opportunity to do my physics.
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以及从事物理学研究的机会。
在许多方面，于我而言，
都是一段艰难的转变期。
都是一段艰难的转变期。
03:49
It was a very strong transition
for me in many ways.
for me in many ways.
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03:53
And professionally, it left me
without a way to do my science.
without a way to do my science.
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从职业的角度上讲，
疾病断送了我的科研之路。
疾病断送了我的科研之路。
我渴望接触并揣摩这种能量充沛的光，
03:57
I longed to access and scrutinize
this energetic light
this energetic light
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并探索出天体物理层面的成因。
04:02
and figure out the astrophysical cause.
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我想去探索这种巨大的奇迹
并体会它带给人的兴奋，
并体会它带给人的兴奋，
04:04
I wanted to experience
the spacious wonder, the excitement,
the spacious wonder, the excitement,
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一种探索如此重要的
天文事件产生的欢愉。
天文事件产生的欢愉。
04:08
the joy produced by the detection
of such a titanic celestial event.
of such a titanic celestial event.
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04:13
I thought long and hard about it,
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我一直苦思冥想，
突然间意识到一切光曲线都是
04:16
when I suddenly realized
that all a light curve is,
that all a light curve is,
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一张转化成可视图的数字表。
04:20
is a table of numbers
converted into a visual plot.
converted into a visual plot.
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04:24
So along with my collaborators,
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因此我与合作者通力合作，
绞尽脑汁将数字转化为了声音。
04:26
we worked really hard and we translated
the numbers into sound.
the numbers into sound.
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04:31
I achieved access to the data,
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我实现了对数据的接触与访问，
今天，得益于声音，
我能以顶尖天文学家的水准
我能以顶尖天文学家的水准
04:33
and today I'm able to do physics
at the level of the best astronomer,
at the level of the best astronomer,
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从事物理学研究。
04:38
using sound.
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人们已经能够去做的事，
04:40
And what people have been able to do,
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大多是可视的，
04:42
mainly visually,
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延续了数百年，
04:43
for hundreds of years,
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如今我以声音实现了。
04:45
now I do it using sound.
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04:47
(Applause)
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（掌声）
我用听觉感受你们用
肉眼（在屏幕上）看到的
肉眼（在屏幕上）看到的
04:48
Listening to this gamma-ray burst
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肉眼（在屏幕上）看到的
04:50
that you're seeing on the --
(Applause continues)
(Applause continues)
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——谢谢——
（掌声持续）
（掌声持续）
——伽马射线的爆发，
04:53
Thank you.
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04:54
Listening to this burst
that you're seeing on the screen
that you're seeing on the screen
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可以给耳朵带来
一些超越了单纯爆炸声的东西。
一些超越了单纯爆炸声的东西。
04:56
brought something to the ear
beyond the obvious burst.
beyond the obvious burst.
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04:59
Now I'm going to play the burst for you.
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现在，我将为你们播放这一段爆炸声。
没有旋律，只是一种声音。
05:01
It's not music, it's sound.
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05:05
(Digital beeping sounds)
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（电子哔哔声）
这是转换成音波的科学数据，
05:08
This is scientific data
converted into sound,
converted into sound,
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运用音高的变化来呈现。
05:11
and it's mapped in pitch.
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这个处理过程称为超声波处理。
05:13
The process is called sonification.
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05:18
So listening to this
brought something to the ear
brought something to the ear
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因此聆听这种声音会为耳朵带来
比简单的爆炸声更多的信息。
05:21
besides the obvious burst.
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当我研究这种非常强劲的低频区，
05:22
When I examine the very strong
low-frequency regions,
low-frequency regions,
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05:27
or bass line -- I'm zooming
into the bass line now.
into the bass line now.
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或是低音区—— 我现在切换到
低音区部分。
低音区部分。
05:33
We noted resonances characteristic
of electrically charged gasses
of electrically charged gasses
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我们注意到带电气体的
声音回响的特征，
声音回响的特征，
就像太阳风。
05:39
like the solar wind.
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现在，我想让你们聆听我所听到的。
05:40
And I want you to hear what I heard.
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你们接下来要到一段急速减弱的声音。
05:43
You will hear it as a very fast
decrease in volume.
decrease in volume.
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因为你们视觉正常，我会标注一条红线
05:47
And because you're sighted,
I'm giving you a red line
I'm giving you a red line
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05:49
indicating what intensity of light
is being converted into sound.
is being converted into sound.
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来指示转换成声音的射线的强度。
05:55
(Digital hum and whistling sound)
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（电子嗡嗡声和哨声）
那个口哨声是家里的青蛙，
请不要在意。
请不要在意。
05:58
The (Whistles) is frogs at home,
don't pay attention to that.
don't pay attention to that.
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（笑声）
06:01
(Laughter)
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（电子嗡嗡声和哨声）
06:03
(Digital hum and whistling sound)
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你们都听到了吧？
06:08
I think you heard it, right?
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06:11
So what we found
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我们发现
爆炸要持续足够长
才能产生声波回响，
才能产生声波回响，
06:12
is that the bursts last long enough
in order to support wave resonances,
in order to support wave resonances,
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回响是由颗粒之间的能量交换产生的，
06:17
which are things caused by exchanges
of energy between particles
of energy between particles
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不同的音量也许使这些颗粒
06:21
that may have been excited,
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受到了不同程度的激发。
06:23
that depend on the volume.
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06:25
You may remember that I said
that the matter around the star
that the matter around the star
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你们也许记得我讲过
恒星周围的物质
恒星周围的物质
会被星体拖走。
06:28
is dragged around?
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它传递的能量具有频率和场分布特性，
06:29
It transmits power with frequency
and field distribution
and field distribution
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这是由维度决定的。
06:33
determined by the dimensions.
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06:36
You may remember that we were talking
about a super-massive star
about a super-massive star
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你们也许记得我们
讲过一颗超重恒星
讲过一颗超重恒星
成为了一颗拥有超强磁场的磁星。
06:40
that became a very strong
magnetic field magnetar.
magnetic field magnetar.
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06:44
If this is the case, then outflows
from the exploding star
from the exploding star
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如果是这样，
正在爆炸的恒星发生的喷流
正在爆炸的恒星发生的喷流
有可能与这个伽马射线爆发有关。
06:48
may be associated
with this gamma-ray burst.
with this gamma-ray burst.
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这意味着什么？
06:51
What does that mean?
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那颗恒星的形成可能是超新星爆炸的
06:52
That star formation
may be a very important part
may be a very important part
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重要组成部分。
06:55
of these supernova explosions.
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06:58
Listening to this very gamma-ray burst
brought us to the notion
brought us to the notion
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聆听伽马射线爆发
让我们注意到
让我们注意到
用声音来辅助视觉显示
07:02
that the use of sound
as an adjunctive visual display
as an adjunctive visual display
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也许可以同样帮助到正在寻找
07:05
may also support sighted astronomers
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更多数据资讯的非视障天文学家。
07:07
in the search for more
information in the data.
information in the data.
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07:10
Simultaneously, I worked on analyzing
measurements from other telescopes,
measurements from other telescopes,
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同时，我也从事基于
其他望远镜的测量分析，
其他望远镜的测量分析，
我的实验证明了：
07:15
and my experiments demonstrated
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当你把声音当作一种
辅助性视觉显示工具，
辅助性视觉显示工具，
07:18
that when you use sound
as an adjunctive visual display,
as an adjunctive visual display,
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天文学家就可以在
目前可访问的数据集中
目前可访问的数据集中
07:22
astronomers can find more information
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07:25
in this now more accessible data set.
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了解更多信息。
07:29
This ability to transform data into sound
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这个将数据转化为声音的能力
带给了天文学一种
前所未有的强大转换力。
前所未有的强大转换力。
07:32
gives astronomy a tremendous
power of transformation.
power of transformation.
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07:36
And the fact that a field
that is so visual may be improved
that is so visual may be improved
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场只对视觉正常的人可见的
状况得到了改善，
状况得到了改善，
07:40
in order to include anyone with interest
in understanding what lies in the heavens
in understanding what lies in the heavens
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让所有对天空感到好奇的人们
可以一探究竟，无论视力状况如何。
可以一探究竟，无论视力状况如何。
这很让人振奋。
07:45
is a spirit-lifter.
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07:47
When I lost my sight,
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当我失明时，
我注意到我无法和
07:49
I noticed that I didn't have access
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其它视觉正常的天文家一样获取
07:51
to the same amount
and quality of information
and quality of information
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丰富且高质的信息。
07:54
a sighted astronomer had.
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07:56
It was not until we innovated
with the sonification process
with the sonification process
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直到我们在超声波处理上有所创新时，
我才重新开始希望
能为这个领域作出贡献，
能为这个领域作出贡献，
07:59
that I regained the hope
to be a productive member of the field
to be a productive member of the field
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08:03
that I had worked so hard to be part of.
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并为之奋斗。
08:07
Yet, information access
is not the only area in astronomy
is not the only area in astronomy
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然而，获取信息并非是天文学
08:11
where this is important.
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唯一重要的部分。
08:14
The situation is systemic
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目前它们是互相关联的，
08:17
and scientific fields are not keeping up.
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但科学界对此尚未跟进。
08:20
The body is something changeable --
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我们的身体是脆弱的——
任何人在任何时候都有致残的可能。
08:23
anyone may develop
a disability at any point.
a disability at any point.
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试想，例如，
08:26
Let's think about, for example,
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那些在各自领域卓有成就的科学家。
08:29
scientists that are already
at the top of their careers.
at the top of their careers.
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当他们残疾时会怎么样？
08:31
What happens to them
if they develop a disability?
if they develop a disability?
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他们会和我一样感到孤独无依吗？
08:34
Will they feel excommunicated as I did?
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08:37
Information access
empowers us to flourish.
empowers us to flourish.
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我们通过获取信息得以发展，
08:41
It gives us equal opportunities
to display our talents
to display our talents
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它给予了我们完全平等的机会
来展现自己的才能，
来展现自己的才能，
让我们可以自主选择
自己感兴趣的事情，
自己感兴趣的事情，
08:45
and choose what we want
to do with our lives,
to do with our lives,
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而不必受到各种限制。
08:48
based on interest and not based
on potential barriers.
on potential barriers.
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08:52
When we give people the opportunity
to succeed without limits,
to succeed without limits,
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当人们通往成功的路变得畅通无阻时，
这将会给他们一种自我满足感，
进而带来富足的生活。
进而带来富足的生活。
08:56
that will lead to personal fulfillment
and prospering life.
and prospering life.
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我认为声音在天文学中的应用
09:01
And I think that the use
of sound in astronomy
of sound in astronomy
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正帮助我们达成这个目标，
并促进科学的发展。
并促进科学的发展。
09:03
is helping us to achieve that
and to contribute to science.
and to contribute to science.
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09:08
While other countries told me
that the study of perception techniques
that the study of perception techniques
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然而其他国家告知我
以研究天文数据为目的的
以研究天文数据为目的的
感知技术的研究与天文学无关，
09:12
in order to study astronomy data
is not relevant to astronomy
is not relevant to astronomy
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因为目前这个领域
还没有视障的天文学家，
还没有视障的天文学家，
09:16
because there are no blind
astronomers in the field,
astronomers in the field,
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南非的表态是，“我们希望残疾人士
09:19
South Africa said, "We want
people with disabilities
people with disabilities
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可以为这个领域贡献自己的力量。”
09:22
to contribute to the field."
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于是目前，我正在
09:24
Right now, I'm working
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南非天文观测站的
09:26
at the South African
Astronomical Observatory,
Astronomical Observatory,
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天文学发展性研究办公室工作。
09:29
at the Office of Astronomy
for Development.
for Development.
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09:32
There, we are working on sonification
techniques and analysis methods
techniques and analysis methods
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在那里，我们利用
超声波处理技术以及分析手段
超声波处理技术以及分析手段
帮助阿斯隆盲人学校的学生。
09:37
to impact the students
of the Athlone School for the Blind.
of the Athlone School for the Blind.
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09:41
These students will be learning
radio astronomy,
radio astronomy,
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这些学生将会学习射电天文学，
以及利用超声波处理方法
09:44
and they will be learning
the sonification methods
the sonification methods
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来研究天文事件，
比如研究从太阳喷射出的巨大能量，
比如研究从太阳喷射出的巨大能量，
09:47
in order to study astronomical events
like huge ejections of energy
like huge ejections of energy
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就是你们熟知的日冕物质抛射。
09:51
from the sun, known as
coronal mass ejections.
coronal mass ejections.
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09:55
What we learn with these students --
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我们从这些学生身上学到了——
这些学生罹患多重残疾，但我们有
09:56
these students have multiple disabilities
and coping strategies
and coping strategies
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应对的方法——
10:00
that will be accommodated --
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我们从这些学生上学到的经验会影响
10:02
what we learn with these students
will directly impact
will directly impact
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10:05
the way things are being done
at the professional level.
at the professional level.
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我们在专业领域处理事情的做法。
我把它称之为“发展”。
10:08
I humbly call this development.
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现在，“发展”正在发生。
10:10
And this is happening right now.
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10:14
I think that science is for everyone.
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我认为科学是每个人的。
10:18
It belongs to the people,
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它属于全人类，
它应当对所有人都敞开大门，
10:19
and it has to be available to everyone,
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因为我们都是天生的探索者。
10:22
because we are all natural explorers.
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10:24
I think that if we limit people
with disabilities
with disabilities
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我认为如果人们因为残疾而被限制，
不能参与到科学活动中来，
10:30
from participating in science,
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历史与社会的桥梁将因此轰塌。
10:32
we'll sever our links with history
and with society.
and with society.
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我向往一个公平的科研竞争环境，
10:35
I dream of a level
scientific playing field,
scientific playing field,
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人们相互鼓励与尊重，
10:39
where people encourage respect
and respect each other,
and respect each other,
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相互交换自己的策略和研究发现。
10:44
where people exchange strategies
and discover together.
and discover together.
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10:47
If people with disabilities
are allowed into the scientific field,
are allowed into the scientific field,
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如果残疾人得以获得
科学领域的入场券，
科学领域的入场券，
知识之泉将以洪荒之力爆发、喷涌，
10:52
an explosion, a huge titanic burst
of knowledge will take place,
of knowledge will take place,
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我很确信这一点。
10:56
I am sure.
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11:01
(Digital beeping sounds)
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（电子哔哔声）
这是一次激烈的喷涌。
11:03
That is the titanic burst.
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11:06
Thank you.
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谢谢。
谢谢。
11:07
Thank you.
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（掌声）
11:08
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Wanda Diaz Merced - Sonic astrophysicistWhile searching for ways to study stellar radiation without relying on sight, Wanda Diaz Merced has developed a way to represent complex data about our universe as sound.
Why you should listen
When Wanda Diaz Merced lost her sight in her early 20s, her dreams of studying stars in the visually oriented scientific world suffered a major setback -- until she discovered “sonification,” a way to turn huge data sets into audible sound using pitch, duration and other properties. Merced realized that she could use her ears to detect patterns in stellar radio data, and could uncover connections obscured by graphs and visual representation.
While working at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Merced’s sonifications inspired musician and researcher Gerhard Sonnert to create X-Ray Hydra, an album of oddly jazzy music based on her audio representations.
Wanda Diaz Merced | Speaker | TED.com