TEDxOrcasIsland
Katrina Spade: When I die, recompose me
卡缇娜·丝蓓: 愿死后得以重塑
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如果不经土葬或火葬，逝世后的我们能否得以重生？卡缇娜·丝蓓讨论了“重塑”——一种利用自然分解将逝者变为孕育生命的土壤，给予地球及死者尊重的方式
Katrina Spade - Inventor, designer, death care advocate
Katrina Spade created a system called "recomposition" that transforms human bodies into soil, so that we can return to the earth after we die. Full bio
Katrina Spade created a system called "recomposition" that transforms human bodies into soil, so that we can return to the earth after we die. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
My name is Katrina Spade,
and I grew up in a medical family
and I grew up in a medical family
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我是卡缇娜·丝蓓，出生于医学世家
00:16
where it was fairly normal to talk
about death and dying at the dinner table.
about death and dying at the dinner table.
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在我家的餐桌上谈论死亡不足为奇
00:21
But I didn't go into medicine
like so many of my family members.
like so many of my family members.
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但不像我的家人们，我没有选择从医
00:24
Instead, I went to architecture school
to learn how to design.
to learn how to design.
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我去到了建筑学院学习设计
00:29
And while I was there,
I began to be curious
I began to be curious
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在那儿，我开始感到好奇
00:32
about what would happen
to my physical body after I died.
to my physical body after I died.
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我逝世后，我的遗体会经受什么
00:36
What would my nearest
and dearest do with me?
and dearest do with me?
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我的亲朋们会如何对待我的遗体
00:39
So if the existence
and the fact of your own mortality
and the fact of your own mortality
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如果你终将死亡的既定事实
00:43
doesn't get you down,
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不会击溃你
00:45
the state of our current
funerary practices will.
funerary practices will.
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现今的葬礼习俗将会使你失望
00:49
Today, almost 50 percent of Americans
choose conventional burial.
choose conventional burial.
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现在，有将近50%的美国人会选择常规埋葬
00:55
Conventional burial begins with embalming,
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传统的埋葬要先防腐
00:57
where funeral staff drain bodily fluid
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殡葬人员会先排尽体液
01:00
and replace it with a mixture
designed to preserve the corpse
designed to preserve the corpse
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将其替换为可以保存尸体的混合物
01:04
and give it a lifelike glow.
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让尸体栩栩如生
01:07
Then, as you know,
bodies are buried in a casket
bodies are buried in a casket
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然后，如你所知，尸体会被放进棺材里
01:11
in a concrete-lined grave
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埋在墓园里混凝土浇筑的墓穴中
01:13
in a cemetery.
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01:16
All told, in US cemeteries,
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总而言之，在美国墓园里
01:18
we bury enough metal
to build a Golden Gate Bridge,
to build a Golden Gate Bridge,
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我们埋了足够修建一座金门大桥的金属
01:24
enough wood to build
1,800 single family homes,
1,800 single family homes,
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足够建造1800个独栋住宅的木材
01:28
and enough formaldehyde-laden
embalming fluid
embalming fluid
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足够多的甲醛防腐液
01:30
to fill eight Olympic-size swimming pools.
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足以填满8个奥运会泳池
01:35
In addition, cemeteries
all over the world are reaching capacity.
all over the world are reaching capacity.
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除此之外，全球的墓地都接近饱和
01:39
Turns out, it doesn't really
make good business sense
make good business sense
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事实证明，卖别人一块永生之地
01:42
to sell someone
a piece of land for eternity.
a piece of land for eternity.
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并非好的生财之道
01:46
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
01:48
Whose idea was that?
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这是谁的主意？
01:49
In some places, you can't buy a plot
no matter how much money you have.
no matter how much money you have.
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在某些地方，无论你有多少钱都不能买到一块墓地
01:54
As a result, cremation rates
have risen fast.
have risen fast.
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因此，越来越多人选择了火葬
01:58
In 1950, if you suggested your grandmother
be incinerated after she died,
be incinerated after she died,
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在20世纪50年代，如果你建议祖母死后火葬
02:03
you'd probably be kicked
from the family deathbed.
from the family deathbed.
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你极可能被赶出家门
02:06
But today, almost half
of Americans choose cremation,
of Americans choose cremation,
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但现在，有约一半的美国人会选择火葬
02:10
citing simpler,
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因为它更为简便
02:12
cheaper
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便宜
02:14
and more ecological as reasons.
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有利于生态平衡
02:17
I used to think that cremation
was a sustainable form of disposition,
was a sustainable form of disposition,
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我曾认为火葬是符合可持续发展的殡葬方式
02:22
but just think about it for a second.
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但经过深思熟虑
02:24
Cremation destroys the potential we have
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其实火葬破坏了我们死后回馈地球的可能性
02:27
to give back to the earth
after we've died.
after we've died.
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02:31
It uses an energy-intensive process
to turn bodies into ash,
to turn bodies into ash,
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它消耗大量能源将我们化为灰土
02:35
polluting the air
and contributing to climate change.
and contributing to climate change.
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污染了空气，也加剧了气候的变化
02:39
All told, cremations in the US
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总而言之，美国每年火葬
02:42
emit a staggering 600 million
pounds of carbon dioxide
pounds of carbon dioxide
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会排放高达6亿磅的二氧化碳
02:46
into the atmosphere annually.
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02:50
The truly awful truth
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真正可怕的是
02:52
is that the very last thing
that most of us will do on this earth
that most of us will do on this earth
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我们大多数人在地球上所做的最后一件事
02:57
is poison it.
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是毒害地球
03:03
It's like we've created, accepted
and death-denied our way into a status quo
and death-denied our way into a status quo
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这像是我们创造，接受，拼死否认
03:08
that puts as much distance
between ourselves and nature
between ourselves and nature
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我们离间了自己与大自然的现状
03:12
as is humanly possible.
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03:14
Our modern funerary practices
are designed to stave off
are designed to stave off
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我们设计现有的殡葬方式来避免
03:17
the natural processes
that happen to a body after death.
that happen to a body after death.
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死后尸体的自然腐化
03:20
In other words, they're meant
to prevent us from decomposing.
to prevent us from decomposing.
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换句话说，这阻止了我们的分解
03:25
But the truth
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但事实是
03:27
is that nature is really,
really good at death.
really good at death.
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大自然真的很擅长处理遗体
03:31
We've all seen it.
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我们都清楚
03:32
When organic material dies in nature,
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当有机体自然死亡后
03:35
microbes and bacteria
break it down into nutrient-rich soil,
break it down into nutrient-rich soil,
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微生物和细菌会将其分解为营养丰富的土壤
03:39
completing the life cycle.
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完成生命循环
03:41
In nature, death creates life.
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在自然界中，死亡成就了生命
03:48
Back in architecture school,
I was thinking about all this,
I was thinking about all this,
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回到建筑学院，我思来想去
03:52
and I set out on a plan
to redesign death care.
to redesign death care.
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计划重新设定殡葬方式
03:56
Could I create a system
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我能否重建一个系统
03:58
that was beneficial to the earth
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一个对地球有益
03:59
and that used nature as a guide
rather than something to be feared?
rather than something to be feared?
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向自然界学习而不是畏惧它
04:04
Something that was gentle to the planet?
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对世界温柔以待的系统？
04:07
That planet, after all,
supports our living bodies
supports our living bodies
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毕竟，这颗行星维持着我们的身体
04:10
our whole lives.
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我们的生命
04:13
And while I was mulling this all over
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当我在画板上自由思索这些时，
04:15
over the drawing board,
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04:17
the phone rang.
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电话响了
04:19
It was my friend Kate.
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是我的朋友凯特打来的
04:21
She was like, "Hey,
have you heard about the farmers
have you heard about the farmers
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她说，“你听说过农民们会把整头牛做为堆肥吗？”
04:25
who are composting whole cows?"
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04:29
And I was like, "Mmmm."
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我的反应是，“嗯......”
04:31
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
04:34
Turns out that farmers
in agricultural institutions
in agricultural institutions
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事实证明，农业机构的农民们
04:37
have been practicing something
called livestock mortality composting
called livestock mortality composting
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几十年来一直在践行死亡畜禽尸体堆肥
04:41
for decades.
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04:42
Mortality composting is where
you take an animal high in nitrogen
you take an animal high in nitrogen
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死亡堆肥是把含氮量高的动物尸体
04:46
and cover it with co-composting materials
that are high in carbon.
that are high in carbon.
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用含碳量高的堆肥材料覆盖
04:50
It's an aerobic process,
so it requires oxygen,
so it requires oxygen,
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这是个有氧分解的过程，需要氧气参与
04:53
and it requires
plenty of moisture as well.
plenty of moisture as well.
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也需要足够的水分
04:56
In the most basic setup, a cow
is covered with a few feet of wood chips,
is covered with a few feet of wood chips,
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最基本的做法的是，用含碳量高的木屑覆盖奶牛
05:01
which are high in carbon,
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05:02
and left outside for nature,
for breezes to provide oxygen
for breezes to provide oxygen
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放在户外，微风会带来氧气
05:06
and rain to provide moisture.
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雨露会提供水分
05:09
In about nine months,
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大约九个月后
05:12
all that remains
is a nutrient-rich compost.
is a nutrient-rich compost.
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留下的是营养丰富的堆肥
05:16
The flesh has been decomposed entirely,
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肉体已完全被分解
05:19
as have the bones.
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骸骨也是一样
05:22
I know.
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我们都知道
05:23
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
05:25
So I would definitely
call myself a decomposition nerd,
call myself a decomposition nerd,
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我自称为研究分解的书呆子
05:29
but I am far, far from a scientist,
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但我远不及科学家
05:33
and one way you can tell this is true
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这显而易见
05:35
is that I have often called
the process of composting "magic."
the process of composting "magic."
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我总是视堆肥的过程为“魔术”
05:39
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
05:43
So basically, all we humans need to do
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总的来说，我们需要做的是
05:46
is create the right environment
for nature to do its job.
for nature to do its job.
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为自然界的分解创造合适的环境条件
05:50
It's like the opposite
of antibacterial soap.
of antibacterial soap.
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和抗菌皂相反
05:53
Instead of fighting them,
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不是消灭细菌
05:54
we welcome microbes and bacteria
in with open arms.
in with open arms.
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我们张开双臂，欢迎微生物和细菌
05:58
These tiny, amazing creatures
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这些小而神奇的生物
06:01
break down molecules
into smaller molecules and atoms,
into smaller molecules and atoms,
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将分子分解为更小的原子
06:05
which are then incorporated
into new molecules.
into new molecules.
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而后又合成新的分子
06:10
In other words, that cow is transformed.
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换句话说，牛被重塑了
06:14
It's no longer a cow.
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它不再是一头牛
06:16
It's been cycled back into nature.
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它循环回到了大自然中
06:19
See? Magic.
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看到了吧？这就是魔术
06:24
You can probably imagine
the light bulb that went off in my head
the light bulb that went off in my head
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或许你可以感受到我脑中的灵光一现
06:27
after I received that phone call.
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在我接到电话后
06:29
I began designing a system
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我开始设计一个系统
06:31
based on the principles
of livestock mortality composting
of livestock mortality composting
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基于死亡畜禽尸体堆肥的原理
06:35
that would take human beings
and transform them into soil.
and transform them into soil.
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能将人类化为土壤的系统
06:43
Fast-forward five years
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五年后
06:45
and the project has grown in ways
I truly never could have imagined.
I truly never could have imagined.
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这一项目的发展超乎我的想象
06:50
We've created a scalable,
replicable non-profit urban model
replicable non-profit urban model
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我们创建了一个可扩展的
可复制的非营利性城市模式
可复制的非营利性城市模式
06:54
based on the science
of livestock mortality composting
of livestock mortality composting
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基于死亡畜禽尸体堆肥的科学原理
06:58
that turns human beings into soil.
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能将人类化为土壤的模式
07:01
We've partnered and collaborated
with experts in soil science,
with experts in soil science,
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我们和土壤科学、
07:04
decomposition, alternative death care,
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分解、替代性死亡护理、
07:07
law and architecture.
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法律、建筑行业的专家们合作
07:09
We've raised funds
from foundations and individuals
from foundations and individuals
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我们从基金会及个人那儿筹集资金
07:12
in order to design
a prototype of this system,
a prototype of this system,
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来建立系统的雏形
07:16
and we've heard from tens of thousands
of people all over the world
of people all over the world
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我们听到了全球成千上万人们的呼吁
07:20
who want this option to be available.
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想要这一方式生效
07:25
OK.
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好吧
07:26
In the next few years,
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在未来的几年里
07:28
it's our goal to build the first
full-scale human composting facility
full-scale human composting facility
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我们的目标是在西雅图建立
07:34
right in the city of Seattle.
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第一个全面的人类堆肥设施
07:35
(Applause)
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（掌声）
07:43
Imagine it,
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想象一下
07:45
part public park,
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一个集合了公园
07:47
part funeral home,
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殡仪馆
07:49
part memorial to the people we love,
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纪念逝去亲人为一体的地方
07:52
a place where we can reconnect
with the cycles of nature
with the cycles of nature
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在这儿我们可以与大自然的循环重新连接
07:55
and treat bodies
with gentleness and respect.
with gentleness and respect.
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温柔并充满敬意地对待遗体
08:00
The infrastructure is simple.
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基础设施很简单
08:02
Inside a vertical core,
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在垂直的主设施里
08:04
bodies and wood chips undergo
accelerated natural decomposition,
accelerated natural decomposition,
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遗体和木屑经过加速后的自然分解
08:08
or composting,
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或是堆肥
08:09
and are transformed into soil.
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转化为土壤
08:13
When someone dies, their body
is taken to a human composting facility.
is taken to a human composting facility.
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人们逝世后，遗体会被运往遗体堆肥设施
08:18
After wrapping the deceased
in a simple shroud,
in a simple shroud,
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用简单的裹尸布包裹后
08:21
friends and family carry the body
to the top of the core,
to the top of the core,
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亲友会将遗体送去
08:25
which contains the natural
decomposition system.
decomposition system.
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自然分解设施的顶部
08:30
During a laying in ceremony,
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举行仪式时
08:32
they gently place the body into the core
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遗体被送入主设施
08:34
and cover it with wood chips.
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并被木屑掩埋
08:37
This begins the gentle transformation
from human to soil.
from human to soil.
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遗体开始缓慢转变为土壤
08:43
Over the next few weeks,
the body decomposes naturally.
the body decomposes naturally.
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在接来下的几周时间里，遗体自然分解
08:46
Microbes and bacteria
break down carbon, then protein,
break down carbon, then protein,
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微生物和细菌分解碳，蛋白质
08:49
to create a new substance,
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创造新的物质——
08:51
a rich, earthy soil.
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肥沃的土壤
08:54
This soil can then be used
to grow new life.
to grow new life.
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这样的土壤可以孕育新的生命
08:57
Eventually, you could be a lemon tree.
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最终，你可能成了一颗柠檬树
09:01
(Applause)
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（掌声）
09:02
Yeah, thank you.
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谢谢你们
09:04
(Applause)
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（掌声）
09:09
Who's thinking about
lemon meringue pie right now?
lemon meringue pie right now?
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此刻，有人在想柠檬塔吗？
09:12
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
09:14
A lemon drop?
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柠檬糖？
09:16
Something stronger?
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或是更棒的东西？
09:19
So in addition to housing the core,
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所以，除了主设施外
09:21
these buildings will function
to support the grieving
to support the grieving
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这一建筑也能安抚悲痛
09:24
by providing space for memorial services
and end-of-life planning.
and end-of-life planning.
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通过提供纪念服务和临终计划的场所
09:28
The potential for repurposing is huge.
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这有着巨大的再利用潜力
09:31
Old churches and industrial warehouses
can be converted into places
can be converted into places
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旧教堂和工业仓库会被改建为
09:35
where we create soil and honor life.
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生产土壤和尊敬生命的地方
09:39
We want to bring back the aspect of ritual
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回到仪式方面
09:42
that's been diluted
over the past hundred years
over the past hundred years
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随着火葬率的上升
09:44
as cremation rates have risen
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宗教信仰的衰弱
09:46
and religious affiliation has declined.
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在过去的几百年里，仪式被时间冲谈
09:51
Our Seattle facility will function
as a model for these places
as a model for these places
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西雅图的这一设施会成为全球的榜样
09:55
all over the world.
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09:57
We've heard from communities
in South Africa, Australia,
in South Africa, Australia,
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南非、澳大利亚、
10:00
the UK, Canada and beyond.
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英国、加拿大和其它各地的社区都有联系我们
10:03
We're creating a design toolkit
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我们正在设计一款可以
10:06
that will help others
design and build facilities
design and build facilities
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帮助他人设计并修建设施的工具包
10:10
that will contain technical specifications
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其中包含技术规范
10:12
and regulatory best practices.
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和最佳监管方式
10:15
We want to help individuals,
organizations,
organizations,
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我们想帮助个体、组织
10:17
and down the road, municipalities
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更近一步，帮助政府当局
10:19
design and build facilities
in their own cities.
in their own cities.
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设计并修建他们自己的设施。
10:24
The idea is that every one of these places
should look and feel completely different
should look and feel completely different
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我们认为，每一个地方的外观和感觉都应完全不同
10:28
with the same system inside.
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系统却是一致的
10:29
They're really meant to be designed
for the neighborhood in which they reside
for the neighborhood in which they reside
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这意味着为居住的环境
10:34
and the community which they serve.
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及服务的社区进行设计
10:38
The other idea is
for supportive staff to be on hand
for supportive staff to be on hand
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另一个想法是支持员工及时
10:41
to help families with the care
and preparation of loved ones' bodies.
and preparation of loved ones' bodies.
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帮助家人处理遗体
10:46
We're banishing practices
that bewilder and disempower
that bewilder and disempower
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我们拒绝迷茫、无助的想法
10:49
and creating a system
that is beautiful and meaningful
that is beautiful and meaningful
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创建一个美丽、充满意义的
10:54
and transparent.
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公开透明的系统
10:57
We believe that access
to ecological death care
to ecological death care
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我们相信人人都有权利选择生态死亡护理
10:59
is a human right.
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这是天赋人权
11:04
OK, so you know the old saying,
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古语有云
11:07
if you can compost a cow,
you can compost a human?
you can compost a human?
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如果牛可以堆肥，人也可以
11:10
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
11:15
Turns out, it's true.
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事实证明，这是真理
11:18
Since 2014, we've been
running a pilot project
running a pilot project
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直至2014年，我们已同
西卡罗来纳州大学法医人类学系合作
西卡罗来纳州大学法医人类学系合作
11:21
in the hills of North Carolina
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在北卡罗莱纳的小山上
11:23
with the Forensic Anthropology Department
at Western Carolina University.
at Western Carolina University.
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试点运行
11:28
Six donor bodies
have been covered in wood chips,
have been covered in wood chips,
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六具捐献遗体被埋在木屑下
11:31
oxygen provided by breezes,
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由微风供氧
11:33
microbes and bacteria doing their jobs.
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微生物和细菌进行分解
11:37
This pilot program has allowed us
to demonstrate that it's possible
to demonstrate that it's possible
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试点让我们证明了这是可行的
11:40
to harness the incredible power
of natural decomposition
of natural decomposition
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我们可以借助自然分解不可思议的力量
11:44
to turn human bodies into soil,
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将人体化为土壤
11:47
and we're working
with other universities as well.
with other universities as well.
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我们也和其它大学达成了合作
11:50
Soil scientists
at Washington State University,
at Washington State University,
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华盛顿州立大学的土壤学家
11:54
the grad students, anyway,
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及研究生们
11:56
are working to compost
teeth with amalgam fillings
teeth with amalgam fillings
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正在堆肥充满汞合金的牙齿
12:00
so that we can understand
what happens to the mercury therein.
what happens to the mercury therein.
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以便我们了解在这一过程中的汞会发生什么
12:04
Next up, we'll be beginning experiments
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下一步，我们将继续试验
12:06
to determine what happens
to chemo drugs and pharmaceuticals
to chemo drugs and pharmaceuticals
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明确化疗药物在堆肥中会发生什么变化
12:09
during the composting process,
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12:11
and whether additional
remediation will be needed.
remediation will be needed.
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是否需要额外的处置
12:17
By the way,
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顺便一提
12:19
composting creates a great deal of heat,
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堆肥会大量产热
12:21
especially this particular
type of composting.
type of composting.
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尤其是这种类型的堆肥
12:25
One week after we began
composting our fifth donor body,
composting our fifth donor body,
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第五具捐献遗体分解一周后
12:30
the temperature inside
that mound of wood chips
that mound of wood chips
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木屑内的温度
12:33
reached 158 degrees Fahrenheit.
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达到了华氏158度
12:38
Imagine harnessing that heat
to create energy
to create energy
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想象利用这种热能创造能量
12:41
or comfort the grieving on a cold day.
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或是给寒冷的日子带来慰藉
12:45
The death care revolution has begun.
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死亡护理革命已然拉开序幕
12:47
It's an exciting time to be alive.
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这是令生者振奋的时刻
12:51
Thank you.
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谢谢你们
12:52
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Katrina Spade - Inventor, designer, death care advocateKatrina Spade created a system called "recomposition" that transforms human bodies into soil, so that we can return to the earth after we die.
Why you should listen
Katrina Spade is a designer and entrepreneur who focuses on transforming death care. As the founder and CEO of Recompose, she is developing a new model of caring for our dead which focuses on transparency, participation, and nature. She has a Masters in Architecture from the University of Massachusetts Amherst, a certificate in Sustainable Design and Building from Yestermorrow Design/Build School and a Bachelors in Cultural Anthropology from Haverford College.
Spade's work has been featured in The Atlantic, Wired, and the New York Times. She is an Echoing Green Climate Fellow.
Katrina Spade | Speaker | TED.com