TEDxOrcasIsland
Katrina Spade: When I die, recompose me
卡翠娜·史培德: 死後請將我做成堆肥
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Readability: 5
1,346,082 views
除了土葬和火葬以外，有沒有其他的殯葬方式可讓我們的遺體幫助新生命成長呢？卡翠娜·史培德講述「重構」這個以大自然分解過程，把遺體轉化為肥沃的土壤，同時禮讚地球與逝去的生命。
Katrina Spade - Inventor, designer, death care advocate
Katrina Spade created a system called "recomposition" that transforms human bodies into soil, so that we can return to the earth after we die. Full bio
Katrina Spade created a system called "recomposition" that transforms human bodies into soil, so that we can return to the earth after we die. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
My name is Katrina Spade,
and I grew up in a medical family
and I grew up in a medical family
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我叫卡翠娜·史培德，
生長於醫生世家，
生長於醫生世家，
00:16
where it was fairly normal to talk
about death and dying at the dinner table.
about death and dying at the dinner table.
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一直以來在餐桌上談論生死
是稀鬆平常的事。
是稀鬆平常的事。
00:21
But I didn't go into medicine
like so many of my family members.
like so many of my family members.
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然而不像許多的家族成員，
我沒進入醫學院就讀，
我沒進入醫學院就讀，
00:24
Instead, I went to architecture school
to learn how to design.
to learn how to design.
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而是去學建築設計。
00:29
And while I was there,
I began to be curious
I began to be curious
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在學習期間我開始好奇
00:32
about what would happen
to my physical body after I died.
to my physical body after I died.
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我死後身體會被怎樣處理？
00:36
What would my nearest
and dearest do with me?
and dearest do with me?
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我最親愛、最親近的人
會如何處理我的遺體呢？
會如何處理我的遺體呢？
00:39
So if the existence
and the fact of your own mortality
and the fact of your own mortality
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如果人活著、人壽有盡的事實
00:43
doesn't get you down,
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沒使你們沮喪，
00:45
the state of our current
funerary practices will.
funerary practices will.
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當今的殯葬方式會。
00:49
Today, almost 50 percent of Americans
choose conventional burial.
choose conventional burial.
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將近 50％ 的現代美國人
選擇習用的埋葬方式。
選擇習用的埋葬方式。
00:55
Conventional burial begins with embalming,
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傳統埋葬的第一步是防腐，
00:57
where funeral staff drain bodily fluid
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殯儀人員讓體液排出來，
01:00
and replace it with a mixture
designed to preserve the corpse
designed to preserve the corpse
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注入混合防腐劑
使屍體看起來栩栩如生。
使屍體看起來栩栩如生。
01:04
and give it a lifelike glow.
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01:07
Then, as you know,
bodies are buried in a casket
bodies are buried in a casket
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正如你們熟知的下一步，
把屍體放入棺材，
01:11
in a concrete-lined grave
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埋在墓園的混凝土墓穴裡。
01:13
in a cemetery.
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01:16
All told, in US cemeteries,
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總而言之，埋在美國墓園裡的金屬
01:18
we bury enough metal
to build a Golden Gate Bridge,
to build a Golden Gate Bridge,
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足夠我們建一座金門大橋，
01:24
enough wood to build
1,800 single family homes,
1,800 single family homes,
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木材夠造一千八百戶
獨門獨院的住宅，
獨門獨院的住宅，
用掉的甲醛防腐液
01:28
and enough formaldehyde-laden
embalming fluid
embalming fluid
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01:30
to fill eight Olympic-size swimming pools.
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能填滿八個奧運尺寸的游泳池。
01:35
In addition, cemeteries
all over the world are reaching capacity.
all over the world are reaching capacity.
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此外，全世界的墓地都接近飽和。
01:39
Turns out, it doesn't really
make good business sense
make good business sense
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原來，販售一塊墓地作為永生之道
01:42
to sell someone
a piece of land for eternity.
a piece of land for eternity.
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根本沒商業道理。
01:46
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
01:48
Whose idea was that?
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是誰的餿主意啊？
01:49
In some places, you can't buy a plot
no matter how much money you have.
no matter how much money you have.
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在某些地方，不管你有多少錢
都買不到一塊墓地。
都買不到一塊墓地。
01:54
As a result, cremation rates
have risen fast.
have risen fast.
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因此，火葬的比例快速攀升。
01:58
In 1950, if you suggested your grandmother
be incinerated after she died,
be incinerated after she died,
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在 1950 年代
如果建議祖母死後火葬，
如果建議祖母死後火葬，
02:03
you'd probably be kicked
from the family deathbed.
from the family deathbed.
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可能會被趕出去。
02:06
But today, almost half
of Americans choose cremation,
of Americans choose cremation,
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但今天幾乎半數的美國人選擇火化，
02:10
citing simpler,
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列舉的原因是簡單、
02:12
cheaper
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便宜
02:14
and more ecological as reasons.
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以及更為環保。
02:17
I used to think that cremation
was a sustainable form of disposition,
was a sustainable form of disposition,
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我曾經認為火葬是種
永續的處置方式；
永續的處置方式；
02:22
but just think about it for a second.
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但只要稍微想一想，
02:24
Cremation destroys the potential we have
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火化泯滅掉我們
02:27
to give back to the earth
after we've died.
after we've died.
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死後回饋地球的可能性。
02:31
It uses an energy-intensive process
to turn bodies into ash,
to turn bodies into ash,
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使用密集能源把身體化成灰的過程
02:35
polluting the air
and contributing to climate change.
and contributing to climate change.
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污染了空氣，加劇氣候的變遷。
02:39
All told, cremations in the US
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總而言之，美國每年火葬
02:42
emit a staggering 600 million
pounds of carbon dioxide
pounds of carbon dioxide
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所排放到大氣層的二氧化碳
高達六億磅之巨。
02:46
into the atmosphere annually.
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02:50
The truly awful truth
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真正可怕的真相是：
02:52
is that the very last thing
that most of us will do on this earth
that most of us will do on this earth
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我們大多數人
在地球上做的最後一件事
在地球上做的最後一件事
02:57
is poison it.
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是毒害地球。
（長嘆聲）
03:03
It's like we've created, accepted
and death-denied our way into a status quo
and death-denied our way into a status quo
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就像是我們拼了命
爭取到不死的特權，
爭取到不死的特權，
03:08
that puts as much distance
between ourselves and nature
between ourselves and nature
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使自己遠離大自然。
03:12
as is humanly possible.
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03:14
Our modern funerary practices
are designed to stave off
are designed to stave off
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現代設計的殯葬方式
03:17
the natural processes
that happen to a body after death.
that happen to a body after death.
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避掉死後人體
會自然發生的分解過程。
會自然發生的分解過程。
03:20
In other words, they're meant
to prevent us from decomposing.
to prevent us from decomposing.
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換句話說，就是不讓遺體分解。
03:25
But the truth
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但事實上
03:27
is that nature is really,
really good at death.
really good at death.
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大自然對分解非常拿手。
03:31
We've all seen it.
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我們都看到過，
03:32
When organic material dies in nature,
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當有機體死在自然界裡，
03:35
microbes and bacteria
break it down into nutrient-rich soil,
break it down into nutrient-rich soil,
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微生物和細菌
將其分解成富含營養的土壤，
03:39
completing the life cycle.
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完成生命的週期。
03:41
In nature, death creates life.
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在自然界中，死亡創造生命。
03:48
Back in architecture school,
I was thinking about all this,
I was thinking about all this,
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當我在學建築時思考這一切，
03:52
and I set out on a plan
to redesign death care.
to redesign death care.
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開始重新設計殯葬的處理方式。
03:56
Could I create a system
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我能不能創建一套系統，
03:58
that was beneficial to the earth
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一套對地球有益，
03:59
and that used nature as a guide
rather than something to be feared?
rather than something to be feared?
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以大自然為師，不畏懼大自然，
04:04
Something that was gentle to the planet?
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對地球友善的系統呢？
04:07
That planet, after all,
supports our living bodies
supports our living bodies
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到底地球維持著
我們的身體和生命啊。
04:10
our whole lives.
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04:13
And while I was mulling this all over
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正當我在繪圖板上
醞釀這想法的時候，
醞釀這想法的時候，
04:15
over the drawing board,
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04:17
the phone rang.
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電話鈴響了。
04:19
It was my friend Kate.
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是我的朋友凱特打來的。
04:21
She was like, "Hey,
have you heard about the farmers
have you heard about the farmers
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她說：「嘿，妳可曾聽過
農民把整條牛做成堆肥呢？」
04:25
who are composting whole cows?"
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04:29
And I was like, "Mmmm."
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我的反應是：「有意思。」
04:31
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
04:34
Turns out that farmers
in agricultural institutions
in agricultural institutions
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原來農業機構的農民
04:37
have been practicing something
called livestock mortality composting
called livestock mortality composting
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過去幾十年來一直在推行
用死畜堆肥。
04:41
for decades.
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04:42
Mortality composting is where
you take an animal high in nitrogen
you take an animal high in nitrogen
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死畜堆肥是把含氮量高的動物軀體，
04:46
and cover it with co-composting materials
that are high in carbon.
that are high in carbon.
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用含碳量高的助腐物質覆蓋起來。
04:50
It's an aerobic process,
so it requires oxygen,
so it requires oxygen,
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這是個有氧分解的過程，需要氧，
04:53
and it requires
plenty of moisture as well.
plenty of moisture as well.
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也需要足夠的水分。
04:56
In the most basic setup, a cow
is covered with a few feet of wood chips,
is covered with a few feet of wood chips,
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最基本的做法
是用厚達數英尺的木屑覆蓋牛，
05:01
which are high in carbon,
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木屑的碳含量很高，
05:02
and left outside for nature,
for breezes to provide oxygen
for breezes to provide oxygen
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放置戶外，讓大自然的微風提供氧，
05:06
and rain to provide moisture.
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讓雨水滋潤。
05:09
In about nine months,
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大約九個月後，
05:12
all that remains
is a nutrient-rich compost.
is a nutrient-rich compost.
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剩下營養豐富的堆肥，
05:16
The flesh has been decomposed entirely,
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肉身和骨頭全被分解淨盡。
05:19
as have the bones.
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05:22
I know.
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對。
05:23
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
確實我稱自己是研究分解的書呆子，
05:25
So I would definitely
call myself a decomposition nerd,
call myself a decomposition nerd,
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05:29
but I am far, far from a scientist,
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根本不算是個科學家；
05:33
and one way you can tell this is true
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這顯而易見，
05:35
is that I have often called
the process of composting "magic."
the process of composting "magic."
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因我常把堆肥的過程稱為「魔術」。
05:39
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
05:43
So basically, all we humans need to do
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基本上，我們人類只需
05:46
is create the right environment
for nature to do its job.
for nature to do its job.
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營造一個讓大自然
好好工作的環境即可。
好好工作的環境即可。
05:50
It's like the opposite
of antibacterial soap.
of antibacterial soap.
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這和殺菌藥皂恰恰相反，
05:53
Instead of fighting them,
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它不抗菌，
05:54
we welcome microbes and bacteria
in with open arms.
in with open arms.
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而是張開雙臂迎接微生物和細菌。
05:58
These tiny, amazing creatures
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這些驚人的小生物
06:01
break down molecules
into smaller molecules and atoms,
into smaller molecules and atoms,
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把分子分解成更小的分子和原子，
06:05
which are then incorporated
into new molecules.
into new molecules.
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然後合併成新的分子。
06:10
In other words, that cow is transformed.
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換句話說，那頭牛轉型，
06:14
It's no longer a cow.
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不再是頭牛，
06:16
It's been cycled back into nature.
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而是循環回到自然界。
06:19
See? Magic.
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看到了吧？這就是魔術。
（笑聲）
06:24
You can probably imagine
the light bulb that went off in my head
the light bulb that went off in my head
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或許你能想像：
接到那通電話後我靈光一閃，
06:27
after I received that phone call.
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06:29
I began designing a system
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開始根據死畜堆肥的原理
06:31
based on the principles
of livestock mortality composting
of livestock mortality composting
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06:35
that would take human beings
and transform them into soil.
and transform them into soil.
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設計能將人類遺體
轉化為土壤的系統。
轉化為土壤的系統。
《可擴展、複製，非營利的城市模式》
06:43
Fast-forward five years
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快轉五年後，
06:45
and the project has grown in ways
I truly never could have imagined.
I truly never could have imagined.
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計劃的展開遠超出我的想像。
06:50
We've created a scalable,
replicable non-profit urban model
replicable non-profit urban model
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我們根據死畜堆肥的原理
建立一個可擴展、可複製、
非營利、城市模式的系統，
非營利、城市模式的系統，
06:54
based on the science
of livestock mortality composting
of livestock mortality composting
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06:58
that turns human beings into soil.
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把人類遺體轉化為土壤。
07:01
We've partnered and collaborated
with experts in soil science,
with experts in soil science,
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我們合作的夥伴專精於土壤科學、
07:04
decomposition, alternative death care,
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分解、其他可行的處理遺體方式、
07:07
law and architecture.
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法律和建築。
07:09
We've raised funds
from foundations and individuals
from foundations and individuals
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我們向基金會與個人募資
07:12
in order to design
a prototype of this system,
a prototype of this system,
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來建立系統的雛型；
07:16
and we've heard from tens of thousands
of people all over the world
of people all over the world
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世界各地有成千上萬的人告訴我們
希望能夠選用這種殯葬法。
07:20
who want this option to be available.
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07:25
OK.
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好。
07:26
In the next few years,
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接下來幾年，
07:28
it's our goal to build the first
full-scale human composting facility
full-scale human composting facility
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我們的目標是在西雅圖市裡
建立首座全面性的人類堆肥設施。
07:34
right in the city of Seattle.
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07:35
(Applause)
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（掌聲和歡呼聲）
07:43
Imagine it,
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想像一下，
07:45
part public park,
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兼具公園、
07:47
part funeral home,
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殯儀館、
07:49
part memorial to the people we love,
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已逝親人的紀念館，
07:52
a place where we can reconnect
with the cycles of nature
with the cycles of nature
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在這裡重新連結生生不息的大自然，
07:55
and treat bodies
with gentleness and respect.
with gentleness and respect.
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並且於進行過程中尊重、
和善對待遺體。
和善對待遺體。
08:00
The infrastructure is simple.
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基礎的設施很簡單：
08:02
Inside a vertical core,
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在垂直的主設施裡
08:04
bodies and wood chips undergo
accelerated natural decomposition,
accelerated natural decomposition,
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身體和木片自然加速分解和堆肥化，
08:08
or composting,
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08:09
and are transformed into soil.
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轉化為土壤。
08:13
When someone dies, their body
is taken to a human composting facility.
is taken to a human composting facility.
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死者的遺體被送往遺體堆肥設施，
08:18
After wrapping the deceased
in a simple shroud,
in a simple shroud,
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用簡單的長袍包裹，
08:21
friends and family carry the body
to the top of the core,
to the top of the core,
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親友護送遺體到
自然分解系統主設施的頂部
08:25
which contains the natural
decomposition system.
decomposition system.
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08:30
During a laying in ceremony,
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舉行下葬的儀式，
08:32
they gently place the body into the core
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把遺體輕輕地垂入主設施，
08:34
and cover it with wood chips.
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以木屑覆蓋。
08:37
This begins the gentle transformation
from human to soil.
from human to soil.
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轉變遺體為土壤的和緩過程開始了。
08:43
Over the next few weeks,
the body decomposes naturally.
the body decomposes naturally.
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人體在接下來的
幾個星期裡自然分解。
幾個星期裡自然分解。
08:46
Microbes and bacteria
break down carbon, then protein,
break down carbon, then protein,
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微生物和細菌先分解碳，
再分解蛋白質，
再分解蛋白質，
08:49
to create a new substance,
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創造新的物質，
08:51
a rich, earthy soil.
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也就是肥沃的土壤，
08:54
This soil can then be used
to grow new life.
to grow new life.
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這土壤能被用來孕育新的生命。
08:57
Eventually, you could be a lemon tree.
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最後，你可能變成檸檬樹。
09:01
(Applause)
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（掌聲和哨聲）
09:02
Yeah, thank you.
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是的，謝謝。
09:04
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
09:09
Who's thinking about
lemon meringue pie right now?
lemon meringue pie right now?
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此刻誰想起檸檬蛋白派呢？
09:12
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
09:14
A lemon drop?
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或者檸檬馬丁尼？
09:16
Something stronger?
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還是更烈一點的東西呢？
09:19
So in addition to housing the core,
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除了分解遺體的主設施外，
09:21
these buildings will function
to support the grieving
to support the grieving
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這些建築物還提供緬懷追思，
09:24
by providing space for memorial services
and end-of-life planning.
and end-of-life planning.
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設置追悼會堂和規劃壽終的空間。
09:28
The potential for repurposing is huge.
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這有著巨大的再利用潛力。
09:31
Old churches and industrial warehouses
can be converted into places
can be converted into places
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舊的教堂和工業倉庫能轉換成
09:35
where we create soil and honor life.
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孕育土壤和榮耀生命的場所。
09:39
We want to bring back the aspect of ritual
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我們想找回過去數百年間
09:42
that's been diluted
over the past hundred years
over the past hundred years
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因火葬率上升、宗教聯繫降低
09:44
as cremation rates have risen
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09:46
and religious affiliation has declined.
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而被稀釋掉的儀式面。
09:51
Our Seattle facility will function
as a model for these places
as a model for these places
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我們的西雅圖設施
將成為世界各地的典範。
09:55
all over the world.
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09:57
We've heard from communities
in South Africa, Australia,
in South Africa, Australia,
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南非、澳大利亞、英國、
10:00
the UK, Canada and beyond.
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加拿大及其他各地都有
社區聯絡我們。
社區聯絡我們。
10:03
We're creating a design toolkit
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我們正建立一個設計工具包
10:06
that will help others
design and build facilities
design and build facilities
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來幫助其他人建設，
10:10
that will contain technical specifications
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裡頭將會有技術規格
10:12
and regulatory best practices.
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和符合規範的最佳監管做法。
10:15
We want to help individuals,
organizations,
organizations,
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我們不只要幫助個人和組織，
10:17
and down the road, municipalities
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更進一步，還要幫助城市
10:19
design and build facilities
in their own cities.
in their own cities.
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設計和建造自己的設施。
10:24
The idea is that every one of these places
should look and feel completely different
should look and feel completely different
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想法是：
儘管內部的系統相同，
各地設施的外貌和感覺
應該完全不同；
應該完全不同；
10:28
with the same system inside.
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10:29
They're really meant to be designed
for the neighborhood in which they reside
for the neighborhood in which they reside
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這些設施的設計應該符合
所在、所服務的社區。
10:34
and the community which they serve.
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10:38
The other idea is
for supportive staff to be on hand
for supportive staff to be on hand
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另一想法是：應有關懷員在場，
10:41
to help families with the care
and preparation of loved ones' bodies.
and preparation of loved ones' bodies.
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幫助遺族照顧和準備親人的遺體。
10:46
We're banishing practices
that bewilder and disempower
that bewilder and disempower
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我們汰除困惑、乏力的舊做法，
10:49
and creating a system
that is beautiful and meaningful
that is beautiful and meaningful
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建立美麗、有意義
10:54
and transparent.
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而且透明的新方法。
10:57
We believe that access
to ecological death care
to ecological death care
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我們堅信能選用符合生態的死亡護理
10:59
is a human right.
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是天賦人權。
11:04
OK, so you know the old saying,
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好。古諺云：
11:07
if you can compost a cow,
you can compost a human?
you can compost a human?
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如果能把牛做成堆肥，
就能把人做成堆肥？
就能把人做成堆肥？
11:10
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
11:15
Turns out, it's true.
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原來，這話一點兒也沒錯。
11:18
Since 2014, we've been
running a pilot project
running a pilot project
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自 2014 年起，
我們與西卡羅來納大學的
法醫人類學系
法醫人類學系
11:21
in the hills of North Carolina
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11:23
with the Forensic Anthropology Department
at Western Carolina University.
at Western Carolina University.
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在北卡羅來納州的山丘試行。
11:28
Six donor bodies
have been covered in wood chips,
have been covered in wood chips,
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被木屑覆蓋的六具捐贈大體，
11:31
oxygen provided by breezes,
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有微風提供氧氣，
11:33
microbes and bacteria doing their jobs.
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有微生物和細菌做功。
11:37
This pilot program has allowed us
to demonstrate that it's possible
to demonstrate that it's possible
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這個試行計劃讓我們證明了
11:40
to harness the incredible power
of natural decomposition
of natural decomposition
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利用不可思議的自然分解力量
11:44
to turn human bodies into soil,
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把人體變成土壤是可行的。
11:47
and we're working
with other universities as well.
with other universities as well.
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我們也與其他的大學合作。
11:50
Soil scientists
at Washington State University,
at Washington State University,
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華盛頓州立大學的土壤科學家
11:54
the grad students, anyway,
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和那裡的研究生，
11:56
are working to compost
teeth with amalgam fillings
teeth with amalgam fillings
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正在鑽研汞齊
填補的牙齒做成的堆肥，
填補的牙齒做成的堆肥，
12:00
so that we can understand
what happens to the mercury therein.
what happens to the mercury therein.
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以了解堆肥後裡頭的汞會怎樣。
12:04
Next up, we'll be beginning experiments
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我們下一步將做實驗
12:06
to determine what happens
to chemo drugs and pharmaceuticals
to chemo drugs and pharmaceuticals
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以確認化療藥物
12:09
during the composting process,
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經堆肥過程後的結果，
12:11
and whether additional
remediation will be needed.
remediation will be needed.
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決定是否需要增加補救步驟。
12:17
By the way,
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順便一提，
12:19
composting creates a great deal of heat,
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堆肥的程序產生大量的熱，
12:21
especially this particular
type of composting.
type of composting.
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尤其是這種堆肥類型。
12:25
One week after we began
composting our fifth donor body,
composting our fifth donor body,
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在第五具大體開始分解後一個星期，
12:30
the temperature inside
that mound of wood chips
that mound of wood chips
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那木屑堆裡面的溫度
12:33
reached 158 degrees Fahrenheit.
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高達華氏 158 度。
12:38
Imagine harnessing that heat
to create energy
to create energy
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想像駕馭這熱能，
12:41
or comfort the grieving on a cold day.
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用在寒冬裡撫慰、溫暖悲傷的親人。
12:45
The death care revolution has begun.
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死亡護理的革命已經開始了。
12:47
It's an exciting time to be alive.
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這是個令生者振奮的時刻。
（笑聲）
12:51
Thank you.
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謝謝。
12:52
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Katrina Spade - Inventor, designer, death care advocateKatrina Spade created a system called "recomposition" that transforms human bodies into soil, so that we can return to the earth after we die.
Why you should listen
Katrina Spade is a designer and entrepreneur who focuses on transforming death care. As the founder and CEO of Recompose, she is developing a new model of caring for our dead which focuses on transparency, participation, and nature. She has a Masters in Architecture from the University of Massachusetts Amherst, a certificate in Sustainable Design and Building from Yestermorrow Design/Build School and a Bachelors in Cultural Anthropology from Haverford College.
Spade's work has been featured in The Atlantic, Wired, and the New York Times. She is an Echoing Green Climate Fellow.
Katrina Spade | Speaker | TED.com