Mission Blue Voyage
Barbara Block: Tagging tuna in the deep ocean
芭芭拉 布劳克：在深海中标记金枪鱼
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金枪鱼是海中的运动健将——一种迅捷，运动范围广泛的肉食鱼类，而我们才刚刚开始了解它们的行为。海洋生物学家芭芭拉 布劳克将金枪鱼加以可追踪标记（并布置好转发器），记录了有关这些令人惊叹的濒危的鱼类以及它们所处的海洋环境的前所未有的大量数据。
Barbara Block - Marine biologist
Barbara Block studies how tuna, billfish and sharks move around (and stay warm) in the open ocean. Knowing how these large predators travel through pelagic waters will help us understand their role in the wider ocean ecosystem. Full bio
Barbara Block studies how tuna, billfish and sharks move around (and stay warm) in the open ocean. Knowing how these large predators travel through pelagic waters will help us understand their role in the wider ocean ecosystem. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I've been fascinated for a lifetime
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我一生都为
00:18
by the beauty, form and function
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巨型蓝鳍金枪鱼的美丽、
00:20
of giant bluefin tuna.
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外形和机能所着迷。
00:23
Bluefin are warmblooded like us.
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蓝鳍金枪鱼像我们一样是恒温动物。
00:26
They're the largest of the tunas,
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他们是体型最大的金枪鱼，
00:29
the second-largest fish in the sea -- bony fish.
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海洋中的第二大的硬骨鱼。
00:32
They actually are a fish
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他们实际上是一种
00:34
that is endothermic --
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温血动物--
00:36
powers through the ocean with warm muscles like a mammal.
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以充满温血的肌肉（如同哺乳动物一样）横扫海洋
00:40
That's one of our bluefin at the Monterey Bay Aquarium.
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那是在蒙特雷湾水族馆中的一种蓝鳍金枪鱼。
00:43
You can see in its shape and its streamlined design
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你看它的形状和它流线型的设计
00:46
it's powered for ocean swimming.
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使得它在海洋中游刃有余。
00:49
It flies through the ocean on its pectoral fins, gets lift,
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靠着它的胸鳍，它在海洋中飞翔，上下沉浮，
00:52
powers its movements
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新月状的鱼尾更增进了它
00:54
with a lunate tail.
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的行动能力。
00:56
It's actually got a naked skin for most of its body,
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实际上它的大部分身体都是裸露着的皮肤，
00:59
so it reduces friction with the water.
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这样减小了与水的摩擦阻力。
01:02
This is what one of nature's finest machines.
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这是自然界最棒的机器之一。
01:05
Now, bluefin
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蓝鳍金枪鱼
01:07
were revered by Man
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在整个人类历史中
01:09
for all of human history.
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都受到人们的尊敬。
01:12
For 4,000 years, we fished sustainably for this animal,
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4000年来，我们以可持续性的方式对它们进行捕捞，
01:15
and it's evidenced
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几千年前的艺术品
01:17
in the art that we see
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可以充分的
01:19
from thousands of years ago.
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证明这一点。
01:21
Bluefin are in cave paintings in France.
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在法国，蓝鳍金枪鱼出现在洞穴壁画中。
01:24
They're on coins
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它们早在
01:26
that date back 3,000 years.
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3000年前就出现在硬币上。
01:29
This fish was revered by humankind.
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这类鱼类是受人类尊重的。
01:32
It was fished sustainably
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一直以来
01:34
till all of time,
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人类都可持续地捕捞它们，
01:36
except for our generation.
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除了我们这一代。
01:38
Bluefin are pursued wherever they go --
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蓝鳍金枪鱼无论到那里都被捕捞。
01:41
there is a gold rush on Earth,
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地球曾经出现过淘金热，
01:43
and this is a gold rush for bluefin.
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而这次是追求蓝鳍金枪鱼的热潮。
01:45
There are traps that fish sustainably
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捕捞原本一直是可持续的
01:47
up until recently.
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而今非昔比。
01:50
And yet, the type of fishing going on today,
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而且， 现在的捕捞方式
01:53
with pens, with enormous stakes,
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有大量资金和舆论支持，
01:56
is really wiping bluefin
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这等于是正在将蓝鳍金枪鱼
01:58
ecologically off the planet.
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从地球的生态版图上抹去。
02:00
Now bluefin, in general,
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总的来说现在的蓝鳍金枪鱼
02:02
goes to one place: Japan.
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都到了 日本。
02:04
Some of you may be guilty
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在座的各位中可能
02:06
of having contributed to the demise of bluefin.
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就有间接导致它们走向灭绝的刽子手。
02:08
They're delectable muscle,
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它们美味的肉
02:10
rich in fat --
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富含脂肪的肉
02:12
absolutely taste delicious.
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一定让人回味无穷吧
02:14
And that's their problem; we're eating them to death.
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但这就是问题了， 我们正将它们吃到灭亡！
02:17
Now in the Atlantic, the story is pretty simple.
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现在在大西洋， 故事很简单。
02:20
Bluefin have two populations: one large, one small.
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蓝鳍金枪鱼群有两大分布， 一大一小
02:23
The North American population
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西边 也就是北美那边
02:25
is fished at about 2,000 ton.
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大概每年捕捞2,000吨
02:28
The European population and North African -- the Eastern bluefin tuna --
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南边也就是欧洲，北非那边的蓝鳍金枪鱼
02:31
is fished at tremendous levels:
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正以惊人的速度被捕捞
02:34
50,000 tons over the last decade almost every year.
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在过去10年里几乎每年50,000吨。
02:37
The result is whether you're looking
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结果就是无论你对
02:39
at the West or the Eastern bluefin population,
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西边 或东边 蓝鳍金枪鱼的数量
02:42
there's been tremendous decline on both sides,
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都有如果以1950年
02:44
as much as 90 percent
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的数量为基准来衡量的话，
02:46
if you go back with your baseline
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金枪鱼的数量都已经出现了90%左右的
02:48
to 1950.
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急剧的下滑。
02:50
For that, bluefin have been given a status
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因此，蓝鳍金枪鱼被给予了
02:53
equivalent to tigers, to lions,
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与老虎，狮子
02:56
to certain African elephants
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某些非洲象
02:58
and to pandas.
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和 熊猫相同的地位
03:00
These fish have been proposed
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两个月前这些鱼被提议
03:02
for an endangered species listing in the past two months.
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列入濒危物种的清单。
03:05
They were voted on and rejected
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但在两个星期前的投票中
03:07
just two weeks ago,
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这一提议被否决。
03:09
despite outstanding science
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即使两个委员会的
03:11
that shows from two committees
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杰出研究显示
03:14
this fish meets the criteria of CITES I.
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这个鱼种符合濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约附录1（CITES I） 的标准。
03:17
And if it's tunas you don't care about,
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就算如果你对金枪鱼感到无所谓，
03:19
perhaps you might be interested
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那你可能会对
03:21
that international long lines and pursing
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国际性捕捞企业
03:23
chase down tunas and bycatch animals
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追捕金枪鱼和附带捕捞的动物
03:26
such as leatherbacks, sharks,
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如棱皮龟，鲨鱼，
03:28
marlin, albatross.
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枪鱼， 信天翁感兴趣。
03:30
These animals and their demise
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这些动物它们的终结
03:32
occurs in the tuna fisheries.
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同样发生在金枪鱼的捕捞地区。
03:35
The challenge we face
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我们面对的挑战是
03:37
is that we know very little about tuna,
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我们对金枪鱼几乎一无所知，
03:40
and everyone in the room knows what it looks like
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所有这间房里的人们都能认出非洲狮
03:43
when an African lion
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扑到猎物
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takes down its prey.
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的场景。
03:47
I doubt anyone has seen a giant bluefin feed.
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但我怀疑不是所有人都见过蓝鳍金枪鱼捕食。
03:50
This tuna symbolizes
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这种金枪鱼代表着
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what's the problem for all of us in the room.
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一个普遍问题
03:56
It's the 21st century, but we really have only just begun
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现在是21世纪， 但我们对海洋的深入了解
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to really study our oceans in a deep way.
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才刚刚开始。
04:02
Technology has come of age
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科技使我们来到这样一个时代：
04:04
that's allowing us to see the Earth from space
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我们能在太空中远观地球，
04:07
and go deep into the seas remotely.
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也能在深入观察远海。
04:10
And we've got to use these technologies immediately
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我们必须将这些技术运用起来
04:12
to get a better understanding
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使我们对海洋王国
04:14
of how our ocean realm works.
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有一个更加深刻的了解
04:17
Most of us from the ship -- even I --
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我们中的大多数，包括我，
04:19
look out at the ocean and see this homogeneous sea.
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面对海洋，看到的是广阔的单一的海水。
04:22
We don't know where the structure is.
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我们不知道大海的结构，
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We can't tell where are the watering holes
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不能像在非洲平原上
04:27
like we can on an African plain.
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找到哪里有水潭。
04:30
We can't see the corridors,
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我们不知道海洋的经纬，
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and we can't see what it is
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我们不知道是什么
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that brings together a tuna,
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将金枪鱼
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a leatherback and an albatross.
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和信天翁联系在了一起
04:38
We're only just beginning to understand
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我们才刚刚开始了解
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how the physical oceanography
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物理上的海洋学
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and the biological oceanography
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是如何与生物上的海洋学
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come together
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相结合
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to create a seasonal force
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从而创造出一个可能形成
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that actually causes the upwelling
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一个聚集点
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that might make a hot spot a hope spot.
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的上涌的季节性力量。
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The reasons these challenges are great
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挑战之所以巨大，是因为
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is that technically it's difficult to go to sea.
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技术上说，海上作业是困难的。
04:58
It's hard to study a bluefin on its turf,
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我们很难在蓝鳍金枪鱼的地盘--整个太平洋
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the entire Pacific realm.
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研究它。
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It's really tough to get up close and personal with a mako shark
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人真的很难接近灰鲭鲨
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and try to put a tag on it.
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给它上面贴标签更是困难。
05:08
And then imagine being Bruce Mate's team from OSU,
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想象下 俄亥俄州立大学的布鲁斯麦特的团队吧，
05:11
getting up close to a blue whale
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接近一个蓝鲸
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and fixing a tag on the blue whale that stays,
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并在它上面固定标签 可以说
05:16
an engineering challenge
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是一个工程难题
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we've yet to really overcome.
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我们至今还没真正克服这项难题。
05:20
So the story of our team, a dedicated team,
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而我们这个敬业的队伍的主要方向是
05:23
is fish and chips.
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鱼与芯片。（双关语：又指西方流行食品炸鱼薯条）
05:25
We basically are taking
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我们基本上是用
05:27
the same satellite phone parts,
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卫星电话的组件，
05:29
or the same parts that are in your computer, chips.
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或者是你电脑中的组件。
05:32
We're putting them together in unusual ways,
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我们将其以特殊的方式合并，
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and this is taking us into the ocean realm
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这将以前所未有的方式
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like never before.
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将我们带如海洋世界。
05:39
And for the first time,
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我们第一次
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we're able to watch the journey of a tuna beneath the ocean
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能够观察金枪鱼在水下的行动
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using light and photons
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并利用光
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to measure sunrise and sunset.
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来测量日落和日出。
05:49
Now, I've been working with tunas for over 15 years.
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我已经与金枪鱼一起工作15年了。
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I have the privilege of being a partner
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我有幸成为蒙特雷湾水族馆
05:54
with the Monterey Bay Aquarium.
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的合作成员。
05:56
We've actually taken a sliver of the ocean,
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我们将海中非常小的一部分
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put it behind glass,
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放在了玻璃后，
06:00
and we together
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我们也
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have put bluefin tuna and yellowfin tuna on display.
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把蓝鳍金枪鱼与黄鳍金枪鱼进行展出。
06:05
When the veil of bubbles lifts every morning,
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当每天早晨保护罩升起时
06:08
we can actually see a community from the Pelagic ocean,
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我们可以看到水与远洋的交换，
06:11
one of the only places on Earth
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世上没有几个地方能让
06:13
you can see giant bluefin swim by.
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你看到巨大的蓝鳍从你眼前游过。
06:16
We can see in their beauty of form and function,
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我们可以从它们形态和作用的美中看到，
06:19
their ceaseless activity.
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它们无尽的活力。
06:21
They're flying through their space, ocean space.
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它们在海中自由穿梭
06:24
And we can bring two million people a year
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我们每年可以使两百万人
06:26
into contact with this fish
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亲眼看到这些鱼
06:28
and show them its beauty.
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并向他们展示它们的美
06:31
Behind the scenes is a working lab at Stanford University
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在这美景的后面是与蒙特雷湾水族馆合作的
06:34
partnered with the Monterey Bay Aquarium.
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斯坦福大学的实验室。
06:36
Here, for over 14 or 15 years,
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就在这里，十四五年以来
06:38
we've actually brought in
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我们将
06:40
both bluefin and yellowfin in captivity.
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蓝鳍和黄鳍金枪鱼放在这里。
06:42
We'd been studying these fish,
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我们研究这些鱼
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but first we had to learn how to husbandry them.
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但是首先我们要学会饲养它们。
06:46
What do they like to eat?
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它们想吃什么？
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What is it that they're happy with?
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它们喜欢什么？
06:50
We go in the tanks with the tuna -- we touch their naked skin --
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我们进入有金枪鱼的水箱。我们抚摸它们裸露的皮肤。
06:53
it's pretty amazing. It feels wonderful.
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这感觉非常好！
06:56
And then, better yet,
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然后，更好的是，
06:58
we've got our own version of tuna whisperers,
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我们找到了自己的鱼语者，
07:00
our own Chuck Farwell, Alex Norton,
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我们的ChuckFarwell与 Alex Norton
07:02
who can take a big tuna
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他们能够将一个大金枪鱼
07:04
and in one motion,
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以一个方向
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put it into an envelope of water,
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放入几乎正好大小的水中，
07:08
so that we can actually work with the tuna
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因此我们能真正的研究金枪鱼们
07:10
and learn the techniques it takes
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并且学会
07:12
to not injure this fish
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不伤害那些不知海洋边界的
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who never sees a boundary in the open sea.
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鱼儿们的技术。
07:17
Jeff and Jason there, are scientists
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Jeff 和 Jason两位科学家
07:19
who are going to take a tuna
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正将一个金枪鱼
07:21
and put it in the equivalent of a treadmill, a flume.
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放入一个相当于跑步机的人工管道里
07:24
And that tuna thinks it's going to Japan, but it's staying in place.
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那个金枪鱼可能认为它将游往日本， 但实际上它留在了原地。
07:27
We're actually measuring its oxygen consumption,
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我们测量它对氧气的消耗
07:29
its energy consumption.
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和对能量的消耗
07:32
We're taking this data and building better models.
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我们将记录这些数据，做出更好的模型。
07:35
And when I see that tuna -- this is my favorite view --
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当我看到金枪鱼时（这也是我最喜欢的景象）
07:38
I begin to wonder:
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我突然想知道
07:40
how did this fish solve the longitude problem before we did?
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这些鱼是怎么在我们之前解决经度问题的？
07:44
So take a look at that animal.
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所以仔细看了下它
07:46
That's the closest you'll probably ever get.
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这大概是能办到的最近的观察了。
07:48
Now, the activities from the lab
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现在，实验室里的工作
07:51
have taught us now how to go out in the open ocean.
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已经教会了我们如何走出去， 到大海中去继续研究。
07:54
So in a program called Tag-A-Giant
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所以在一个名为 “标个大家伙”
07:57
we've actually gone from Ireland to Canada,
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我们真的从爱尔兰跑驶了加拿大，
08:00
from Corsica to Spain.
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从科西嘉岛到了西班牙。
08:02
We've fished with many nations around the world
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我们与世界上许多国家合作
08:05
in an effort to basically
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致力于将
08:07
put electronic computers
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电子计算机
08:10
inside giant tunas.
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放到大金枪鱼内。
08:12
We've actually tagged 1,100 tunas.
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我们已经标记了1,100头金枪鱼。
08:15
And I'm going to show you three clips,
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而我现向你们展示三个短片，
08:17
because I tagged 1,100 tunas.
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因为我标记了1,100只金枪鱼。
08:20
It's a very hard process, but it's a ballet.
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这个过程像芭蕾舞一样， 难 但是很美。
08:23
We bring the tuna out, we measure it.
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我们取出金枪鱼， 测量它
08:26
A team of fishers, captains, scientists and technicians
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一个由渔夫，船长，科学家和技术人员组成的团队
08:29
work together to keep this animal out of the ocean
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为了能让它出海4到5分钟
08:32
for about four to five minutes.
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工作在了一起。
08:35
We put water over its gills, give it oxygen.
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我们让水流过它的腮，给它氧气。
08:38
And then with a lot of effort, after tagging,
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然后给它做标记
08:41
putting in the computer,
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再努力吧电脑放进去。
08:43
making sure the stalk is sticking out so it senses the environment,
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并保证有一部分能留在外边， 使得电脑能感受外面的坏境。
08:46
we send this fish back into the sea.
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我们将鱼放回大海
08:49
And when it goes, we're always happy.
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当它离开时， 我们总是很开心。
08:51
We see a flick of the tail.
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我们能看到它的尾巴摇摆
08:53
And from our data that gets collected,
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从我们收集到的数据来看
08:56
when that tag comes back,
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当标签回来时
08:58
because a fisher returns it
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因为 渔夫将其交还给我们
09:00
for a thousand-dollar reward,
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能拿到1000美金的奖励，
09:02
we can get tracks beneath the sea
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我们就能了解一个脊椎动物
09:04
for up to five years now,
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在水下
09:06
on a backboned animal.
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最多5年的路线了。
09:08
Now sometimes the tunas are really large,
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有时候，金枪鱼真的很大
09:11
such as this fish off Nantucket.
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就像楠塔基特 附近的的这条
09:13
But that's about half the size
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但是这只是
09:15
of the biggest tuna we've ever tagged.
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被我们标记过的最大的一半大小。
09:17
It takes a human effort,
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需要一个人的力气
09:19
a team effort, to bring the fish in.
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一个团队的努力才能把它拉起来
09:21
In this case, what we're going to do
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画面中，我们需要做的就是
09:23
is put a pop-up satellite archival tag on the tuna.
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将一个能自动弹起的卫星标签放在一个金枪鱼上
09:27
This tag rides on the tuna,
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标签会固定在它上面
09:29
senses the environment around the tuna
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感知周围的环境
09:32
and actually will come off the fish,
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然后会离开这条鱼
09:35
detach, float to the surface
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单独漂浮在水面
09:37
and send back to Earth-orbiting satellites
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并将计算出的位置
09:40
position data estimated by math on the tag,
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的信息传回绕地卫星
09:43
pressure data and temperature data.
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压力数据，温度数据
09:46
And so what we get then from the pop-up satellite tag
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所以从标签那得到信息
09:48
is we get away from having to have a human interaction
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都能在没有人参与的
09:51
to recapture the tag.
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情况下完成。
09:53
Both the electronic tags I'm talking about are expensive.
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刚刚提到的提到的两个电子标签都比较昂贵。
09:56
These tags have been engineered
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这些标签都是由许多
09:58
by a variety of teams in North America.
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北美团队制造的。
10:01
They are some of our finest instruments,
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里面有我们最精密的仪器
10:03
our new technology in the ocean today.
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和我们在海洋中的新科技。
10:07
One community in general
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总的来说一个组织
10:09
has given more to help us than any other community.
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给以了我们比其他组织都多的帮助。
10:11
And that's the fisheries off the state of North Carolina.
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那就是 北卡罗兰纳渔业组织。
10:14
There are two villages, Harris and Morehead City,
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有两个村庄，Harris 和 Morehead。
10:17
every winter for over a decade,
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10年里的每年冬天
10:19
held a party called Tag-A-Giant,
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都会举行一个名为 “标记个大家伙”的活动
10:22
and together, fishers worked with us
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渔夫们那天会与我们合作
10:24
to tag 800 to 900 fish.
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标记800到900 头鱼
10:27
In this case, we're actually going to measure the fish.
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这里 我们正要去测量这个鱼
10:30
We're going to do something that in recent years we've started:
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我们要做一些我们已经开始的事情
10:33
take a mucus sample.
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取一个粘液样本
10:35
Watch how shiny the skin is; you can see my reflection there.
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看多么闪亮的皮肤， 你可你看到我的倒影。
10:38
And from that mucus, we can get gene profiles,
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从那个粘液，我们能得到它的基因。
10:41
we can get information on gender,
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我们能通过基因得到一些信息。
10:43
checking the pop-up tag one more time,
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再检查一次自动跳起标签
10:45
and then it's out in the ocean.
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然后就让它回到大海了。
10:47
And this is my favorite.
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这是我的最爱
10:49
With the help of my former postdoc, Gareth Lawson,
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在我前任博士后导师Gareth Lawson的帮助下
10:52
this is a gorgeous picture of a single tuna.
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这是一条金枪鱼的美丽照片
10:54
This tuna is actually moving on a numerical ocean.
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这条在数字海洋中游动的金枪鱼
10:57
The warm is the Gulf Stream,
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较温暖的时 墨西哥湾流，
10:59
the cold up there in the Gulf of Maine.
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较冷的是在美国缅因州海湾。
11:02
That's where the tuna wants to go -- it wants to forage on schools of herring --
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这是金枪鱼的活动线路，它以成群的鲱鱼为食。
11:05
but it can't get there. It's too cold.
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但它不能到这里， 太冷了。
11:07
But then it warms up, and the tuna pops in, gets some fish,
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但是当那温暖起来， 金枪鱼就窜进去，吃些鱼。
11:10
maybe comes back to home base,
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也许会回到老家。
11:12
goes in again
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又进去了
11:14
and then comes back to winter down there in North Carolina
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那边又冷了，又回到北卡罗来纳州
11:17
and then on to the Bahamas.
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再后到了巴哈马
11:19
And my favorite scene, three tunas going into the Gulf of Mexico.
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然后就是我最喜欢的场景， 三条金枪鱼回到了墨西哥湾。
11:22
Three tunas tagged.
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三条标记过的金枪鱼。
11:24
Astronomically, we're calculating positions.
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太空中， 我们计算它们位置。
11:26
They're coming together. That could be tuna sex --
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它们一起过来， 可能是为了繁殖下一代。
11:29
and there it is.
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而这个
11:31
That is where the tuna spawn.
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就是金枪鱼产卵的地方。
11:33
So from data like this,
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因此， 通过这些数据
11:35
we're able now to put the map up,
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我们能建立起地图
11:37
and in this map
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在地图中
11:39
you see thousands of positions
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你可以看到成千上万的位置
11:41
generated by this decade and a half of tagging.
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由这十五年的标签标记得来的数据产生。
11:44
And now we're showing that tunas on the western side
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现在， 让我们来看西边的它们
11:47
go to the eastern side.
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前往东边
11:49
So two populations of tunas --
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所以 两个群落。
11:51
that is, we have a Gulf population, one that we can tag --
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一个是我们标记的海湾群落，
11:53
they go to the Gulf of Mexico, I showed you that --
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它们前往墨西哥湾， 我们可以看到
11:56
and a second population.
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而第二个群落。
11:58
Living amongst our tunas -- our North American tunas --
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欧洲的金枪鱼
12:00
are European tunas that go back to the Med.
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则游回地中海
12:03
On the hot spots -- the hope spots --
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在热点
12:05
they're mixed populations.
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两个群落重合。
12:07
And so what we've done with the science
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而我们要做的就是
12:09
is we're showing the International Commission,
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向国际委员会展示
12:11
building new models,
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新模型，
12:13
showing them that a two-stock no-mixing model --
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告诉他们 原来的 两群不相关模型
12:15
to this day, used to reject
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是错误的
12:18
the CITES treaty --
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， 不应该被用为
12:20
that model isn't the right model.
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反对CITES中条例通过的依据。
12:22
This model, a model of overlap,
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这是一个交叉的模型
12:24
is the way to move forward.
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这个才是符合事实的模型。
12:26
So we can then predict
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因此我们可以预测
12:28
where management places should be.
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哪里应该安排管理。
12:30
Places like the Gulf of Mexico and the Mediterranean
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像墨西哥湾和地中海那样的地方
12:33
are places where the single species,
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是单一物种的地方
12:35
the single population, can be captured.
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只有一种金枪鱼会被捕到
12:37
These become forthright in places we need to protect.
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这是明显应该被保护的地方
12:40
The center of the Atlantic where the mixing is,
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在大西洋的中心，种群混合的地方
12:43
I could imagine a policy that lets Canada and America fish,
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可以出台允许加拿大和美国捕鱼的政策，
12:45
because they manage their fisheries well,
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因为他们能合理开展渔业。
12:48
they're doing a good job.
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它们干的很好
12:50
But in the international realm,
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但是在过渡捕鱼盛行的
12:52
where fishing and overfishing has really gone wild,
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国际海领域
12:54
these are the places that we have to make hope spots in.
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我们还需努力
12:57
That's the size they have to be to protect the bluefin tuna.
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这样 才有可能能保护蓝鳍金枪鱼
13:00
Now in a second project
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现在让我们来看第二个计划
13:02
called Tagging of Pacific Pelagics,
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名为“标记太平洋”
13:04
we took on the planet as a team,
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作为“海洋普查项目”的成员
13:06
those of us in the Census of Marine Life.
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我们组成了一个团队
13:08
And, funded primarily through Sloan Foundation and others,
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并在如斯隆基金会等等的帮助下
13:12
we were able to actually go in, in our project --
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我们才得以进行我们的项目
13:15
we're one of 17 field programs
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我们是17个这个领域中一个项目
13:17
and begin to take on tagging large numbers of predators,
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现准备开始标记大量的食肉鱼。
13:20
not just tunas.
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不再单单是金枪鱼。
13:22
So what we've done
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我们已经
13:24
is actually gone up to tag salmon shark in Alaska,
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在阿拉斯加州标记了一头鲑鲨
13:27
met salmon shark on their home territory,
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在它的出生地标记了它，
13:30
followed them catching salmon
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并跟随它们捕食鲑鱼
13:32
and then went in and figured out
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当我们
13:34
that, if we take a salmon and put it on a line,
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将一条鲑鱼放在鲨鱼的前面
13:37
we can actually take up a salmon shark --
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我们能够将鲨鱼网住
13:39
This is the cousin of the white shark --
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这个鲨鱼是白鲨的表亲。
13:41
and very carefully --
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我们很小心的
13:43
note, I say "very carefully," --
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注意我说的是 “很小心”
13:45
we can actually keep it calm,
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我们能使它保持镇定。
13:47
put a hose in its mouth, keep it off the deck
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在它嘴里放个管子，并保持它不接触甲板
13:50
and then tag it with a satellite tag.
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并用卫星标签标记它
13:53
That satellite tag will now have your shark phone home
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现在，卫星就能对它定位了
13:56
and send in a message.
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并能把信息传到卫星。
13:58
And that shark leaping there, if you look carefully, has an antenna.
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这条鲨鱼在水中跳跃， 如果你看的仔细些，能看到它的触角。
14:01
It's a free swimming shark with a satellite tag
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这是一个有着标签的自由游动的鲨鱼
14:03
jumping after salmon,
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正追着鲑鱼。
14:05
sending home its data.
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而天线正将数据传来。
14:09
Salmon sharks aren't the only sharks we tag.
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我们不是只标记这一种鲨鱼。
14:11
But there goes salmon sharks with this meter-level resolution
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但这只显示它精确到米的路线图
14:14
on an ocean of temperature -- warm colors are warmer.
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较暖的颜色表示海洋的温度较高。
14:17
Salmon sharks go down
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它们向下
14:19
to the tropics to pup
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到热带地区产仔
14:21
and come into Monterey.
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再到蒙特雷。
14:23
Now right next door in Monterey and up at the Farallones
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现在 在蒙特雷附近， Farallones的上面
14:26
are a white shark team led by Scott Anderson -- there --
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有一只由Scott Anderson和Sal Jorgensen领导的
14:28
and Sal Jorgensen.
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研究白鲨的队伍。
14:30
They can throw out a target --
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他们扔出一个诱饵
14:32
it's a carpet shaped like a seal --
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一个形似海豹的毛毯
14:34
and in will come a white shark, a curious critter
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不一会，一个好奇的白鲨就会游来
14:37
that will come right up to our 16-ft. boat.
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不久他就会被抓到我们16英尺长的船上。
14:40
It's a several thousand-pound animal.
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这是个几千磅重的动物。
14:42
And we'll wind in the target.
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我们会在诱饵里吹起
14:45
And we'll place an acoustic tag
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我们会放置一个听觉标签
14:47
that says, "OMSHARK 10165,"
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会表示"OMSHARK 10165,"
14:49
or something like that, acoustically with a ping.
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或者其它差不多的 以砰砰声的。
14:52
And then we'll put on a satellite tag
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然后我们会放置卫星标签
14:54
that will give us the long-distance journeys
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标签会发给我们一个
14:57
with the light-based geolocation algorithms
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鲨鱼的长期路线。
14:59
solved on the computer that's on the fish.
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这路线是由标签中的电脑记录光的信息并以地理算法得出的
15:02
So in this case, Sal's looking at two tags there,
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所以，Sal的结果中能看到两种标签的记录。
15:05
and there they are: the white sharks of California
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这是加利福尼亚的白鲨
15:08
going off to the white shark cafe and coming back.
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前往白鲨聚集地然后回来
15:12
We also tag makos with our NOAA colleagues,
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我们NOAA的同事标记灰鲭鲨
15:14
blue sharks.
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和蓝鲸。
15:16
And now, together, what we can see
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现在我们能看到的
15:18
on this ocean of color that's temperature,
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颜色为海洋中的温度变化，
15:20
we can see ten-day worms of makos and salmon sharks.
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我们能看到灰鲭鲨和鲑鲨以十天为以单位的移动图
15:24
We have white sharks and blue sharks.
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我们第一次观察到了白鲨和蓝鲨
15:26
For the first time,
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的信息，
15:28
an ecoscape as large as ocean-scale,
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一个全海洋尺度的观察
15:30
showing where the sharks go.
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告诉了我们鲨鱼去哪
15:33
The tuna team from TOPP has done the unthinkable:
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金枪鱼方面的TOPP组织已经完成了
15:36
three teams tagged 1,700 tunas,
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由三个队伍标记了1，700头金枪鱼的难以想象的任务。
15:39
bluefin, yellowfin and albacore
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蓝鳍，黄鳍，长鳍金枪鱼
15:41
all at the same time --
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都在同时
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carefully rehearsed tagging programs
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仔细地操练着标记项目
15:45
in which we go out, pick up juvenile tunas,
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我们选一些年轻的金枪鱼，
15:48
put in the tags that actually have the sensors,
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将有感应器的标签放进
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stick out the tuna
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再拿出
15:53
and then let them go.
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并放金枪鱼走
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They get returned, and when they get returned,
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当它们往回走，
15:57
here on a NASA numerical ocean
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你可以在NASA数字海洋中看到它们的路线
16:00
you can see bluefin in blue
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你可以看到蓝鳍金枪鱼以蓝色表示
16:02
go across their corridor,
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穿过狭长地带
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returning to the Western Pacific.
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回到大西洋。
16:07
Our team from UCSC has tagged elephant seals
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UCSC组织负责标记海象
16:10
with tags that are glued on their heads, that come off when they slough.
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标签会粘在它们头上， 当它们蜕皮时随皮脱落。
16:13
These elephant seals cover half an ocean,
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海象在海洋的一半以上地方都能看到，
16:16
take data down to 1,800 feet --
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在水下1,800英尺的地方搜集数据
16:18
amazing data.
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惊人的数据
16:20
And then there's Scott Shaffer and our shearwaters
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这是Scott Shaffer和一个海鸥
16:23
wearing tuna tags, light-based tags,
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海鸥上带着光能标签
16:26
that now are going to take you from New Zealand to Monterey and back,
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它们将从新西兰飞往蒙特雷并飞回
16:29
journeys of 35,000 nautical miles
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总共有35,000海里
16:32
we had never seen before.
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利用光能地理标签
16:34
But now with light-based geolocation tags that are very small,
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我们第一成功
16:37
we can actually see these journeys.
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了解了它们飞行的全过程。
16:39
Same thing with Laysan albatross
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与Laysan岛的信天翁一样
16:41
who travel an entire ocean
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将穿越整个大洋。
16:43
on a trip sometimes,
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有时
16:45
up to the same zone the tunas use.
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它们的飞行路线会与金枪鱼重合
16:47
You can see why they might be caught.
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你就知道为什么它们也可能被捕。
16:50
Then there's George Schillinger and our leatherback team out of Playa Grande
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现在看到的是 George Schillinger和来自Playa Grande的棱皮龟小组的队员。
16:53
tagging leatherbacks
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正在给正穿过它们所在区域
16:55
that go right past where we are.
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的棱皮龟作标记。
16:58
And Scott Benson's team
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这是Scott Benson带队的小组的数据
17:00
that showed that leatherbacks go from Indonesia
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显示棱皮龟正从印度尼西亚
17:02
all the way to Monterey.
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前往蒙特雷
17:04
So what we can see on this moving ocean
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我们能从这个移动的海洋中看到
17:07
is we can finally see where the predators are.
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捕食者在哪里。
17:10
We can actually see how they're using ecospaces
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我们能了解
17:13
as large as an ocean.
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整个海洋中的整个生态圈。
17:15
And from this information,
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从这些信息，
17:17
we can begin to map the hope spots.
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我们能开始制作希望点的地图
17:20
So this is just three years of data right here --
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这里看到的只是3年里的数据
17:22
and there's a decade of this data.
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而这样的数据有10年记录。
17:24
We see the pulse and the seasonal activities
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我们能感受到这些动物的
17:26
that these animals are going on.
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状态和季节性活动。
17:30
So what we're able to do with this information
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我们能做的，就是利用这些数据
17:32
is boil it down to hot spots,
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提炼出 热点，
17:35
4,000 deployments,
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4000个部署点
17:37
a huge herculean task,
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一个艰巨的任务
17:40
2,000 tags
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一个地方2000个标签
17:42
in an area, shown here for the first time,
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这一切的综合 第一次告诉了我们
17:44
off the California coast,
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在加利福尼亚海岸附近
17:46
that appears to be a gathering place.
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有一个聚集地
17:50
And then for sort of an encore from these animals,
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然后， 就像它们给我们的加演一样
17:53
they're helping us.
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它们带上设备
17:55
They're carrying instruments
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帮助我们
17:57
that are actually taking data down to 2,000 meters.
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在2000米下的水中搜集数据
18:00
They're taking information from our planet
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在整个地球搜集
18:02
at very critical places like Antarctica and the Poles.
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在关键的地方如 南极，北极。
18:05
Those are seals from many countries
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许多国家的海狮
18:07
being released
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被放生
18:09
who are sampling underneath the ice sheets
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它们正在冰川的地下
18:11
and giving us temperature data of oceanographic quality
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给我们传送两极的温度和海洋质量
18:14
on both poles.
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等数据。
18:16
This data, when visualized, is captivating to watch.
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这个数据，当被可视化后，非常有吸引力。
18:19
We still haven't figured out best how to visualize the data.
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我们仍没能想出到底如何才能对这些数据进行最佳的可视化。
18:22
And then, as these animals swim
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而当这些动物游动
18:24
and give us the information
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并给我们信息时，
18:26
that's important to climate issues,
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这些信息对于气候问题是非常重要的，
18:28
we also think it's critical
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我们还认为
18:30
to get this information to the public,
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将这些信息公布给大众
18:32
to engage the public with this kind of data.
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来使大众也参与进来是很重要的。
18:35
We did this with the Great Turtle Race --
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我们对于大海龟就是这么做的
18:37
tagged turtles, brought in four million hits.
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标记海龟， 这带来了4百万个点击。
18:40
And now with Google's Oceans,
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现在 在 谷歌海洋（Google‘Oeans）
18:43
we can actually put a white shark in that ocean.
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我们能将白鲨放在一个大洋中，
18:45
And when we do and it swims,
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他就会在里面游动
18:47
we see this magnificent bathymetry
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我们可以知道
18:49
that the shark knows is there on its path
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鲨鱼在它们从加利福尼亚到夏威夷
18:51
as it goes from California to Hawaii.
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这段路中得到的一切信息。
18:53
But maybe Mission Blue
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但是可能 Mission Blue组织
18:55
can fill in that ocean that we can't see.
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能将我们看不到的地方也补上
18:58
We've got the capacity, NASA has the ocean.
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我们有这样的能力， NASA已经有了数字海洋。
19:01
We just need to put it together.
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我们只需要将它们整合起来。
19:03
So in conclusion,
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所以， 总的来说
19:05
we know where Yellowstone is for North America;
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我们知道黄石公园在北美的哪：
19:08
it's off our coast.
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在海岸边
19:10
We have the technology that's shown us where it is.
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我们有技术了解它在哪
19:12
What we need to think about perhaps for Mission Blue
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我们需要思考的是如何增加
19:15
is increasing the biologging capacity.
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Misson Blue记录生态信息的能力。
19:18
How is it that we can actually
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我们怎样才能
19:20
take this type of activity elsewhere?
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在别的地方也做这些工作呢？
19:23
And then finally -- to basically get the message home --
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最终能达到在家就能得到信息，
19:26
maybe use live links
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可以利用例如
19:28
from animals such as blue whales and white sharks.
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来自蓝鲸白鲨的链接
19:30
Make killer apps, if you will.
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如果你愿意的话，制作杀戮软件，
19:32
A lot of people are excited
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大部分的人当
19:34
when sharks actually went under the Golden Gate Bridge.
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看到鲨鱼在金门大桥下时会非常激动。
19:37
Let's connect the public to this activity right on their iPhone.
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就用大家的iPhone 将大家连接到这项活动吧。
19:40
That way we do away with a few internet myths.
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这是一些网上的这类图片。
19:44
So we can save the bluefin tuna.
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所以， 我们能够救蓝鳍金枪鱼
19:46
We can save the white shark.
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我们能够救白鲨
19:48
We have the science and technology.
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我们有科技。
19:50
Hope is here. Yes we can.
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是的， 我们能。
19:52
We need just to apply this capacity
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我们只需要将我们的技术
19:54
further in the oceans.
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应用到更广阔的海洋。
19:56
Thank you.
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谢谢
19:58
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Barbara Block - Marine biologistBarbara Block studies how tuna, billfish and sharks move around (and stay warm) in the open ocean. Knowing how these large predators travel through pelagic waters will help us understand their role in the wider ocean ecosystem.
Why you should listen
Barbara Block takes a multidisciplinary approach to studying how large pelagic fish live and travel in the open ocean. Using novel electronic tags, Block and her team track large predators — tunas, billfish and sharks — on their ocean journeys. She also studies how and why muscle makes heat at a molecular level in fish.
Working out of Stanford's Hopkins Marine Station, Block and her colleagues run the Tuna Research and Conservation Center, a member of the Tagging of Pacific Predators (TOPP) program. Combining tracking data with physiological and genetic analyses, Block (a MacArthur "genius" grant winner) is developing population and ecological models to help us understand these fishes' roles in the ocean ecosystem — and perhaps learn to better manage these important food fish.
Barbara Block | Speaker | TED.com