Mission Blue Voyage
Barbara Block: Tagging tuna in the deep ocean
Barbara Block: 給深海鮪魚做標記
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鮪魚是海中的運動健將 ，是移動迅速而且活動範圍極廣的掠食者，但我們鮪魚的了解才剛起步。海洋生物學家Barbara Block將鮪魚繫上晶片追蹤器，前所未有地紀錄了這群頻危的美麗魚類，以及牠們游經的大海
Barbara Block - Marine biologist
Barbara Block studies how tuna, billfish and sharks move around (and stay warm) in the open ocean. Knowing how these large predators travel through pelagic waters will help us understand their role in the wider ocean ecosystem. Full bio
Barbara Block studies how tuna, billfish and sharks move around (and stay warm) in the open ocean. Knowing how these large predators travel through pelagic waters will help us understand their role in the wider ocean ecosystem. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I've been fascinated for a lifetime
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我一直都為
00:18
by the beauty, form and function
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大型黑鮪的型態與功能美
00:20
of giant bluefin tuna.
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所吸引。
00:23
Bluefin are warmblooded like us.
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黑鮪魚像我們一樣，都是恆溫動物，
00:26
They're the largest of the tunas,
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是體型最大的鮪魚，
00:29
the second-largest fish in the sea -- bony fish.
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也是海中第二大的硬骨魚。
00:32
They actually are a fish
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實際上，牠們是
00:34
that is endothermic --
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內溫魚類，
00:36
powers through the ocean with warm muscles like a mammal.
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像哺乳類一樣，以溫暖肌肉橫越海洋
00:40
That's one of our bluefin at the Monterey Bay Aquarium.
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這是我們在Monterrey灣海生館中的一隻黑鮪魚
00:43
You can see in its shape and its streamlined design
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你可以看到牠的流線體型
00:46
it's powered for ocean swimming.
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這是牠們長距游泳的動力來源
00:49
It flies through the ocean on its pectoral fins, gets lift,
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藉由牠的胸鰭滑翔取得升力，橫越海洋
00:52
powers its movements
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並以半月形的尾鰭
00:54
with a lunate tail.
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提供前進的動力
00:56
It's actually got a naked skin for most of its body,
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牠的身體表面大多光溜溜的
00:59
so it reduces friction with the water.
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可以減少阻力
01:02
This is what one of nature's finest machines.
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這是自然界裡最棒的設計
01:05
Now, bluefin
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黑鮪魚
01:07
were revered by Man
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在人類史中
01:09
for all of human history.
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一直備受尊崇
01:12
For 4,000 years, we fished sustainably for this animal,
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四千年以來，我們以永續方式合理捕捉鮪魚
01:15
and it's evidenced
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而這可從
01:17
in the art that we see
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一千年前的
01:19
from thousands of years ago.
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史前藝術中得到證據
01:21
Bluefin are in cave paintings in France.
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黑鮪魚出現法國的洞穴壁畫上
01:24
They're on coins
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以及三千年前的
01:26
that date back 3,000 years.
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硬幣上
01:29
This fish was revered by humankind.
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牠們受人類景仰
01:32
It was fished sustainably
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好幾個世代以來，
01:34
till all of time,
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人們合理的捕捉黑鮪
01:36
except for our generation.
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除了我們這個世代以外
01:38
Bluefin are pursued wherever they go --
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人們四處追捕黑鮪
01:41
there is a gold rush on Earth,
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現在地球上有個淘金潮，
01:43
and this is a gold rush for bluefin.
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就是針對黑鮪魚
01:45
There are traps that fish sustainably
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我們擁有可以永續捕捉的網具，
01:47
up until recently.
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直到最近，
01:50
And yet, the type of fishing going on today,
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現在的漁業捕撈，
01:53
with pens, with enormous stakes,
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是用筆，夾帶著巨大利益，
01:56
is really wiping bluefin
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將黑鮪魚從
01:58
ecologically off the planet.
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整個地球生態中抹除
02:00
Now bluefin, in general,
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一般來說，捕獲的黑鮪
02:02
goes to one place: Japan.
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都會往日本送
02:04
Some of you may be guilty
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在你們之中
02:06
of having contributed to the demise of bluefin.
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也許有些人就是造成黑鮪滅絕的共犯
02:08
They're delectable muscle,
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牠們易感的肌肉
02:10
rich in fat --
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富含脂肪，
02:12
absolutely taste delicious.
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非常美味
02:14
And that's their problem; we're eating them to death.
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這就是問題所在，我們把牠給吃光了
02:17
Now in the Atlantic, the story is pretty simple.
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在大西洋的狀況很簡單
02:20
Bluefin have two populations: one large, one small.
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黑鮪有兩個族群， 一大一小。
02:23
The North American population
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北美族群的
02:25
is fished at about 2,000 ton.
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捕撈量大約在兩千噸左右。
02:28
The European population and North African -- the Eastern bluefin tuna --
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歐洲北非的族群 -- 俗稱東方黑鮪 --
02:31
is fished at tremendous levels:
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捕撈量相當巨大：
02:34
50,000 tons over the last decade almost every year.
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在過去十年裡，幾乎年年超過五萬噸。
02:37
The result is whether you're looking
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因此，不論你檢視
02:39
at the West or the Eastern bluefin population,
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西方還是東方黑鮪族群
02:42
there's been tremendous decline on both sides,
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兩者的數量都有顯著減少，
02:44
as much as 90 percent
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下降幅度最多有九成
02:46
if you go back with your baseline
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如果以
02:48
to 1950.
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1950年做基準線的話
02:50
For that, bluefin have been given a status
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所以，人們認定黑鮪魚具有
02:53
equivalent to tigers, to lions,
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相當於老虎、獅子
02:56
to certain African elephants
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、某些非洲象
02:58
and to pandas.
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和熊貓的地位。
03:00
These fish have been proposed
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並在過去兩個月裡，提議將黑鮪魚
03:02
for an endangered species listing in the past two months.
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列入瀕臨滅絕生物表中
03:05
They were voted on and rejected
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兩週前的表決結果
03:07
just two weeks ago,
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未通過
03:09
despite outstanding science
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即使有兩個委員會提供
03:11
that shows from two committees
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大量的科學證據表示
03:14
this fish meets the criteria of CITES I.
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此魚符合CITES I (瀕危生物公約) 標準。
03:17
And if it's tunas you don't care about,
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如果你不在乎黑鮪
03:19
perhaps you might be interested
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或許你會對以下這些有興趣：
03:21
that international long lines and pursing
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國際延繩釣和圍網
03:23
chase down tunas and bycatch animals
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不只捕撈鮪魚，同時也會抓到其他動物
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such as leatherbacks, sharks,
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如革龜、鯊魚、
03:28
marlin, albatross.
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還有旗魚和信天翁
03:30
These animals and their demise
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這些動物的死亡
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occurs in the tuna fisheries.
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常因鮪魚漁業而起
03:35
The challenge we face
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我們現在所面臨的挑戰是
03:37
is that we know very little about tuna,
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我們對鮪魚所知不多：
03:40
and everyone in the room knows what it looks like
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在座各位都知道
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when an African lion
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一隻非洲獅
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takes down its prey.
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將其獵物撲倒時，是甚麼樣子，
03:47
I doubt anyone has seen a giant bluefin feed.
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但我不相信有人看過一隻巨大的黑鮪魚捕食
03:50
This tuna symbolizes
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這隻鮪魚代表的是
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what's the problem for all of us in the room.
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我們共同的問題
03:56
It's the 21st century, but we really have only just begun
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現在是二十一世紀，但我們才剛剛開始
03:59
to really study our oceans in a deep way.
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真正深入地研究海洋
04:02
Technology has come of age
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當今的科技已成熟到
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that's allowing us to see the Earth from space
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能讓我們自外太空看地球，
04:07
and go deep into the seas remotely.
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並從遠端深入海洋。
04:10
And we've got to use these technologies immediately
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而我們得馬上運用這些科技
04:12
to get a better understanding
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來了解
04:14
of how our ocean realm works.
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海洋是如何運作的
04:17
Most of us from the ship -- even I --
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大多數在船上的人，包括我在內
04:19
look out at the ocean and see this homogeneous sea.
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所看到的海的是一個單調的平面
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We don't know where the structure is.
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不了解海洋的結構
04:24
We can't tell where are the watering holes
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也無法像在非洲大平原上那樣
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like we can on an African plain.
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分辨出哪裡是汲水區
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We can't see the corridors,
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看不出生態廊道所在
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and we can't see what it is
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也不曉得
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that brings together a tuna,
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是甚麼力量將鮪魚、
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a leatherback and an albatross.
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革龜和信天翁聚集在一起。
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We're only just beginning to understand
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我們才剛開始了解
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how the physical oceanography
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在海洋裡，物理和
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and the biological oceanography
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生物因素
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come together
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如何結合
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to create a seasonal force
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產生季節性的動力
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that actually causes the upwelling
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造成湧升流
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that might make a hot spot a hope spot.
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產生生物熱點，帶來生存希望
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The reasons these challenges are great
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這是很艱鉅的挑戰
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is that technically it's difficult to go to sea.
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因為直接進到海裡有技術上的困難
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It's hard to study a bluefin on its turf,
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我們很難在黑鮪魚的地盤
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the entire Pacific realm.
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也就是整個太平洋裡做研究
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It's really tough to get up close and personal with a mako shark
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要靠近鯖鯊到非常親密的距離
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and try to put a tag on it.
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然後試著把標識器固定上去，是非常困難的
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And then imagine being Bruce Mate's team from OSU,
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想像你是奧瑞岡州立大學Bruce Mate博士團隊的一員，
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getting up close to a blue whale
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要接近一隻藍鯨，
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and fixing a tag on the blue whale that stays,
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並把標識器牢牢固定在藍鯨身上
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an engineering challenge
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這是很大的技術挑戰
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we've yet to really overcome.
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而我們依舊未能克服這點
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So the story of our team, a dedicated team,
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所以我們團隊，這個專注奉獻的團隊
05:23
is fish and chips.
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做的事情不出就是魚和晶片
05:25
We basically are taking
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我們利用晶片，也就是
05:27
the same satellite phone parts,
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與衛星電話
05:29
or the same parts that are in your computer, chips.
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以及你電腦裡相同的零件
05:32
We're putting them together in unusual ways,
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用獨特的方式組合
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and this is taking us into the ocean realm
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然後便這可以將我們帶到前所未經的
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like never before.
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大海裡
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And for the first time,
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這是人們第一次
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we're able to watch the journey of a tuna beneath the ocean
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實際觀察鮪魚在海面下的移動路徑
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using light and photons
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藉由光和光子
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to measure sunrise and sunset.
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去測量日升日落，取得時間資料
05:49
Now, I've been working with tunas for over 15 years.
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我與鮪魚為伍已有十五年了
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I have the privilege of being a partner
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很榮幸能與
05:54
with the Monterey Bay Aquarium.
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合作
05:56
We've actually taken a sliver of the ocean,
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截取一部分的大海
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put it behind glass,
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放進水槽裡
06:00
and we together
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然後一起
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have put bluefin tuna and yellowfin tuna on display.
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將黑鮪與黃鰭鮪展示起來
06:05
When the veil of bubbles lifts every morning,
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每天早上當泡沫消散後
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we can actually see a community from the Pelagic ocean,
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便能親眼目睹一個遠洋的生物群聚
06:11
one of the only places on Earth
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這是地球上少數
06:13
you can see giant bluefin swim by.
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能讓你見到巨大黑鮪悠遊的地方
06:16
We can see in their beauty of form and function,
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讚嘆牠那型態與功能的美
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their ceaseless activity.
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以及毫不停歇的驚人活動力
06:21
They're flying through their space, ocean space.
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牠們在海洋裡飛翔著
06:24
And we can bring two million people a year
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這個展覽每年可以吸引兩百萬人
06:26
into contact with this fish
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和牠們接觸
06:28
and show them its beauty.
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欣賞鮪魚的美
06:31
Behind the scenes is a working lab at Stanford University
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這裡的幕後推手是史丹佛大學的一間實驗室
06:34
partnered with the Monterey Bay Aquarium.
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與Monterrey灣水族館
06:36
Here, for over 14 or 15 years,
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十餘年來
06:38
we've actually brought in
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我們真的將
06:40
both bluefin and yellowfin in captivity.
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黑鮪和黃鰭鮪帶進水族館中
06:42
We'd been studying these fish,
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要研究這些魚之前
06:44
but first we had to learn how to husbandry them.
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得先學習如何飼養牠們
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What do they like to eat?
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牠們喜歡吃什麼？
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What is it that they're happy with?
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什麼事能讓牠們開心起來？
06:50
We go in the tanks with the tuna -- we touch their naked skin --
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我們跳進養著鮪魚的水槽裡，摸著牠們的光滑的皮膚
06:53
it's pretty amazing. It feels wonderful.
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那感覺非常美妙，棒極了
06:56
And then, better yet,
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而且更棒的是
06:58
we've got our own version of tuna whisperers,
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我們有我們自己的馴魚員
07:00
our own Chuck Farwell, Alex Norton,
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Chuck Farwell和Alex Norton
07:02
who can take a big tuna
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可以將一隻巨大的鮪魚
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and in one motion,
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用一個動作
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put it into an envelope of water,
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便放到水籠裡
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so that we can actually work with the tuna
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讓我們實際觀察鮪魚
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and learn the techniques it takes
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並學習需要如何
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to not injure this fish
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避免傷害這些
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who never sees a boundary in the open sea.
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在汪洋裡不知邊界的大魚
07:17
Jeff and Jason there, are scientists
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Jeff和Jason兩位科學家負責
07:19
who are going to take a tuna
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把鮪魚
07:21
and put it in the equivalent of a treadmill, a flume.
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放到一個作用類似跑步機的水槽
07:24
And that tuna thinks it's going to Japan, but it's staying in place.
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讓鮪魚以為牠要游到日本，但其實只是原地踏步
07:27
We're actually measuring its oxygen consumption,
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同時測量氧氣和
07:29
its energy consumption.
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能量消耗
07:32
We're taking this data and building better models.
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利用這些資料來建立更完善的鮪魚移動模式
07:35
And when I see that tuna -- this is my favorite view --
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每當我看到鮪魚 -- 我喜歡從這個角度想 --
07:38
I begin to wonder:
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就會開始思考
07:40
how did this fish solve the longitude problem before we did?
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牠們是如何早我們一步解決經度位置的問題
07:44
So take a look at that animal.
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仔細觀察這個動物
07:46
That's the closest you'll probably ever get.
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這大概是你能離牠最近的距離
07:48
Now, the activities from the lab
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現在，實驗室研究得到的訊息
07:51
have taught us now how to go out in the open ocean.
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讓我們知道怎樣在野外研究牠們
07:54
So in a program called Tag-A-Giant
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在 "大魚標記" 的計畫中，
07:57
we've actually gone from Ireland to Canada,
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從愛爾蘭到加拿大，
08:00
from Corsica to Spain.
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從科西嘉島到西班牙都有我們的足跡
08:02
We've fished with many nations around the world
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和世界上許多國家一起出海捕魚，
08:05
in an effort to basically
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努力把
08:07
put electronic computers
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電腦放進
08:10
inside giant tunas.
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巨大鮪魚的身體裡
08:12
We've actually tagged 1,100 tunas.
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我們已經標記了1,100隻鮪魚
08:15
And I'm going to show you three clips,
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我現在要給大家看三個短片，
08:17
because I tagged 1,100 tunas.
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那1,100隻鮪魚都是我標記的
08:20
It's a very hard process, but it's a ballet.
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這個步驟非常困難，就像芭蕾一樣精巧
08:23
We bring the tuna out, we measure it.
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我們先將鮪魚拉出水麵，進行各種測量
08:26
A team of fishers, captains, scientists and technicians
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一個包括漁夫、船長、科學家與技術員集結而成的團隊
08:29
work together to keep this animal out of the ocean
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共同合作讓大魚能離開水中
08:32
for about four to five minutes.
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大約四到五分鐘
08:35
We put water over its gills, give it oxygen.
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在牠的鰓上倒水，給牠氧氣
08:38
And then with a lot of effort, after tagging,
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然後費盡一番功夫標記完後
08:41
putting in the computer,
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再把電腦放進去
08:43
making sure the stalk is sticking out so it senses the environment,
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確定感應桿有露出來，這樣才能偵測外界環境
08:46
we send this fish back into the sea.
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然後就把這隻魚放回海中
08:49
And when it goes, we're always happy.
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當牠游走時，大家都很開心
08:51
We see a flick of the tail.
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看牠的尾鰭輕擺
08:53
And from our data that gets collected,
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從回收到的標識器中
08:56
when that tag comes back,
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所收集的資訊
08:58
because a fisher returns it
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喔，這是因為當漁夫發現並歸還標識器的話
09:00
for a thousand-dollar reward,
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可以得到一千美金的酬金
09:02
we can get tracks beneath the sea
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我們可以追蹤海下活動
09:04
for up to five years now,
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達到五年之久
09:06
on a backboned animal.
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這些資料都是從一隻脊椎動物身上來的
09:08
Now sometimes the tunas are really large,
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有時候鮪魚相當巨大，
09:11
such as this fish off Nantucket.
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比如說這隻Nantucket灣外捕到的魚
09:13
But that's about half the size
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不過那大約只有我們標記過
09:15
of the biggest tuna we've ever tagged.
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最大那隻鮪魚的一半大
09:17
It takes a human effort,
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這需要人力，
09:19
a team effort, to bring the fish in.
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要整組人同心協力，才可將魚抓起來
09:21
In this case, what we're going to do
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在這裡，我們將會
09:23
is put a pop-up satellite archival tag on the tuna.
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把一個上脫型衛星標識器放到鮪魚身上
09:27
This tag rides on the tuna,
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這標識器待在鮪魚背上
09:29
senses the environment around the tuna
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感受到鮪魚周圍的環境，
09:32
and actually will come off the fish,
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最後從魚身上脫落
09:35
detach, float to the surface
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離開魚身，然後浮到海面
09:37
and send back to Earth-orbiting satellites
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並將資料傳送到繞地運行的衛星上
09:40
position data estimated by math on the tag,
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包括計算所得的位置資訊
09:43
pressure data and temperature data.
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以及壓力與溫度數據
09:46
And so what we get then from the pop-up satellite tag
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從上脫型衛星標識器裡，我們可以
09:48
is we get away from having to have a human interaction
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不用透過人工接觸
09:51
to recapture the tag.
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進行標記回收
09:53
Both the electronic tags I'm talking about are expensive.
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我提到的這兩種電子標識器都很昂貴
09:56
These tags have been engineered
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而這些標識器
09:58
by a variety of teams in North America.
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是北美許多團隊的心血結晶
10:01
They are some of our finest instruments,
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是目前我們在海洋中
10:03
our new technology in the ocean today.
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運用的最先端科技
10:07
One community in general
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有一個漁業社群
10:09
has given more to help us than any other community.
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給我們的協助比其他人更多
10:11
And that's the fisheries off the state of North Carolina.
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那就是北卡羅萊納州的漁業社群
10:14
There are two villages, Harris and Morehead City,
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那邊有兩個村莊，Harris和Morehead市，
10:17
every winter for over a decade,
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在過去的十幾年裡，每年冬天都
10:19
held a party called Tag-A-Giant,
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會舉辦"大魚標記"派對
10:22
and together, fishers worked with us
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漁民和我們合作
10:24
to tag 800 to 900 fish.
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標記八九百隻魚
10:27
In this case, we're actually going to measure the fish.
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這時，我們不僅進行各種測量
10:30
We're going to do something that in recent years we've started:
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近年來我們更開始
10:33
take a mucus sample.
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採集黏液樣本
10:35
Watch how shiny the skin is; you can see my reflection there.
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看看這表皮多光滑，你還可以看到我的倒影
10:38
And from that mucus, we can get gene profiles,
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從黏液樣本裡，我們可以得到遺傳資料
10:41
we can get information on gender,
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知道性別
10:43
checking the pop-up tag one more time,
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再次確認標識器是否牢固以後
10:45
and then it's out in the ocean.
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就可以把魚放回海裡
10:47
And this is my favorite.
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這是我最愛的一張圖
10:49
With the help of my former postdoc, Gareth Lawson,
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是我一個已經畢業的博士生，Gareth Lawson做的
10:52
this is a gorgeous picture of a single tuna.
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這是單隻鮪魚的美麗影像
10:54
This tuna is actually moving on a numerical ocean.
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牠悠游於海洋量測的數據裡
10:57
The warm is the Gulf Stream,
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溫暖的部份是墨西哥灣流
10:59
the cold up there in the Gulf of Maine.
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上面較冷部份是在緬因灣
11:02
That's where the tuna wants to go -- it wants to forage on schools of herring --
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那就是鮪魚想要去的地方，在那裡覓食，吃那一群群的鯡魚
11:05
but it can't get there. It's too cold.
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但牠沒辦法進去，因為太冷了
11:07
But then it warms up, and the tuna pops in, gets some fish,
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當暖和一些時，鮪魚就冒出來，抓一些魚
11:10
maybe comes back to home base,
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然後可能會回到原點
11:12
goes in again
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再次出現
11:14
and then comes back to winter down there in North Carolina
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之後回到北卡羅來納州過冬，
11:17
and then on to the Bahamas.
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接著到巴哈馬群島那裡
11:19
And my favorite scene, three tunas going into the Gulf of Mexico.
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這是我最喜歡的景象，三隻鮪魚進入墨西哥灣
11:22
Three tunas tagged.
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三隻有標記的鮪魚
11:24
Astronomically, we're calculating positions.
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利用衛星，我們可以計算位置
11:26
They're coming together. That could be tuna sex --
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牠們要聚在一起，可能是要交配
11:29
and there it is.
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然後
11:31
That is where the tuna spawn.
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鮪魚就在那裡產卵，繁衍後代
11:33
So from data like this,
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從這樣的資料中
11:35
we're able now to put the map up,
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我們可以建立這樣的地圖
11:37
and in this map
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而從地圖上
11:39
you see thousands of positions
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你可以看到上千個位置點
11:41
generated by this decade and a half of tagging.
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是十五年來的標記所得到的資訊
11:44
And now we're showing that tunas on the western side
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現在我們可以證明，在西方的鮪魚
11:47
go to the eastern side.
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會往東方移動
11:49
So two populations of tunas --
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因此兩個鮪魚族群--
11:51
that is, we have a Gulf population, one that we can tag --
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就是灣流族群，一個我們可以標記的族群--
11:53
they go to the Gulf of Mexico, I showed you that --
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會往墨西哥灣移動，就像我之前講的
11:56
and a second population.
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而另一個族群，
11:58
Living amongst our tunas -- our North American tunas --
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生活在北美的鮪魚之中
12:00
are European tunas that go back to the Med.
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是歐洲鮪魚族群，會洄游到地中海
12:03
On the hot spots -- the hope spots --
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在生物熱點，提供生存希望的地方
12:05
they're mixed populations.
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兩個族群混合為一
12:07
And so what we've done with the science
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這就是我們用科學證實的
12:09
is we're showing the International Commission,
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讓國際委員會了解，
12:11
building new models,
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要如何建立新的族群模型
12:13
showing them that a two-stock no-mixing model --
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讓他們知道，分離漁群模型
12:15
to this day, used to reject
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也就是用來抵制
12:18
the CITES treaty --
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將鮪魚列入CITES的模型
12:20
that model isn't the right model.
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是錯誤的
12:22
This model, a model of overlap,
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而這個族群重疊的模型
12:24
is the way to move forward.
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才是我們繼續討論議題的依據
12:26
So we can then predict
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可以用來預估
12:28
where management places should be.
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如何劃分管理區域
12:30
Places like the Gulf of Mexico and the Mediterranean
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像墨西哥灣和地中海兩區
12:33
are places where the single species,
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是單一物種
12:35
the single population, can be captured.
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捕捉的是單一族群
12:37
These become forthright in places we need to protect.
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這就是我們首先應當保護的區域
12:40
The center of the Atlantic where the mixing is,
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在大西洋中央，族群混合的地點
12:43
I could imagine a policy that lets Canada and America fish,
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我想加拿大和美國的捕撈政策應該很有效
12:45
because they manage their fisheries well,
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因為他們的漁業管理非常好
12:48
they're doing a good job.
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表現優秀
12:50
But in the international realm,
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但在公海
12:52
where fishing and overfishing has really gone wild,
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過漁十分猖獗
12:54
these are the places that we have to make hope spots in.
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這就是我們要建立生物希望點的地方
12:57
That's the size they have to be to protect the bluefin tuna.
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這是保護黑鮪族群所需要的大小
13:00
Now in a second project
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我們另外一個計畫
13:02
called Tagging of Pacific Pelagics,
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"太平洋遠洋標記"
13:04
we took on the planet as a team,
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我們將地球看作一個整體
13:06
those of us in the Census of Marine Life.
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在海洋生物普查計畫裡的同仁，
13:08
And, funded primarily through Sloan Foundation and others,
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主要由Sloan基金會和其他的機構資助，
13:12
we were able to actually go in, in our project --
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使計劃得以進行
13:15
we're one of 17 field programs
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這是十七個野外計畫之一
13:17
and begin to take on tagging large numbers of predators,
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開始標記大量的掠食者
13:20
not just tunas.
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而不只是鮪魚
13:22
So what we've done
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我們已經完成的包括
13:24
is actually gone up to tag salmon shark in Alaska,
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往北方去，標記阿拉斯加的鮭鯊
13:27
met salmon shark on their home territory,
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在鮭鯊的活動範圍裡和牠們相遇
13:30
followed them catching salmon
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跟著牠們捕鮭魚，
13:32
and then went in and figured out
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然後回去思考，
13:34
that, if we take a salmon and put it on a line,
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如果我們線的一端綁上鮭魚
13:37
we can actually take up a salmon shark --
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就可以釣上一隻鮭鯊
13:39
This is the cousin of the white shark --
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牠們是大白鯊的近親
13:41
and very carefully --
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所以要非常小心的…
13:43
note, I say "very carefully," --
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你聽到我說要”非常小心“
13:45
we can actually keep it calm,
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…讓他穩定下來
13:47
put a hose in its mouth, keep it off the deck
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在牠嘴裡塞個水管，避免直接放在甲板上，
13:50
and then tag it with a satellite tag.
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然後繫上衛星標識器
13:53
That satellite tag will now have your shark phone home
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那個標識器讓你的鯊魚可以打電話回家
13:56
and send in a message.
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並傳訊息回來
13:58
And that shark leaping there, if you look carefully, has an antenna.
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然後那隻在跳躍的鯊魚，如果你仔細看，就會看到牠背上的天線。
14:01
It's a free swimming shark with a satellite tag
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那是隻有衛星標識器的野外鯊魚
14:03
jumping after salmon,
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追逐鮭魚，
14:05
sending home its data.
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將牠的數據傳回去
14:09
Salmon sharks aren't the only sharks we tag.
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鮭鯊不是我們所標記的唯一一種鯊魚
14:11
But there goes salmon sharks with this meter-level resolution
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不過你可以看到鮭鯊在這張解析度僅數公尺的
14:14
on an ocean of temperature -- warm colors are warmer.
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海表溫圖上 -- 溫暖的顏色表示較溫暖 --
14:17
Salmon sharks go down
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鮭鯊會往下
14:19
to the tropics to pup
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到熱帶去繁衍後代
14:21
and come into Monterey.
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然後進入Monterrey灣
14:23
Now right next door in Monterey and up at the Farallones
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現在隔壁Monterrey與Farallones
14:26
are a white shark team led by Scott Anderson -- there --
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有一個專門研究大白鯊的小組，由Scott Anderson
14:28
and Sal Jorgensen.
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和Sal Jorgensen領導
14:30
They can throw out a target --
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牠們會拋出一個標的
14:32
it's a carpet shaped like a seal --
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一個形狀像海豹的地毯 --
14:34
and in will come a white shark, a curious critter
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大白鯊就會游過來，牠們的好奇心很重
14:37
that will come right up to our 16-ft. boat.
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直接游到我們16 英呎長的船邊
14:40
It's a several thousand-pound animal.
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大白鯊有幾千磅重
14:42
And we'll wind in the target.
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我們會瞄準目標
14:45
And we'll place an acoustic tag
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然後以聲學標識器做標記
14:47
that says, "OMSHARK 10165,"
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上面寫著 "OMSHARK 10165"
14:49
or something like that, acoustically with a ping.
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的字樣，訊息以聲波傳送
14:52
And then we'll put on a satellite tag
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接著再以衛星標識器標記
14:54
that will give us the long-distance journeys
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這可以提供長距離旅行的資訊
14:57
with the light-based geolocation algorithms
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藉由以感光定位演算法
14:59
solved on the computer that's on the fish.
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在魚身上的電腦進行運算
15:02
So in this case, Sal's looking at two tags there,
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在這裡，Sal正在觀察兩個標識
15:05
and there they are: the white sharks of California
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就在這裡: 在加州的大白鯊
15:08
going off to the white shark cafe and coming back.
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要往白鯊咖啡廳去，然後再游回來
15:12
We also tag makos with our NOAA colleagues,
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我們和海洋大氣總局合作
15:14
blue sharks.
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一同標記鯖鯊和藍鯊
15:16
And now, together, what we can see
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現在我們看到的是
15:18
on this ocean of color that's temperature,
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以顏色標記溫度的海洋
15:20
we can see ten-day worms of makos and salmon sharks.
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還有十天內鯖鯊和鮭鯊的移動軌跡
15:24
We have white sharks and blue sharks.
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以及大白鯊和藍鯊
15:26
For the first time,
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這是第一次
15:28
an ecoscape as large as ocean-scale,
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我們在和海洋一樣大的生態尺度下
15:30
showing where the sharks go.
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觀察鯊魚的移動
15:33
The tuna team from TOPP has done the unthinkable:
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TOPP的鮪魚團隊的成就相當不可思議
15:36
three teams tagged 1,700 tunas,
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三個團隊標記了一千七百隻鮪魚
15:39
bluefin, yellowfin and albacore
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有黑鮪、黃鰭鮪和長鰭鮪
15:41
all at the same time --
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全都是同時進行的
15:43
carefully rehearsed tagging programs
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他們小心地演練標記步驟
15:45
in which we go out, pick up juvenile tunas,
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我們在野外拉上未成熟的鮪魚
15:48
put in the tags that actually have the sensors,
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來進行標記，而讓感測器
15:51
stick out the tuna
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伸出鮪魚體外
15:53
and then let them go.
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再放回海裡
15:55
They get returned, and when they get returned,
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牠們會回來，而當牠們回來時
15:57
here on a NASA numerical ocean
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這裡是NASA的海洋數值模擬
16:00
you can see bluefin in blue
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你可以看到這藍色的就是黑鮪
16:02
go across their corridor,
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穿越廊道
16:04
returning to the Western Pacific.
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回到西太平洋
16:07
Our team from UCSC has tagged elephant seals
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我們自加州大學Santa Cruz分校的團隊標記象海豹
16:10
with tags that are glued on their heads, that come off when they slough.
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把標識器黏在牠們頭頂，換毛的時候便會脫落
16:13
These elephant seals cover half an ocean,
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這些象海豹遍佈半個海洋
16:16
take data down to 1,800 feet --
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取得深入水底達1800呎的資料
16:18
amazing data.
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非常驚人
16:20
And then there's Scott Shaffer and our shearwaters
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這是Scott Shaffer和海鷗
16:23
wearing tuna tags, light-based tags,
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牠們帶著鮪魚的標識器
16:26
that now are going to take you from New Zealand to Monterey and back,
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從紐西蘭飛到Monterrey再飛回來
16:29
journeys of 35,000 nautical miles
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整個旅程長達35000海哩
16:32
we had never seen before.
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是我們從未見過的
16:34
But now with light-based geolocation tags that are very small,
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現在，感光定位標識器可以縮的很小
16:37
we can actually see these journeys.
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讓我們看到更多這樣的旅程
16:39
Same thing with Laysan albatross
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像是黑背信天翁
16:41
who travel an entire ocean
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橫越整個海洋
16:43
on a trip sometimes,
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有時牠們會進入
16:45
up to the same zone the tunas use.
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和鮪魚一樣的區域
16:47
You can see why they might be caught.
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你可以知道牠們是怎麼被誤捕的
16:50
Then there's George Schillinger and our leatherback team out of Playa Grande
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這是George Schillinger和我們的革龜團隊在Playa Grande
16:53
tagging leatherbacks
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標記革龜
16:55
that go right past where we are.
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牠們會經過這裡
16:58
And Scott Benson's team
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還有Scott Benson的團隊
17:00
that showed that leatherbacks go from Indonesia
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從他們的研究顯示革龜會從印尼
17:02
all the way to Monterey.
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一陸游到Monterrey來
17:04
So what we can see on this moving ocean
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在這個繁忙的大海裡
17:07
is we can finally see where the predators are.
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我們總算知道掠食者的所在位置
17:10
We can actually see how they're using ecospaces
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可以了解牠們怎樣利用
17:13
as large as an ocean.
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像海洋這樣廣大的空間
17:15
And from this information,
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從這些資訊裡
17:17
we can begin to map the hope spots.
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可以開始標記生物希望點
17:20
So this is just three years of data right here --
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這些只是三年的資料
17:22
and there's a decade of this data.
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而我們紀錄了近十年
17:24
We see the pulse and the seasonal activities
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觀察這些生物的
17:26
that these animals are going on.
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族群動向和季節活動
17:30
So what we're able to do with this information
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藉由這些資料
17:32
is boil it down to hot spots,
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我們可以歸納出幾個生物熱點
17:35
4,000 deployments,
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4000次行動
17:37
a huge herculean task,
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這是一項龐大而艱鉅的任務
17:40
2,000 tags
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共使用2000個標識器
17:42
in an area, shown here for the first time,
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在同一區域裡，就在這裡
17:44
off the California coast,
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加州的外海
17:46
that appears to be a gathering place.
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很可能是一個聚集點
17:50
And then for sort of an encore from these animals,
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然後這些動物也以實際的協助
17:53
they're helping us.
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來回報我們
17:55
They're carrying instruments
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牠們將測量儀器
17:57
that are actually taking data down to 2,000 meters.
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帶到2000公尺深的海裡收集資料
18:00
They're taking information from our planet
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並且能在地球上
18:02
at very critical places like Antarctica and the Poles.
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像是南北極這樣的極端環境進行測量
18:05
Those are seals from many countries
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這些海豹是從
18:07
being released
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不同的國家釋放的
18:09
who are sampling underneath the ice sheets
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牠們在冰棚底下採集樣本
18:11
and giving us temperature data of oceanographic quality
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並提供我們南北兩極的
18:14
on both poles.
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海溫資料
18:16
This data, when visualized, is captivating to watch.
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當這些資料以圖像呈現時，很難不被吸引
18:19
We still haven't figured out best how to visualize the data.
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我們還在嘗試怎樣呈現比較好
18:22
And then, as these animals swim
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當牠們游泳
18:24
and give us the information
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並提供我們
18:26
that's important to climate issues,
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有關氣候議題的資訊時
18:28
we also think it's critical
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我們都認為
18:30
to get this information to the public,
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讓這些資訊公開
18:32
to engage the public with this kind of data.
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使其他人也能夠參與，是非常重要的
18:35
We did this with the Great Turtle Race --
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在"海龜大賽跑"這項活動裡
18:37
tagged turtles, brought in four million hits.
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帶有標記的海龜，帶來四百萬人次的點閱數
18:40
And now with Google's Oceans,
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現在更有Google海洋
18:43
we can actually put a white shark in that ocean.
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我們可以把標記的大白鯊放進去
18:45
And when we do and it swims,
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當牠游泳時
18:47
we see this magnificent bathymetry
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我們會看到，在這充滿驚奇的海底地形裡
18:49
that the shark knows is there on its path
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鯊魚很清楚該往哪走
18:51
as it goes from California to Hawaii.
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要怎樣從加州到夏威夷
18:53
But maybe Mission Blue
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但也許"藍色任務"
18:55
can fill in that ocean that we can't see.
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更能將海洋不為人所見的部份補上
18:58
We've got the capacity, NASA has the ocean.
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我們擁有這項能力，而NASA擁有海洋資料
19:01
We just need to put it together.
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只需要把兩者結合起來
19:03
So in conclusion,
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總而言之
19:05
we know where Yellowstone is for North America;
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我們知道在黃石公園在北美洲的哪裡
19:08
it's off our coast.
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就在海岸邊
19:10
We have the technology that's shown us where it is.
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我們的科技可以告訴我們位置
19:12
What we need to think about perhaps for Mission Blue
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關於"藍色任務"，我們該思考的
19:15
is increasing the biologging capacity.
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也許是增加生物標記
19:18
How is it that we can actually
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要怎樣才能讓我們
19:20
take this type of activity elsewhere?
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把這項活動推展到其他地方？
19:23
And then finally -- to basically get the message home --
469
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最後，我希望你們能記住這點
19:26
maybe use live links
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如果利用動物
19:28
from animals such as blue whales and white sharks.
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像是藍鯨或大白鯊的實況連結
19:30
Make killer apps, if you will.
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寫一個"殺手級應用"
19:32
A lot of people are excited
473
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這麼做的話，大家會很興奮地
19:34
when sharks actually went under the Golden Gate Bridge.
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看著鯊魚游過金門大橋
19:37
Let's connect the public to this activity right on their iPhone.
475
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讓大眾透過iPhone參與這項活動
19:40
That way we do away with a few internet myths.
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如此一來，我們可以破解一些網路迷思
19:44
So we can save the bluefin tuna.
477
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真正拯救黑鮪魚
19:46
We can save the white shark.
478
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還有大白鯊
19:48
We have the science and technology.
479
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我們擁有科學和科技
19:50
Hope is here. Yes we can.
480
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這就是希望，我們辦得到
19:52
We need just to apply this capacity
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只需要把這項能力
19:54
further in the oceans.
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在海洋環境裡善加運用
19:56
Thank you.
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謝謝
19:58
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Barbara Block - Marine biologistBarbara Block studies how tuna, billfish and sharks move around (and stay warm) in the open ocean. Knowing how these large predators travel through pelagic waters will help us understand their role in the wider ocean ecosystem.
Why you should listen
Barbara Block takes a multidisciplinary approach to studying how large pelagic fish live and travel in the open ocean. Using novel electronic tags, Block and her team track large predators — tunas, billfish and sharks — on their ocean journeys. She also studies how and why muscle makes heat at a molecular level in fish.
Working out of Stanford's Hopkins Marine Station, Block and her colleagues run the Tuna Research and Conservation Center, a member of the Tagging of Pacific Predators (TOPP) program. Combining tracking data with physiological and genetic analyses, Block (a MacArthur "genius" grant winner) is developing population and ecological models to help us understand these fishes' roles in the ocean ecosystem — and perhaps learn to better manage these important food fish.
Barbara Block | Speaker | TED.com