TEDWomen 2018
Kotchakorn Voraakhom: How to transform sinking cities into landscapes that fight floods
庫其根 · 吳拉公: 如何把下沉的城市轉變成能對抗洪水的景觀
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從倫敦到東京，氣候變遷正在造成城市下沉——我們的現代水泥基礎建設讓我們在面對嚴重洪水時更脆弱，景觀設計師及 TED 研究會員庫其根 · 吳拉公如是說。但，如果我們能設計出協助對抗洪水的城市呢？在這場鼓舞人心的演說中，吳拉公展示她如何在曼谷開發大型公園，儲存百萬加侖的雨水，並希望大家能做出更多氣候變遷解決方案，將城市重新與大自然連結。
Kotchakorn Voraakhom - Urban landscape architect
Kotchakorn Voraakhom is a landscape architect who works on building green public space that tackle climate change. Full bio
Kotchakorn Voraakhom is a landscape architect who works on building green public space that tackle climate change. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
At this very moment,
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此時此刻，
00:16
with every breath we take,
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我們每呼吸一口氣，
00:19
major delta cities
across the globe are sinking,
across the globe are sinking,
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全世界的主要三角洲
城市都在下沉中，
城市都在下沉中，
00:23
including New York, London,
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包括紐約、倫敦、
00:26
Tokyo, Shanghai, New Orleans,
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東京、上海、紐奧良，
00:30
and as well as my city, Bangkok.
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以及我的城市，曼谷。
00:35
Here is the usual version
of climate change.
of climate change.
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這是氣候變遷的常見版本。
00:40
This is mine.
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這是我的版本。
00:42
Nothing much,
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沒什麼大不了，
不過是街上有一隻鱷魚。
不過是街上有一隻鱷魚。
00:43
just a crocodile on the street.
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00:45
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
00:47
This is an urgent impact
of climate change:
of climate change:
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這是很迫切的氣候變遷影響：
00:50
our sinking cities.
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在下沉的城市。
00:54
Here, you can see
the urbanization of Bangkok,
the urbanization of Bangkok,
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這裡，你們可以看到
曼谷的都市化，
曼谷的都市化，
00:58
growing in every direction,
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向每個方向擴張，
01:01
shifting from porous, agricultural land --
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從能滲水的農耕土地——
01:05
the land that can breathe
and absorb water --
and absorb water --
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能夠呼吸並吸收水份的土地——
01:09
to a concrete jungle.
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轉變成水泥叢林。
01:13
This is what parts of it look like
after 30 minutes of rainfall.
after 30 minutes of rainfall.
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降雨三十分鐘之後，
有些地方就會變成這樣。
有些地方就會變成這樣。
01:18
And every time it rains,
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每當下雨，
01:20
I wish my car could turn into a boat.
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我就希望我的車能變成船。
01:24
This land has no room for water.
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這片土地已經沒有
多餘空間容納水。
多餘空間容納水。
01:27
It has lost its absorbent capacity.
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它已經失去了它的吸水能力。
01:34
The reality of Bangkok's
metropolitan region
metropolitan region
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曼谷大都市地區的現實
01:37
is a city of 15 million people
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就是這個城市中有一千五百萬人，
01:43
living, working and commuting
on top of a shifting, muddy river delta.
on top of a shifting, muddy river delta.
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在會移動的泥濘河流三角洲上
居住、工作、通勤。
01:49
Bangkok is sinking
more than one centimeter per year,
more than one centimeter per year,
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曼谷每年下沉超過一公分，
01:54
which is four times faster
than the rate of predicted sea level rise.
than the rate of predicted sea level rise.
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這比預測的海平面
上升速率還要快四倍。
02:02
And we could be below sea level by 2030,
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2030 年，我們可能
就在海平面下了，
就在海平面下了，
02:08
which will be here too soon.
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很快就要發生了。
02:12
There is no coincidence that I am here
as a landscape architect.
as a landscape architect.
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我這個景觀設計師在這裡不是巧合。
02:19
As a child, I grew up in a row house
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我小時候，是在連棟房屋中長大的，
02:23
next to the busy road
always filled with traffic.
always filled with traffic.
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旁邊就是繁忙的道路，總是塞車。
02:28
In front of my house,
there was a concrete parking lot,
there was a concrete parking lot,
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我的房子前面有一個水泥停車場，
02:32
and that was my playground.
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那是我的遊戲樂園。
02:36
The only living creature I would find,
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我唯一能找到
且能玩的生物，
02:40
and had fun with,
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02:42
were these sneaky little plants
trying to grow through the crack
trying to grow through the crack
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就是這些躲躲藏藏的小植物，
試著從水泥人行道的
裂縫中長出來。
裂縫中長出來。
02:47
of the concrete pavement.
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02:49
My favorite game with friends
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我和朋友最愛玩的遊戲，
02:52
was to dig a bigger
and bigger hole through this crack
and bigger hole through this crack
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就是從這個裂縫
挖出更大的洞，
02:58
to let this little plant creep out --
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讓這株小植物能夠爬出來——
03:01
sneak out more and more.
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再多長出來一點。
03:05
And yes, landscape architecture
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是的，景觀設計
03:08
gives me the opportunity
to continue my cracking ambition --
to continue my cracking ambition --
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讓我有機會繼續我的雄心壯志——
03:14
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
03:15
to connect this concrete land
back to nature.
back to nature.
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讓這片水泥地重回大自然的擁抱。
03:22
Before, Thais -- my people --
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之前，泰國人——我的同胞——
03:25
we were adapted to the cycle
of the wet and dry season,
of the wet and dry season,
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我們適應了乾濕季節的循環，
03:31
and you could all us amphibious.
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你可以稱我們是兩棲動物。
03:34
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
03:35
We lived both on land and on water.
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我們住在陸上和水上。
03:38
We were adapted to both.
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我們兩者都能適應。
03:42
And flooding was a happy event,
when the water fertilized our land.
when the water fertilized our land.
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發生淹水時我們很開心，
因為水能讓我們的土地更肥沃。
因為水能讓我們的土地更肥沃。
03:49
But now, flooding means ...
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但現在，淹水意味著……
03:52
disaster.
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災難。
03:54
In 2011,
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2011 年，
03:56
Thailand was hit by the most damaging
and the most expensive flood disaster
and the most expensive flood disaster
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泰國遭受到史上最具破壞性
且損失慘重的水災。
04:03
in our history.
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04:05
Flooding has turned central Thailand
into an enormous lake.
into an enormous lake.
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洪水把泰國中部變成了一個大湖。
04:10
Here, you can see the scale of the flood
in the center of the image,
in the center of the image,
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你們可以從圖的中間
看到淹水的規模，
看到淹水的規模，
04:15
to the scale of Bangkok,
outlined in yellow.
outlined in yellow.
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對比曼谷的規模，用黃色框標示。
04:20
The water was overflowing from the north,
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水從北方開始泛濫，
04:22
making its way across several provinces.
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通過好幾個省。
04:28
Millions of my people,
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數百萬我的同胞，
04:32
including me and my family,
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包括我和我的家人，
04:35
were displaced and homeless.
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被迫離開家園，無家可歸。
04:39
Some had to escape the city.
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有些人得要逃離城市。
04:42
Many were terrified of losing
their home and their belongings,
their home and their belongings,
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許多人害怕失去
他們的家以及所有物，
他們的家以及所有物，
04:47
so they stayed back in the flood
with no electricity and clean water.
with no electricity and clean water.
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所以他們留在淹水區，
沒有電力也沒有乾淨的水。
沒有電力也沒有乾淨的水。
04:55
For me, this flood reflects clearly
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對我來說，這場洪水清楚反映出
04:57
that our modern infrastructure,
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我們的現代基礎建設，
05:02
and especially our notion
of fighting flood with concrete,
of fighting flood with concrete,
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以及特別是我們認為
用水泥可以對抗淹水的概念，
用水泥可以對抗淹水的概念，
05:07
had made us so extremely vulnerable
to the climate uncertainty.
to the climate uncertainty.
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讓我們在面對氣候的
不確定性時，變得極度脆弱。
不確定性時，變得極度脆弱。
05:15
But in the heart of this disaster,
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但，在這場災難的中心，
05:19
I found my calling.
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我找到了我的使命。
05:21
I cannot just sit and wait
as my city continues to sink.
as my city continues to sink.
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我不能坐視我的城市持續下沉。
05:27
The city needed me,
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這個城市需要我，
05:29
and I had the ability to fix this problem.
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且我有能力可以解決這個問題。
05:34
Six years ago,
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六年前，
05:37
I started my project.
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我開始了我的計畫。
05:39
My teams and I won the design competition
for Chulalongkorn Centenary Park.
for Chulalongkorn Centenary Park.
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我和我的團隊贏了朱拉隆功大學
百年世紀公園的設計比賽。
百年世紀公園的設計比賽。
05:46
This was the big, bold mission
of the first university in Thailand
of the first university in Thailand
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這是泰國第一間
大膽做重大任務的大學，
大膽做重大任務的大學，
05:52
for celebrating its hundredth anniversary
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目的是要慶祝一百年校慶，
05:56
by giving this piece of land
as a public park to our city.
as a public park to our city.
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把這片土地作為
我們城市的大眾公園。
我們城市的大眾公園。
06:03
Having a park sounds very normal
to many other cities,
to many other cities,
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在許多其他城市中，
有公園是很正常的事，
有公園是很正常的事，
06:08
but not in Bangkok,
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但在曼谷卻不是，
06:12
which has one of the lowest
public green space per capita
public green space per capita
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曼谷的人均公共綠色空間，
在亞洲人口百萬以上的大城市中，
是最低的其中之一。
是最低的其中之一。
06:17
among megacities in Asia.
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06:21
Our project's become
the first new public park
the first new public park
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我們的計畫成了近三十年來的
第一座新建公共公園。
06:26
in almost 30 years.
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06:29
The 11-acre park --
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十一英畝的公園——
06:32
a big green crack
at the heart of Bangkok --
at the heart of Bangkok --
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在曼谷的心臟地帶，
一個綠色的大裂縫——
一個綠色的大裂縫——
06:36
opened just last year.
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去年才開放。
06:38
(Applause and cheers)
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（掌聲和歡呼）
06:40
Thank you.
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謝謝。
06:41
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
06:45
For four years, we have pushed
through countless meetings
through countless meetings
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四年來，我們在無數會議中努力，
06:50
to convince and never
give up to convincing
give up to convincing
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始終不放棄說服大家
06:54
that this park isn't just
for beautification or recreation:
for beautification or recreation:
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這座公園的目的
並不只是美化或娛樂：
並不只是美化或娛樂：
06:59
it must help the city deal with water,
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它必須要協助
這個城市處理水問題，
這個城市處理水問題，
07:02
it must help the city
confront climate change.
confront climate change.
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它必須要協助這個城市
對抗氣候變遷。
對抗氣候變遷。
07:05
And here is how it works.
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它的運作方式如下。
07:08
Bangkok is a flat city,
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曼谷是個平坦的城市，
07:10
so we harnessed the power of gravity
by inclining the whole park
by inclining the whole park
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我們傾斜整座公園，
利用地心引力收集每一滴雨水。
07:15
to collect every drop of rain.
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07:20
The gravity force pulls down
the runoff from the highest point
the runoff from the highest point
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地心引力會把水流從最高點
07:24
to the lowest point.
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引到最低點。
07:26
This park has three main elements
that work as one system.
that work as one system.
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這座公園有三個主要元素，
結合成一個系統來運作。
結合成一個系統來運作。
07:31
The first -- the green roof.
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首先是綠屋頂。
07:34
This is the biggest
green roof in Thailand,
green roof in Thailand,
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這是泰國最大的綠屋頂，
07:37
with the rainwater tanks
and museum underneath.
and museum underneath.
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下面有雨水槽以及博物館。
07:42
In the dry season,
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在旱季，
07:44
the collected rain can be used
to water the park for up to a month.
to water the park for up to a month.
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收集到的雨水可以供應
公園一個月的澆水需求。
公園一個月的澆水需求。
07:51
The runoff on the green roof
then falls through wetlands
then falls through wetlands
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綠屋頂流下來的水會落入濕地，
07:55
with the native water plants
that can help filter
that can help filter
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本土的水生植物能夠協助過濾，
07:59
and help clean water.
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讓水變乾淨。
08:02
And at the lower end,
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在低的那一端，
08:04
the retention pond
collects all of the water.
collects all of the water.
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保留池能收集所有的水。
08:09
At this pond, there are water bikes.
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在這個池中有水上腳踏車。
08:13
People can pedal and help clean water.
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大家能邊踩腳踏車邊協助清理水。
08:18
Their exercise becomes an active part
of the park water system.
of the park water system.
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他們的運動變成公園
水系統的一個主動部分。
水系統的一個主動部分。
08:25
When life gives you a flood,
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當生命給你淹水，你就好好玩水。
（改自當生命給你檸檬…）
（改自當生命給你檸檬…）
08:27
you have fun with the water.
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08:29
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
08:32
Centenary Park gives room for people
and room for water,
and room for water,
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百年世紀公園給人空間，
也給水空間，
也給水空間，
08:36
which is exactly
what we and our cities need.
what we and our cities need.
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這正是我們和我們的
城市所需要的。
城市所需要的。
08:43
This is an amphibious design.
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這是種水陸兩用的設計。
08:47
This park is not
about getting rid of flood.
about getting rid of flood.
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這座公園的重點不在擺脫洪水。
08:50
It's about creating a way to live with it.
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而是要創造一種方式，與水共存。
08:54
And not a single drop of rain
is wasted in this park.
is wasted in this park.
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在這座公園，沒有
一滴雨水被浪費掉。
一滴雨水被浪費掉。
09:00
This park can hold and collect
a million gallons of water.
a million gallons of water.
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這座公園能夠保存
和收集一百萬加侖的水。
和收集一百萬加侖的水。
09:08
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
09:10
Thank you.
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謝謝。
09:11
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
09:15
Every given project, for me,
is an opportunity
is an opportunity
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對我來說，每一項計畫
都是一個機會，
都是一個機會，
09:19
to create more green cracks
through this concrete jungle
through this concrete jungle
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可以在這座水泥叢林中
創造出更多綠色裂縫，
創造出更多綠色裂縫，
09:24
by using landscape architecture
as a solution,
as a solution,
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用景觀設計當作解決方案，
09:28
like turning this concrete roof
into an urban farm,
into an urban farm,
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比如，把這片水泥屋頂
轉變成都市農場，
轉變成都市農場，
09:34
which can help absorb rain;
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來協助吸收雨水；
09:37
reduce urban heat island
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減少都市熱島效應，
09:39
and grow food in the middle of the city;
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在城市中種植食物；
09:43
reuse the abandoned concrete structure
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再利用廢棄的水泥結構，
09:46
to become a green pedestrian bridge;
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將它變為綠色人行天橋；
09:50
and another flood-proof park
at Thammasat University,
at Thammasat University,
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國立法政大學還有
另一個防洪公園，
另一個防洪公園，
09:55
which nearly completes the biggest
green roof on an academic campus yet
green roof on an academic campus yet
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即將完成
全南亞校園中最大的綠屋頂。
10:01
in Southeast Asia.
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嚴重的洪水是我們的新「正常」，
10:06
Severe flooding is our new normal,
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10:11
putting the southeast Asian region --
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讓東南亞地區——
10:15
the region with the most coastline --
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海岸線最長的地區——
10:18
at extreme risk.
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受極大的風險。
10:22
Creating a park is just one solution.
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創建一個公園只是一個解決方案。
10:26
The awareness of climate change
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意識到氣候變遷就意味著
10:28
means we, in every profession
we are involved,
we are involved,
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在每個行業當中，
10:34
are increasingly obligated
to understand the climate risk
to understand the climate risk
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我們都有越來越多的
義務要了解氣候風險，
義務要了解氣候風險，
10:39
and put whatever we are working on
as part of the solution.
as part of the solution.
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並把我們在做的任何事情
都變成是解決方案的一部分。
都變成是解決方案的一部分。
10:46
Because if our cities continue
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因為如果我們的城市
繼續現況，
10:50
the way they are now,
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10:53
a similar catastrophe
will happen again ...
will happen again ...
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類似的大災難會再次發生……
10:57
and again.
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一而再，再而三。
11:01
Creating a solution
in these sinking cities
in these sinking cities
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在這些下沉的城市中創造解決方案
11:04
is like making the impossible possible.
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就像是要讓不可能成為可能。
11:11
And for that,
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對此，
11:14
I would like to share one word
that I always keep in mind,
that I always keep in mind,
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我想要分享一個詞，
我一直牢記在心的詞，
11:19
that is, "tangjai."
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那就是「tangjai」。
11:23
The literal translation
for "tang" is "to firmly stand,"
for "tang" is "to firmly stand,"
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「tang」的字面翻譯是堅守，
11:31
and "jai" means "heart."
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「jai」意味著「心」。
11:36
Firmly stand your heart at your goal.
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你的心要堅守著你的目標。
11:41
In Thai language,
when you commit to do something,
when you commit to do something,
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在泰文中，當你承諾要做某件事時，
11:45
you put tangjai in front of your work,
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你要把「tangjai 」
放在你的工作前面，
放在你的工作前面，
11:49
so your heart will be in your action.
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這樣你的心就會在你的做為當中。
11:54
No matter how rough the path,
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不論路有多艱困，
11:56
how big the crack,
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不如何裂縫有多大，
11:58
you push through to your goal,
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你都要朝目標邁進，
12:00
because that's where your heart is.
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因為你的心就在那裡。
12:04
And yes, Thailand is home.
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是的，泰國是家。
12:10
This land is my only home,
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這塊土地是我唯一的家，
12:13
and that's where I firmly stand my heart.
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我的心會堅守著它。
12:19
Where do you stand yours?
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你的心堅守著什麼呢？
12:21
Thank you.
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謝謝。
12:23
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
12:24
Thank you.
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謝謝。
12:25
Kòp kun ka.
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謝謝（泰文）。
12:26
(Applause and cheers)
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（掌聲和歡呼）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Kotchakorn Voraakhom - Urban landscape architectKotchakorn Voraakhom is a landscape architect who works on building green public space that tackle climate change.
Why you should listen
Kotchakorn Voraakhom never thought her childhood pastimes -- like boat paddling with friends in the floodwaters in front of her house -- would later signal a catastrophic disaster: a sinking city. To help save her hometown of Bangkok from rising sea levels and climate change, Voraakhom founded the landscape architecture design firm Landprocess. She is also the founder of Porous City Network, a social enterprise working to solve urban environmental problems and increase urban resilience across Southeast Asia by aiding, engaging and educating climate-vulnerable communities about productive landscape design.
In Bangkok, Voraakhom and her team has turned an invaluable commercial property in the heart of the city into Chulalongkorn Centenary Park, a flood-proof, water-retention public green space. Voraakhom also works as a design consultant for the Bangkok250, a major redevelopment project for the city's 250th anniversary. Voraakhom is an Echoing Green Climate Fellow, Atlantic Fellow and Asia Foundation Development Fellow. She received her master's in landscape architecture from Harvard University's Graduate School of Design.
Kotchakorn Voraakhom | Speaker | TED.com