ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Kathryn Bouskill - Anthropologist, social scientist
Kathryn Bouskill's work explores how our health is shaped as much by our biology as it is by our behaviors and cultural contexts.

Why you should listen

Kathryn Bouskill began her research as a teenager at the lab bench before developing an interest in how our health is shaped as much by our biology as it is by our behaviors and social and cultural contexts. Today, she is an anthropologist at the RAND Corporation and associate director of the RAND Center for Global Risk and Security, where she applies ethnographic methods to understand the human dimensions of systems analysis and policy research.

For more than a decade, Bouskill has explored the relationship between culture, technology, policy and health. She has performed research in ten countries on five continents and believes that everyone has an important story to tell. Her latest research asks how the acceleration of daily life is shaping our wellbeing, how different cultures make sense of a faster world and what we as a society risk if we do not plan ahead for the promises -- and perils -- of emerging technologies. Her work is publicly available and covers a range of topics, from the future of global health security to data use for decision-making in health care.

A former Fulbright scholar in Austria, Bouskill continues her passion for using cultural diplomacy to build international cooperation. She also teaches doctoral fellows at the Pardee RAND Graduate School how to turn policy problems into empirical research projects and why it is critical to bring people into policy analysis. Bouskill has a BA in anthropology from the University of Notre Dame and a PhD in anthropology and an MPH in epidemiology from Emory University.

More profile about the speaker
Kathryn Bouskill | Speaker | TED.com
TEDxManhattanBeach

Kathryn Bouskill: The unforeseen consequences of a fast-paced world

凱瑟琳·布斯基爾: 步調快的世界,預料外的後果

Filmed:
1,317,573 views

現代科技講求效率,但為什麼人們卻為時間緊緊逼迫?人類學家凱瑟琳·布斯基爾(Kathryn Bouskill)在步調快速的社會裡,探索其中的矛盾心態,也提出整個世界追求快、再快、更快的同時,放慢步調是何等重要。
- Anthropologist, social scientist
Kathryn Bouskill's work explores how our health is shaped as much by our biology as it is by our behaviors and cultural contexts. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

你納悶過嗎?為什麼生活中好多東西
00:12
Do you ever wonder奇蹟 why we're surrounded包圍
with things that help us do everything
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幫助我們更快完成所有事情
00:16
faster更快 and faster更快 and faster更快?
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00:20
Communicate溝通 faster更快,
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溝通得更快
00:21
but also work faster更快, bank銀行 faster更快,
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工作得更快、領錢存錢更快
00:24
travel旅行 faster更快, find a date日期 faster更快,
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更快的旅行、更快的遇見心儀對象
00:27
cook廚師 faster更快, clean清潔 faster更快
and do all of it all at the same相同 time?
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花更少時間烹飪和清理
還要一心多用
00:32
How do you feel about cramming臨時抱佛腳
even more into every一切 waking醒來 hour小時?
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一睡醒,事情一塞再塞,大家作何感想?
00:38
Well, to my generation of Americans美國人,
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我這一代美國人
00:40
speed速度 feels感覺 like a birthright長子繼承權.
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覺得一生下來,便要追求速度
00:43
Sometimes有時 I think
our minimum最低限度 speed速度 is Mach馬赫 3.
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有時我覺得,3 馬赫是基本要求
00:46
Anything less, and we fear恐懼
losing失去 our competitive競爭的 edge邊緣.
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再慢,與別人競爭的優勢就沒了
00:50
But even my generation
is starting開始 to question
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但連我這代都開始質疑
00:53
whether是否 we're the masters主人 of speed速度
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究竟是我們主宰速度
00:55
or if speed速度 is mastering母帶 us.
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還是速度掌控了我們
00:59
I'm an anthropologist人類學家
at the Rand蘭德 Corporation公司,
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我在蘭德公司研究人類學
01:01
and while many許多 anthropologists人類學家
study研究 ancient cultures文化,
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雖然很多人類學家研究古文化
01:04
I focus焦點 on modern現代 day cultures文化
and how we're adapting適應
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但我致力於研究現代文化
還有我們如何適應一切變動
01:07
to all of this change更改
happening事件 in the world世界.
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01:11
Recently最近, I teamed聯手 up with an engineer工程師,
Seifu賽福 Chonde昌德, to study研究 speed速度.
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最近我與 Seifu Chonde 合作
他是一位工程師,我們研究速度
01:17
We were interested有興趣 both in how people
are adapting適應 to this age年齡 of acceleration促進
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我們對於人們如何適應不斷加速的時代
還有加速造成的安全和政策隱憂,特別有興趣
01:22
and its security安全 and policy政策 implications啟示.
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01:25
What could our world世界 look like in 25 years年份
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如果變化來得越來越快
01:28
if the current當前 pace步伐 of change更改
keeps保持 accelerating加速?
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我們的世界 25 年後會是什麼樣子?
01:30
What would it mean for transportation運輸,
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交通
01:32
or learning學習, communication通訊,
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學習、溝通
01:35
manufacturing製造業, weaponry武器
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加工業、軍備
01:37
or even natural自然 selection選擇?
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甚至是天擇又會是什麼樣子?
01:40
Will a faster更快 future未來 make us
more secure安全 and productive生產的?
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更快速的未來裡
會更安全、更有生產力嗎?
01:44
Or will it make us more vulnerable弱勢?
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或我們只會更脆弱?
01:47
In our research研究, people accepted公認
acceleration促進 as inevitable必然,
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我們的研究結果指出
人們無可避免步調變快
01:51
both the thrills驚險刺激 and the lack缺乏 of control控制.
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也會感到緊張、沒法控制
01:53
They fear恐懼 that if they were to slow down,
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他們害怕如果放慢腳步
01:56
they might威力 run the risk風險
of becoming變得 obsolete過時的.
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便會面臨風險,遭到淘汰
01:58
They say they'd他們會 rather
burn燒傷 out than rust out.
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他們寧願筋疲力盡也不要趕不上時代
02:02
Yet然而 at the same相同 time,
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但同時
02:03
they worry擔心 that speed速度 could
erode侵蝕 their cultural文化 traditions傳統
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人們也擔心速度會讓傳統文化
02:06
and their sense of home.
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和家的感覺流逝
02:09
But even people who are winning勝利
at the speed速度 game遊戲
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即使贏了這個速度競爭
02:11
admit承認 to feeling感覺 a little uneasy不安.
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人們也不免感到憂慮
他們認為加快步調會擴大貧富差距
02:13
They see acceleration促進 as widening加寬
the gap間隙 between之間 the haves富人,
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02:17
the jet-setters噴氣式飛機 who are buzzing餘音繞樑 around,
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富人搭著噴射客機四處移動
02:19
and the have-nots無產者,
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但窮人
02:21
who are left in the digital數字 dust灰塵.
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卻迷失在數位沙漠之中
我們預計未來步調會更加快速
這個推測很合理
02:24
Yes, we have good reason原因 to forecast預測
that the future未來 will be faster更快,
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02:29
but what I've come to realize實現
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但我卻漸漸瞭解到
02:30
is that speed速度 is paradoxical自相矛盾,
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追求速度是個自相矛盾的行為
02:33
and like all good paradoxes悖論,
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就像其他矛盾的事一樣
02:35
it teaches us about the human人的 experience經驗,
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讓我們學到人類的經驗
02:37
as absurd荒誕 and complex複雜 as it is.
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本就建立在唐突和複雜之上
02:41
The first paradox悖論 is that we love speed速度,
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第一個矛盾處:我們追求速度
02:44
and we're thrilled高興 by its intensity強度.
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也因此緊張兮兮
但我們這史前時期
就成形的大腦卻沒作好準備
02:46
But our prehistoric史前 brains大腦
aren't really built內置 for it,
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02:50
so we invent發明 roller滾筒 coasters杯 墊
and race種族 cars汽車 and supersonic超音 planes飛機,
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所以人類發明了雲霄飛車
賽車和超音速飛機
02:54
but we get whiplash揮鞭, carsick暈車,
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自己卻常拉傷頸部、暈車
02:57
jet-lagged噴射滯後.
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為時差所苦
02:59
We didn't evolve發展 to multitask多任務.
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我們一心多用的能力並沒進步
03:01
Rather, we evolved進化 to do one thing
with incredible難以置信 focus焦點,
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反而愈加擅長極力專注完成一件事
03:06
like hunt打獵 -- not necessarily一定
with great speed速度
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例如打獵,不太用追求速度
03:08
but with endurance耐力 for great distance距離.
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但要能跑好一段距離
現今,生理構造和生活方式
有了很大的差距
03:11
But now there's a widening加寬 gap間隙
between之間 our biology生物學 and our lifestyles生活方式,
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03:15
a mismatch不匹配 between之間 what our bodies身體 are
built內置 for and what we're making製造 them do.
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我們要自己的身體做不適合的事
03:20
It's a phenomenon現象 my mentors導師 have called
"Stone Agers阿格斯 in the fast快速 lane車道."
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我的導師比擬這現象為
「叫史前人類開車上快車道」
03:26
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
03:28
A second第二 paradox悖論 of speed速度 is that
it can be measured測量 objectively客觀地. Right?
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第二個矛盾處:
我們能客觀量測速度,對吧?
03:31
Miles萬里 per hour小時, gigabytes千兆字節 per second第二.
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時速、秒速
03:34
But how speed速度 feels感覺,
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但不同速度帶來的感覺
03:37
and whether是否 we like it,
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還有我們對速度的偏好
03:38
is highly高度 subjective主觀.
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都非常主觀
03:40
So we can document文件
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很多資料告訴我們
03:42
that the pace步伐 at which哪一個 we are adopting採用
new technologies技術 is increasing增加.
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人類要適應新科技越來越快
03:46
For example, it took 85 years年份
from the introduction介紹 of the telephone電話
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舉例來說,電話出現 85 年後
03:51
to when the majority多數 of Americans美國人
had phones手機 at home.
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大部分美國人家裡才都有電話
03:55
In contrast對比, it only took 13 years年份
for most of us to have smartphones智能手機.
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但智慧型手機只花了 13 年
大家便人手一機
04:00
And how people act法案 and react應對 to speed速度
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人們對速度有不同反應
因文化而異也因人而不盡相同
04:03
varies變化 by culture文化 and among其中
different不同 people within the same相同 culture文化.
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04:08
Interactions相互 作用 that could be seen看到
as pleasantly愉快 brisk輕快 and convenient方便
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有時,有些行為稀鬆平常又方便
04:11
in some cultures文化
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但在其他文化
04:12
could be seen看到 as horribly可怕 rude無禮 in others其他.
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一樣的事情卻很沒禮貌
04:14
I mean, you wouldn't不會 go asking
for a to-go cup杯子 at a Japanese日本 tea ceremony儀式
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就像是,參加日本茶道宴會時
大家不會還要求外帶
04:19
so you could jet噴射 off
to your next下一個 tourist遊客 stop.
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才能快點到下個景點
04:21
Would you?
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你不會這樣做吧?
04:23
A third第三 paradox悖論
is that speed速度 begets相生 speed速度.
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第三個矛盾處:速度是連鎖反應
04:28
The faster更快 I respond響應,
the more responses回复 I get,
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我越是快點回應,就越多人回應我
04:30
the faster更快 I have to respond響應 again.
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這樣我又得更快回應
04:33
Having more communication通訊
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動動指尖就能溝通
04:35
and information信息 at our fingertips指尖
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或是查詢資料
04:37
at any given特定 moment時刻
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不論什麼時候
04:39
was supposed應該 to make decision-making做決定
easier更輕鬆 and more rational合理的.
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應該要讓我們更容易、更理性做決定
04:44
But that doesn't really
seem似乎 to be happening事件.
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但似乎事與願違
04:47
Here's這裡的 just one more paradox悖論:
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另外還有一個矛盾處
04:50
If all of these faster更快 technologies技術
were supposed應該 to free自由 us from drudgery苦差事,
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如果更快速的科技應當免去苦差事
04:56
why do we all feel so pressed壓制 for time?
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為什麼我們感到時間不足
04:58
Why are we crashing轟然 our cars汽車
in record記錄 numbers數字,
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為什麼我們因為要即時回覆訊息
05:01
because we think we have
to answer回答 that text文本 right away?
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讓車禍此起彼落發生
05:05
Shouldn't不能 life in the fast快速 lane車道
feel a little more fun開玩笑
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生活在迅速如快車道的環境中
不是應該充滿樂趣
05:09
and a little less anxious?
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而非焦慮嗎?
05:11
German德語 speakers音箱 even have a word for this:
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德語甚至為此造一字
05:13
"Eilkrankheit伊爾克蘭凱特."
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「Eilkrankheit」
05:15
In English英語, that's "hurry匆忙 sickness疾病."
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這個字的意思是「倉促不適感」
05:19
When we have to make fast快速 decisions決定,
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當我們很快得做出決定
自控式的大腦開始運轉
05:21
autopilot自動駕駛儀 brain kicks in,
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05:23
and we rely依靠 on our learned學到了 behaviors行為,
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我們憑著學來的行為
05:26
our reflexes反射, our cognitive認知 biases偏見,
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反應、認知偏誤
05:30
to help us perceive感知 and respond響應 quickly很快.
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更快察覺事物、做出回應
05:33
Sometimes有時 that saves節省 our lives生活, right?
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我們有時因此撿回小命,對吧?
05:35
Fight鬥爭 or flight飛行.
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正面迎擊或逃之夭夭
05:37
But sometimes有時, it leads引線 us astray走錯
in the long run.
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但這樣的機制長時間下來
我們有時無所適從
05:41
Oftentimes通常情況下, when our society社會
has major重大的 failures故障,
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很多時候,我們的社會出現嚴重紕漏
05:44
they're not technological技術性 failures故障.
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問題並非出自於科技
05:47
They're failures故障 that happen發生
when we made製作 decisions決定 too quickly很快
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當大腦自控時,我們太快下決定
05:51
on autopilot自動駕駛儀.
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才出這些差錯
05:53
We didn't do the creative創作的
or critical危急 thinking思維 required需要
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我們面臨危急時,無法激盪出辦法
05:56
to connect the dots
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把線索連起來
05:57
or weed野草 out false information信息
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或是剔除錯誤訊息
05:59
or make sense of complexity複雜.
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或是意識到事情很複雜
06:02
That kind of thinking思維 can't be doneDONE fast快速.
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這種決策急不來
06:05
That's slow thinking思維.
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而是需要慢慢完成
06:08
Two psychologists心理學家,
Daniel丹尼爾 Kahneman卡尼曼 and Amos阿莫斯 Tversky特沃斯基,
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Daniel Kahneman
和 Amos Tversky 這兩位心理學家
06:11
started開始 pointing指點 this out back in 1974,
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1974 年就提出這樣的想法
06:14
and we're still struggling奮鬥的
to do something with their insights見解.
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但我們仍無法達到他們所言
06:19
All of modern現代 history歷史 can be thought of as
one spurt of acceleration促進 after another另一個.
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整段現代歷史都可以視為一次次的加速
好像只要我們思考得快一些
06:23
It's as if we think
if we just speed速度 up enough足夠,
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06:26
we can outrun逃脫 our problems問題.
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所有的事都能迎刃而解
06:28
But we never do.
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但我們力有未逮
我們從生活中領悟到這樣的事實
06:30
We know this in our own擁有 lives生活,
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06:32
and policymakers政策制定者 know it, too.
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政府決策者也知道這樣的事情
06:34
So now we're turning車削
to artificial人造 intelligence情報
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因此我們轉而追求人工智慧
06:37
to help us make faster更快
and smarter聰明 decisions決定
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幫助我們做出更快、更完善的決定
06:39
to process處理 this ever-expanding不斷擴大
universe宇宙 of data數據.
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處理不停擴張的巨量資訊
06:44
But machines crunching搗弄 data數據
are no substitute替代
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但機器再怎麼分析數據
也無法取代人類
06:47
for critical危急 and sustained持續 thinking思維
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應付緊急狀況或是長遠思考
06:50
by humans人類,
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06:51
whose誰的 Stone Age年齡 brains大腦 need a little time
to let their impulses衝動 subside塌陷,
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我們這石器時代成形的大腦
需要一些時間平靜下來
06:56
to slow the mind心神
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1707
放慢思考
06:58
and let the thoughts思念 flow.
134
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讓想法自由發展
07:01
If you're starting開始 to think
that we should just hit擊中 the brakes剎車,
135
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3172
如果你覺得我們該緊急煞車
07:04
that won't慣於 always be the right solution.
136
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3153
這樣做並非總是妥當
07:07
We all know that a train培養 that's going
too fast快速 around a bend彎曲 can derail出軌,
137
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4097
我們都知道火車跑得太快
轉彎的時候會脫軌
07:11
but Seifu賽福, the engineer工程師,
138
419534
1962
但 Seifu,那位工程師
07:13
taught me that a train培養 that's going
too slowly慢慢地 around a bend彎曲 can also derail出軌.
139
421520
4721
告訴我火車轉彎太慢,也會脫軌
07:18
So managing管理的 this spurt of acceleration促進
starts啟動 with the understanding理解
140
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4953
因此,要主宰速度,我們要先知道
07:23
that we have more control控制 over speed速度
than we think we do,
141
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我們其實比想像中更能掌控速度
07:27
individually個別地 and as a society社會.
142
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不管是個人或是整個社會
07:30
Sometimes有時, we'll need to engineer工程師
ourselves我們自己 to go faster更快.
143
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有時候,我們得想得更快、做得更急
07:33
We'll want to solve解決 gridlock僵局,
144
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1807
我們想要排解塞車車陣
07:35
speed速度 up disaster災害 relief浮雕
for hurricane颶風 victims受害者
145
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2655
或是加快救援風災的腳步
07:38
or use 3-D-D printing印花 to produce生產
what we need on the spot,
146
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3418
或是用 3D 列印技術當場製作所需
只要我們需要,就可以做得到
07:41
just when we need it.
147
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1423
07:43
Sometimes有時, though雖然, we'll want
to make our surroundings環境 feel slower比較慢
148
451955
3941
我們有時候卻想要讓一切慢下來
07:47
to engineer工程師 the crash緊急
out of the speedy迅速 experience經驗.
149
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3387
處理急忙後的雜亂無章
07:51
And it's OK not to be
stimulated刺激 all the time.
150
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3876
偶爾逃離時間壓力是不錯的
07:55
It's good for adults成年人
151
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1506
對成人有益
07:57
and for kids孩子.
152
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1277
對小孩也是
07:59
Maybe it's boring無聊,
but it gives us time to reflect反映.
153
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3583
這樣可能很無聊
但我們卻有了時間深思
08:03
Slow time is not wasted浪費 time.
154
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3480
放慢腳步並非浪費時間
08:08
And we need to reconsider重新考慮
what it means手段 to save保存 time.
155
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3749
我們必須重新想想節省時間這個概念
08:12
Culture文化 and rituals儀式 around the world世界
build建立 in slowness緩慢,
156
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3877
全世界的文化和習慣都經過長時間淬鍊
08:16
because slowness緩慢 helps幫助 us reinforce加強
our shared共享 values and connect.
157
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4562
如此的平緩讓我們
強化共同的理念和連結
08:20
And connection連接 is
a critical危急 part部分 of being存在 human人的.
158
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3257
這種連接是人性重要的一部分
08:25
We need to master speed速度,
159
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1644
我們必須主宰速度
在使用任何科技的同時
必須仔細端詳我們犧牲了什麼
08:27
and that means手段 thinking思維 carefully小心 about
the trade-offs權衡 of any given特定 technology技術.
160
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4179
08:31
Will it help you reclaim回收 time that you
can use to express表現 your humanity人性?
161
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某項科技是否真的能節省時間
讓你更有人性?
08:36
Will it give you hurry匆忙 sickness疾病?
Will it give other people hurry匆忙 sickness疾病?
162
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3786
還是你會感到「倉促不適感」?
或是讓周遭的人也為之所苦?
08:39
If you're lucky幸運 enough足夠 to decide決定 the pace步伐
that you want to travel旅行 through通過 life,
163
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如果你有幸能決定自己人生的步調
08:44
it's a privilege特權.
164
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這是種特權
08:46
Use it.
165
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1151
請善加利用
08:48
You might威力 decide決定 that you need
both to speed速度 up
166
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2717
你可能決定有時加快腳步
08:50
and to create創建 slow time:
167
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2003
有時放慢步調
08:53
time to reflect反映,
168
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1730
用自己感到舒適的步調
08:55
to percolate過濾
169
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1629
來檢討
沉澱
08:57
at your own擁有 pace步伐;
170
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1442
08:59
time to listen,
171
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1255
聆聽
09:01
to empathize同情,
172
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1340
替別人著想
09:03
to rest休息 your mind心神,
173
531517
1542
讓心神歇息
09:05
to linger縈繞 at the dinner晚餐 table.
174
533890
1928
在餐桌旁逗留
09:09
So as we zoom放大 into the future未來,
175
537402
1985
因此當我們投身未來
09:11
let's consider考慮 setting設置
the technologies技術 of speed速度,
176
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3761
讓我們決定科技的速度
09:15
the purpose目的 of speed速度
177
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1881
決定加速的目的
09:17
and our expectations期望 of speed速度
178
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2695
還有建立對速度的實際期待
09:19
to a more human人的 pace步伐.
179
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讓我們活得更有人性
09:22
Thank you.
180
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謝謝
09:23
(Applause掌聲)
181
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(掌聲)
Translated by Pei-Chen Liu
Reviewed by Helen Chang

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Kathryn Bouskill - Anthropologist, social scientist
Kathryn Bouskill's work explores how our health is shaped as much by our biology as it is by our behaviors and cultural contexts.

Why you should listen

Kathryn Bouskill began her research as a teenager at the lab bench before developing an interest in how our health is shaped as much by our biology as it is by our behaviors and social and cultural contexts. Today, she is an anthropologist at the RAND Corporation and associate director of the RAND Center for Global Risk and Security, where she applies ethnographic methods to understand the human dimensions of systems analysis and policy research.

For more than a decade, Bouskill has explored the relationship between culture, technology, policy and health. She has performed research in ten countries on five continents and believes that everyone has an important story to tell. Her latest research asks how the acceleration of daily life is shaping our wellbeing, how different cultures make sense of a faster world and what we as a society risk if we do not plan ahead for the promises -- and perils -- of emerging technologies. Her work is publicly available and covers a range of topics, from the future of global health security to data use for decision-making in health care.

A former Fulbright scholar in Austria, Bouskill continues her passion for using cultural diplomacy to build international cooperation. She also teaches doctoral fellows at the Pardee RAND Graduate School how to turn policy problems into empirical research projects and why it is critical to bring people into policy analysis. Bouskill has a BA in anthropology from the University of Notre Dame and a PhD in anthropology and an MPH in epidemiology from Emory University.

More profile about the speaker
Kathryn Bouskill | Speaker | TED.com

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