TEDGlobal 2009
James Balog: Time-lapse proof of extreme ice loss
James Balog：用定時拍攝記錄快速流失的冰川
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摄影師James Balog 分享了極度冰川調查”的新影像片段，一個由定時照相得到影像组成的網際網路記錄.根據調查顯示冰川以令人警示的速度消退，是現今幾個氣象變化鮮明有利證據之一.
James Balog - Photographer
James Balog's latest work, the Extreme Ice Survey, captures the twisting, soaring forms of threatened wild ice. Full bio
James Balog's latest work, the Extreme Ice Survey, captures the twisting, soaring forms of threatened wild ice. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:18
Most of the time, art and science stare at each other
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大部分的時間，
00:22
across a gulf of mutual incomprehension.
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藝術和科學格格不入.
00:25
There is great confusion when the two look at each other.
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如果硬要相提並論那麼就會造成很多疑惑.
00:30
Art, of course, looks at the world through the psyche,
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藝術當然著眼於內在心靈,情感的世界
00:34
the emotions -- the unconscious at times -- and of course the aesthetic.
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有時甚至是潛在意識的--還有當然是審美觀念。
00:38
Science tends to look at the world through the rational, the quantitative --
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科學的世界趨向理性,量化--
00:43
things that can be measured and described --
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東西可以衡量和描述--
00:46
but it gives art a terrific context of understanding.
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但也因此它給了藝術的一個很好的環境被理解和明白
00:50
In the Extreme Ice Survey,
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在我們極度冰川調查中，
00:54
we're dedicated to bringing those two parts of human understanding together,
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我們致力於將人類認識的藝術和科學
00:59
to merging the art and science
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融合一起,
01:01
to the end of helping us understand nature
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最終幫助我們更加了解
01:04
and humanity's relationship with nature better.
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自然和人類的關係.
01:08
Specifically, I as a person
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更具體來說，
01:10
who's been a professional nature photographer my whole adult life,
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成長後我的專業一直是自然風景攝影師,
01:14
am firmly of the belief that photography, video, film
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我堅信攝影,錄像和電影
01:18
have tremendous powers for helping us understand
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有強大的力量來幫助我們理解，
01:22
and shape the way we think about nature
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雕塑我們對自然的思維方式
01:25
and about ourselves in relationship to nature.
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和我們跟自然的關係.
01:28
In this project, we're specifically interested, of course, in ice.
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在這個計劃中,我們特別感興趣的當然是冰。
01:32
I'm fascinated by the beauty of it, the mutability of it,
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我迷上了它的美麗,它的千變萬化性，
01:36
the malleability of it,
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它的延展性，
01:38
and the fabulous shapes in which it can carve itself.
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及它自己可以雕刻本身成各種神奇的形狀。
01:41
These first images are from Greenland.
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第一批的這些圖片是從格陵蘭照的。
01:43
But ice has another meaning.
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但冰有另外的含義。
01:45
Ice is the canary in the global coal mine.
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冰提供地球發生危機的先兆( 像礦坑中的金絲雀作用一樣)
01:48
It's the place where we can see and touch and hear and feel climate change in action.
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在冰川這地方,我們可以用五官去看,觸摸,聽到,和感覺到氣候變化的現象.
01:54
Climate change is a really abstract thing in most of the world.
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對世界上大多數人來說氣候變化是一個非常抽象的東西。
01:58
Whether or not you believe in it is based on your sense of
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不管你是否根據您自己感覺
02:01
is it raining more or is it raining less?
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有否下雨較多還是下雨變少了.
02:03
Is it getting hotter or is it getting colder?
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或是氣溫越來越熱或是越來越冷.
02:05
What do the computer models say about this, that and the other thing?
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或是根據電腦模式計算,還有其他計算方法
02:10
All of that, strip it away. In the world of the arctic and alpine environments,
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把這一切方法,都放一邊吧! 在北極和高地氣候的環境中，
02:14
where the ice is, it's real and it's present.
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冰是指標，[氣候變化]是真真的而且是在當下
02:17
The changes are happening. They're very visible.
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這些現時發生的變化。是非常明顯,
02:20
They're photographable. They're measurable.
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可用照相檔案來衡量的.
02:23
95 percent of the glaciers in the world are retreating or shrinking.
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世界上百分之95的冰川正在縮退或變小.
02:28
That's outside Antarctica.
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這是南極洲之外圍(照片).
02:30
95 percent of the glaciers in the world are retreating or shrinking,
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世界上百分之95的冰川正在退縮或變小,
02:33
and that's because the precipitation patterns and the temperature patterns are changing.
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因為降雨量和溫度模式改變.
02:37
There is no significant scientific dispute about that.
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對此科學上並沒有重大爭議,
02:41
It's been observed, it's measured, it's bomb-proof information.
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它是已被觀察到,已被測量出,這是鐵證如山的証明.
02:44
And the great irony and tragedy of our time
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對我們這個時代而言最諷刺和最可悲的是
02:46
is that a lot of the general public thinks that science is still arguing about that.
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很多人還在認為,科學家們仍在爭論(氣候不正常變化)這一點.
02:51
Science is not arguing about that.
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其實科學已完全接受這一點.
02:53
In these images we see ice from enormous glaciers,
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由這些圖像,我們看到
02:58
ice sheets that are hundreds of thousands of years old
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幾千萬年的冰塊從廣大的冰川上
03:00
breaking up into chunks, and chunk by chunk by chunk,
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分解成一塊，和一塊，一塊塊的，變成一座座冰山,
03:04
iceberg by iceberg, turning into global sea level rise.
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而這些冰山把全球海平面提高上升。
03:07
So, having seen all of this in the course of a 30-year career,
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雖經過30年的職業生涯的浸淫，
03:11
I was still a skeptic about climate change until about 10 years ago,
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直到大約10年前,我仍然對氣候變化持懷疑態度
03:14
because I thought the story of climate change was based on computer models.
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因為我覺得這個是根據電腦程式而計算的氣候變化模型.
03:20
I hadn't realized it was based on concrete measurements
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我沒有意識到它是根據確實的歷史氣候測量數據—
03:24
of what the paleoclimates -- the ancient climates -- were,
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就是paleo 氣候-—古代氣候 --
03:27
as recorded in the ice sheets, as recorded in deep ocean sediments,
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它們被記錄在冰床中，被記錄在深海沉積物中，
03:33
as recorded in lake sediments, tree rings,
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被記錄在湖泊沉積物中,樹木年輪
03:35
and a lot of other ways of measuring temperature.
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和很多測量溫度其他方式裡.
03:39
When I realized that climate change was real, and it was not based on computer models,
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當我意識到氣候變化是真實的,它不是基於電腦程式模型，
03:44
I decided that one day I would do a project
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我決定有一天我會
03:46
looking at trying to manifest climate change photographically.
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運用攝影來展現氣候變化.
03:50
And that led me to this project.
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然後我就組織這個計劃團隊.
03:53
Initially, I was working on a National Geographic assignment --
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最初，我的工作是一項有關國家地理雜誌的計劃,
03:56
conventional, single frame, still photography.
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很傳統的,單一的框架的攝影.
03:58
And one crazy day, I got the idea that I should --
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但有一天,我有一個瘋狂的主意.我應該—
04:02
after that assignment was finished --
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當這工作完成之後--
04:04
I got the idea that I should shoot in time-lapse photography,
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我應該拍攝自動定時照片.
04:08
that I should station a camera or two at a glacier
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我應該安裝一,兩台照相機對著冰川,
04:12
and let it shoot every 15 minutes, or every hour or whatever
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讓它每15分鐘,或者每隔一小時或不同間隔拍攝一次，
04:15
and watch the progression of the landscape over time.
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看冰川的風景隨著時間的推移而轉變的情形.
04:18
Well, within about three weeks,
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在大約三個星期內，
04:21
I incautiously turned that idea of a couple of time-lapse cameras
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我不知不覺把定時照相機從兩台
04:24
into 25 time-lapse cameras.
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增加成25台.
04:26
And the next six months of my life were the hardest time in my career,
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於是接下去的六個月,是我職業生涯中最困難的時候,
04:31
trying to design, build and deploy out in the field these 25 time-lapse cameras.
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我試圖設計,建造和部署了這25台定時照相機.
04:37
They are powered by the sun. Solar panels power them.
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它們都採用了太陽能充電,
04:41
Power goes into a battery. There is a custom made computer
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然後電源進入電池內儲存.用一種特製的電腦,
04:44
that tells the camera when to fire.
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來監控定時照相機的開闢.
04:47
And these cameras are positioned on rocks on the sides of the glaciers,
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這些照相機被安裝在冰川邊的岩石上
04:51
and they look in on the glacier from permanent, bedrock positions,
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然後從穩定的岩床位子
04:54
and they watch the evolution of the landscape.
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記錄觀察冰川不斷的演變.
04:57
We just had a number of cameras out on the Greenland Ice Sheet.
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我們剛在格陵蘭冰床設放幾台照相機.
05:00
We actually drilled holes into the ice, way deep down below the thawing level,
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實際上,我們在冰床鑽孔,一直深入到不會被融化的那層冰為止,
05:05
and had some cameras out there for the past month and a half or so.
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然後把相機架好在那兒一個月或半月等等.
05:08
Actually, there's still a camera out there right now.
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現在我們仍有一台正在那兒拍照呢!
05:10
In any case, the cameras shoot roughly every hour.
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定時拍照的時間間隔是大約一小時,
05:13
Some of them shoot every half hour, every 15 minutes, every five minutes.
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有些半小時,15分鐘或5分鐘不等.
05:17
Here's a time lapse of one of the time-lapse units being made.
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這是定時拍攝的相片展示一台定時照相機的製造過程.
05:20
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
05:22
I personally obsessed about every nut, bolt and washer in these crazy things.
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我個人瘋狂熱衷的用每一個螺母，螺栓和墊圈去組成這些定時照相機.
05:26
I spent half my life at our local hardware store
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當我們最初興建這些相機時,
05:28
during the months when we built these units originally.
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我一半的生命是花費了在附近的五金店.
05:33
We're working in most of the major glaciated regions of the northern hemisphere.
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我們工作研究的地方主要是北半球的大多數冰川地區,
05:39
Our time-lapse units are in Alaska, the Rockies, Greenland and Iceland,
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我們把定時攝影器材設立在阿拉斯加,落基山脈,格陵蘭,冰島，
05:43
and we have repeat photography positions,
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我們會在同一地方重複攝影,
05:45
that is places we just visit on an annual basis,
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這些地區我們每年都會去.
05:48
in British Columbia, the Alps and Bolivia.
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像是不列顛哥倫比亞省,阿爾卑斯山和玻利維亞。
05:51
It's a big undertaking. I stand here before you tonight
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這是一個艱鉅的任務。今晚我站在這裡，
05:53
as an ambassador for my whole team.
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在你面前代表整個團隊。
05:56
There's a lot of people working on this right now.
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有很多人現在都在做這項工作。
05:58
We've got 33 cameras out this moment.
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在這一刻我們有33個照相機在外。
06:01
We just had 33 cameras shoot about half an hour ago
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半小時前我們有33相機拍攝完成,
06:05
all across the northern hemisphere, watching what's happened.
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在北半球記錄冰川的差別.
06:08
And we've spent a lot of time in the field. It's been a fantastic amount of work.
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我們花了很多時間在冰川那裡.也得到大量且驚人的照片。
06:12
We've been out for two and a half years,
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我們已經進行了兩年半了，
06:14
and we've got about another two and a half years yet to go.
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我們大概還會再繼續另外兩年半的時間.
06:16
That's only half our job.
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這只是我們一半的工作。
06:18
The other half of our job is to tell the story to the global public.
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我們另一半的工作是告訴全球公眾冰川變化的故事。
06:22
You know, scientists have collected this kind of information
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你知道嗎,科學家斷斷續續
06:27
off and on over the years, but a lot of it stays within the science community.
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已經收集這類信息多年，但很多資訊只停留在科學界。
06:32
Similarly, a lot of art projects stay in the art community,
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同樣,很多藝術作品只有藝術界知道，
06:36
and I feel very much a responsibility through mechanisms like TED,
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我感到非常有責任通過各種機制像TED，
06:42
and like our relationship with the Obama White House,
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像我們與奧巴馬白宮與參議院的關係，
06:45
with the Senate, with John Kerry, to influence policy
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與約翰克里辦公室的交情，
06:49
as much as possible with these pictures as well.
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用這些照片去盡量影響法律政策.
06:51
We've done films. We've done books. We have more coming.
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我們已經完成電影,出版有關書籍。未來我們會做更多。
06:55
We have a site on Google Earth
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我們甚至有一個網站在谷歌地球(Google Earth)，
06:57
that Google Earth was generous enough to give us,
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這是谷歌慷慨免費給我們的-
07:00
and so forth, because we feel very much the need to tell this story,
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所有的一切,是因為我們感到非常有必要告訴大家這件事，
07:04
because it is such an immediate evidence of ongoing climate change right now.
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因為這是一個直接證據可証明現在氣候變化正在進行。
07:11
Now, one bit of science before we get into the visuals.
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現在,讓我們先討論一點科學數據,然後再看影片
07:14
If everybody in the developed world understood this graph,
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如果每個先進國家的每個人理解這圖表，
07:18
and emblazoned it on the inside of their foreheads,
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而且把此圖牢牢的記憶在腦海內
07:21
there would be no further societal argument about climate change
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那將來群眾就不會有任何對氣候變化的爭論，
07:25
because this is the story that counts.
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因為事實勝雄辯.
07:28
Everything else you hear is just propaganda and confusion.
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其他的不同理論只不過是一種宣傳和混亂視聽的手段.
07:32
Key issues: this is a 400,000 year record.
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關鍵是:這是40萬年來氣象紀錄圖,
07:35
This exact same pattern is seen going back now
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几乎完全一樣的這種氣象變化模式.
07:37
almost a million years before our current time.
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已經約有一百萬年了.
07:40
And several things are important.
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這有幾件事情是很重要的。
07:43
Number one: temperature and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
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一：溫度和在大氣中的二氧化碳含量
07:46
go up and down basically in sync.
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基本上是同步上揚或下降.
07:48
You can see that from the orange line and the blue line.
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這你可從橙色線和藍線中看到。
07:51
Nature naturally has allowed carbon dioxide to go up to 280 parts per million.
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大自然的自然法則是可容許二氧化碳含量上升到百萬分之280(280ppm)。
07:58
That's the natural cycle.
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這是自然的循環。
08:00
Goes up to 280 and then drops
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上升到280然後
08:02
for various reasons that aren't important to discuss right here.
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由於種種原因就會下跌，這不是今天重點,所以現在不討論。
08:05
But 280 is the peak.
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但280是其最高點.
08:07
Right now, if you look at the top right part of that graph,
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現在，如果你看看右上角的圖那部分，
08:10
we're at 385 parts per million.
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我們正處於385ppm。
08:12
We are way, way outside the normal, natural variability.
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這大大超過正常,自然的變異範圍.
08:17
Earth is having a fever.
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地球正在發燒。
08:19
In the past hundred years, the temperature of the Earth
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在過去的百年裡,地球的溫度
08:22
has gone up 1.3 degrees Fahrenheit, .75 degrees Celsius,
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已經上升了華氏1.3度,或攝氏0.75度，
08:27
and it's going to keep going up
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而且這將繼續下去
08:29
because we keep dumping fossil fuels into the atmosphere.
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因為我們把化石燃料廢氣
08:32
At the rate of about two and a half parts per million per year.
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以每年2.5ppm的速度持續排放到大氣中。
08:35
It's been a remorseless, steady increase.
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這現象一直無情堅持不懈，穩步增長。
08:38
We have to turn that around.
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我們必須要扭轉這種現象，
08:40
That's the crux, and someday I hope to emblazon that
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這是關鍵所在,有一天我希望有紀念碑
08:43
across Times Square in New York and a lot of other places.
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橫跨在紐約時代廣場和許多其他地方來提醒我們。
08:46
But anyway, off to the world of ice.
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但現在,回到冰之世界。
08:48
We're now at the Columbia Glacier in Alaska.
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我們現在在阿拉斯加的哥倫比亞冰川。
08:50
This is a view of what's called the calving face.
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這個照片是有關所謂的冰川裂開形成冰山的切面。
08:53
This is what one of our cameras saw over the course of a few months.
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這是我們的一個照相機在這幾個月中所記錄的。
08:56
You see the glacier flowing in from the right,
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你瞧瞧冰山從右邊流出，
09:00
dropping off into the sea, camera shooting every hour.
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落入海中，我們每隔一小時拍攝一次。
09:03
If you look in the middle background,
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如果你看中間部份的背景，
09:05
you can see the calving face bobbing up and down like a yo-yo.
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你可以看到形成冰山的切面向上和向下漂浮像溜溜球一樣。
09:09
That means that glacier's floating and it's unstable,
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這意味著該冰川是浮動的,不穩定的，
09:12
and you're about to see the consequences of that floating.
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你將看到它浮動後的後果是什麼。
09:15
To give you a little bit of a sense of scale,
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為了讓您更瞭解它代表的意義我們用數字表示，
09:18
that calving face in this picture
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這照片中,產生冰山的切面
09:20
is about 325 feet tall. That's 32 stories.
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大約325英尺高。相當於32層樓房。
09:25
This is not a little cliff. This is like a major office building in an urban center.
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這不是一個小斷崖。這就像在城市中心一個高大的辦公建築。
09:30
The calving face is the wall where the visible ice breaks off,
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該切面像面牆,而在此可見到冰斷裂剝離，
09:35
but in fact, it goes down below sea level another couple thousand feet.
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這切面在低於海平面下還有兩千英尺。
09:40
So there's a wall of ice a couple thousand feet deep
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所以這個冰牆還要向下兩千英尺深.
09:44
going down to bedrock if the glacier's grounded on bedrock,
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無論是穩固的冰川或是漂浮的冰山都還要向
09:48
and floating if it isn't.
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下伸展兩千英尺深.
09:52
Here's what Columbia's done. This is in south central Alaska.
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以上是發生在哥倫比亞的。接著討論阿拉斯加中南部。
09:56
This was an aerial picture I did one day in June three years ago.
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這是我三年前在六月的某一天所拍的空中鳥瞰圖。
10:01
This is an aerial picture we did this year.
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這是我們今年拍的。
10:04
That's the retreat of this glacier.
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看這冰川主流幹後退的情況.
10:07
The main stem, the main flow of the glacier is coming from the right
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此照片中冰川主流幹是冰水冰塊快速從右邊
10:11
and it's going very rapidly up that stem.
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流入湧進主流幹.
10:14
We're going to be up there in just a few more weeks,
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數星期後,我們還會到那裡.
10:18
and we expect that it's probably retreated another half a mile,
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我們預估冰川主流幹會再後退半英里,
10:21
but if I got there and discovered that it had collapsed
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但是如果我們看到一切都瓦解了,
10:24
and it was five miles further back, I wouldn't be the least bit surprised.
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而冰川主流幹又後退5公里,我一點也不會感到驚訝的.
10:29
Now it's really hard to grasp the scale of these places,
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這真的很難想像其尺寸規模，
10:32
because as the glaciers --
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因為這些冰川-
10:34
one of the things is that places like Alaska and Greenland are huge,
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比如從一方面來說，阿拉斯加和格陵蘭島這些地方的冰川是巨大的，
10:37
they're not normal landscapes --
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他們不是我們易見的景觀 -
10:39
but as the glaciers are retreating, they're also deflating,
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但由於冰川一直持續退縮，一直消減，
10:43
like air is being let out of a balloon.
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像一個氣球裡的空氣一直被釋放出來一樣。
10:46
And so, there are features on this landscape.
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而且這是個有特色的景觀。
10:49
There's a ridge right in the middle of the picture, up above where that arrow comes in,
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在這照片的正中有一列山嶺,在箭頭的上方位置,
10:53
that shows you that a little bit.
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箭頭使你可以更容易找到山嶺些.
10:55
There's a marker line called the trim line
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有一個標記線稱為修剪線,
10:58
above our little red illustration there.
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就在我們紅色標誌的上面.
11:02
This is something no self-respecting photographer would ever do --
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這可不是一個正常高尚攝影師會做的事情-
11:04
you put some cheesy illustration on your shot, right? --
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-放一些俗氣裝飾插圖在自己的照片中,你說是不是?
11:07
and yet you have to do it sometimes to narrate these points.
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但有時你必須這樣做,才能正確闡述要表達的重點。
11:11
But, in any case, the deflation of this glacier since 1984
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但是，不管如何，這個冰川自1984年
11:15
has been higher than the Eiffel Tower, higher than the Empire State Building.
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以來縮小程度已經超過艾菲爾鐵塔的高度,或帝國大廈的高度。
11:20
A tremendous amount of ice has been let out of these valleys
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當冰川後退及消失一直退縮回山谷時,
11:23
as it's retreated and deflated, gone back up valley.
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大量的冰山冰塊也從這些山谷中流失.
11:28
These changes in the alpine world are accelerating.
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這些變化現象在高山冰寒世界正在加速惡化。
11:31
It's not static.
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它不是靜態的。
11:33
Particularly in the world of sea ice,
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尤其是海洋中的冰世界，
11:36
the rate of natural change is outstripping predictions of just a few years ago,
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幾年前自然變化的速率已經是超越了預測，
11:40
and the processes either are accelerating
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而無論是加速過快
11:43
or the predictions were too low to begin with.
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或開始的時候預測過低。
11:45
But in any case, there are big, big changes happening as we speak.
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無法否認,在我們說話這時,氣象已有大大的變化。
11:50
So, here's another time-lapse shot of Columbia.
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這裡有另一個定時拍攝哥倫比亞照片,
11:54
And you see where it ended in these various spring days,
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你可以看到在春天每月不同的變化景觀,
11:57
June, May, then October.
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六月,五月,可能的話也包含十月.
11:59
Now we turn on our time lapse.
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現在我們起動定時拍攝儀器,
12:01
This camera was shooting every hour.
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每隔一小時拍攝一次
12:03
Geologic process in action here.
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地理景觀的變化正在發生
12:05
And everybody says, well don't they advance in the winter time?
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每個人都以為冬天情況就應該不會惡化.
12:08
No. It was retreating through the winter because it's an unhealthy glacier.
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但不是的!即使冬天也一直退縮,因為它是一個不健康的冰川。
12:11
Finally catches up to itself, it advances.
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一次比一次嚴重.冰川消失一直在進行.
12:18
And you can look at these pictures over and over again
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你可以一遍又一遍看這些照片，
12:20
because there's such a strange, bizarre fascination in seeing
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看到這些照片真有一個奇怪的,奇異的感覺,
12:24
these things you don't normally get to see come alive.
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因為正常狀況你不可能見到這樣的現象,彷彿有生命一像.
12:27
We've been talking about "seeing is believing "
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我們都知道百聞不如一見，
12:29
and seeing the unseen at TED Global.
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而此時在TED Global我們看到本應看不見的景觀.
12:32
That's what you see with these cameras.
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全都因為照相機的鏡頭,
12:35
The images make the invisible visible.
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這些照片使無形變可見。
12:42
These huge crevasses open up.
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巨大的冰隙裂開來,
12:44
These great ice islands break off --
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一些巨大的冰島脫離冰川而漂流走
12:47
and now watch this.
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現在看這個。
12:49
This has been the springtime this year --
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這是今年春天
12:57
a huge collapse. That happened in about a month,
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一個巨大的崩離。這發生大約需要一個月，
12:59
the loss of all that ice.
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流失很多冰。
13:11
So that's where we started three years ago,
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這就是我們三年的成果，
13:13
way out on the left, and that's where we were a few months ago, the
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從最左邊最早開始起到右邊幾個月前的結果,
13:15
last time we went into Columbia.
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也就是我們最近進入哥倫比亞冰川的時刻.
13:18
To give you a feeling for the scale of the retreat,
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為了讓你更感覺得到冰川撤退規模，
13:20
we did another cheesy illustration,
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我們再用插圖來表達,
13:22
with British double-decker buses.
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如果用英國雙層巴士來計算,
13:25
If you line up 295 of those nose to tail, that's about how far back that was.
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須要295輛雙層巴士頭碰尾緊接排一線才夠長,
13:30
It's a long way.
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那可是很長的距離啊.
13:35
On up to Iceland.
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讓我們回到冰島。
13:37
One of my favorite glaciers, the Sólheimajökull.
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我最喜歡的冰川之一，名叫Sólheimajökull。
13:43
And here, if you watch, you can see the terminus retreating.
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在這裡,如果你注意,你可以看到邊際一直在後退，
13:46
You can see this river being formed.
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你可以看到河流正在形成，
13:48
You can see it deflating.
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你可以看到它(冰川)在縮小。
13:56
Without the photographic process, you would never see this. This is invisible.
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如果沒有攝影的過程,你絕不會看到這現象。這是你看不見的。
14:00
You can stand up there your whole life and you would never see this,
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你可以永遠站在那裡也看不到這些現象，
14:03
but the camera records it.
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但是相機把它記錄下來了。
14:09
So we wind time backwards now.
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現在讓我們把時光倒退
14:13
We go back a couple years in time.
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回到兩年前,
14:15
That's where it started.
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就是我們剛開始時的時刻.
14:23
That's where it ended a few months ago.
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然後這就是它數月前的景觀。
14:28
And on up to Greenland.
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接著來看格陵蘭島。
14:31
The smaller the ice mass, the faster it responds to climate.
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冰體越小,受氣候影響速度越快.
14:35
Greenland took a little while to start reacting
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格陵蘭島經過一段時間才開始對
14:38
to the warming climate of the past century,
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上個世紀出現的氣候變暖現象產生反應.
14:41
but it really started galloping along about 20 years ago.
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事實上大約20年前情況才加速惡化
14:45
And there's been a tremendous increase in the temperature up there.
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當然那邊氣溫也上升很多.
14:48
It's a big place. That's all ice.
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很大的地方。全部都是冰。
14:50
All those colors are ice and it goes up to about two miles thick,
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照片中有顏色的部份都是冰,冰層大約有兩公里厚.
14:54
just a gigantic dome that comes in from the coast and rises in the middle.
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像一個巨大的圓形巨蛋,從海岸升起展延到中間最高.
14:58
The one glacier up in Greenland
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在格陵蘭島裡有一個冰川
15:00
that puts more ice into the global ocean
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分裂融入全球海洋的冰
15:02
than all the other glaciers in the northern hemisphere combined
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比所有在北半球其他冰川融入的更多:
15:05
is the Ilulissat Glacier.
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那就是Ilulissat冰川
15:07
We have some cameras on the south edge of the Ilulissat,
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我們把一些相機設立在Ilulissat冰川南方邊緣的地區,
15:10
watching the calving face as it goes through this dramatic retreat.
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面臨著冰山的裂切面並且觀察它驚心動魄的撤退融化。
15:14
Here's a two-year record of what that looks like.
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這裡是一個為期兩年的紀錄,
15:16
Helicopter in front of the calving face for scale, quickly dwarfed.
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直升機對著在冰山的裂切面來顯示它的規模, 鏡頭拉遠直升機就會迅速變小.
15:21
The calving face is four and a half miles across,
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這裡的冰山的裂切面是4.5英里.
15:23
and in this shot, as we pull back, you're only seeing about a mile and a half.
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在這張照片即使我們儘量後退也只能照到1.5英里.
15:26
So, imagine how big this is
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因此，你可以想像，這是有多大，
15:28
and how much ice is charging out.
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有多少冰在此流失.
15:30
The interior of Greenland is to the right.
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格陵蘭內陸是在右邊.
15:32
It's flowing out to the Atlantic Ocean on the left.
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所以冰是流出到左邊的大西洋.
15:35
Icebergs, many, many, many, many times the size of this building, are roaring out to sea.
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冰山。比這座建築物大很多很多倍的冰山咆哮洶湧的併入大海。
15:41
We just downloaded these pictures a couple weeks ago,
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我們幾個星期前才下載這些照片，
15:43
as you can see. June 25th,
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你看,是6月25日
15:47
monster calving events happened.
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妖魅巨大的冰山裂切發生。
15:49
I'll show you one of those in a second.
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我等會讓你們看見其中的一個.
15:51
This glacier has doubled its flow speed in the past 15 years.
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在過去15年內,這個冰川的流動速度增加了一倍。
15:56
It now goes at 125 feet a day, dumping all this ice into the ocean.
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現在它用每天125英尺的速度,把所有的冰傾倒到海洋裡。
16:01
It tends to go in these pulses, about every three days,
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它們傾向以每三天一個週期往前移動,
16:03
but on average, 125 feet a day,
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但平均而言,每天125英尺，
16:05
twice the rate it did 20 years ago.
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比20年前快兩倍的速度
16:09
Okay. We had a team out watching this glacier,
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好。我們有一個小組正在觀看著這冰川，
16:13
and we recorded the biggest calving event that's ever been put on film.
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於是我們記錄下電影未曾記錄過的最大冰山裂切事件。
16:16
We had nine cameras going.
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我們有九個照相機同時攝影。
16:18
This is what a couple of the cameras saw.
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而這是一些照相機所記錄的。
16:22
A 400-foot-tall calving face breaking off.
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一個400英尺高的冰山正裂切脫離。
16:26
Huge icebergs rolling over.
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巨大的，巨大的冰山翻滾入海。
17:13
Okay, how big was that? It's hard to get it.
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嗯，你猜那有多大呢？這很難去想像它。
17:16
So an illustration again, gives you a feeling for scale.
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因此，再次用插圖說明這種具體規模的感覺。
17:19
A mile of retreat in 75 minutes
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大概一英里冰山裂切只要75分鐘,整個
17:22
across the calving face, in that particular event, three miles wide.
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冰山裂切面的出口一英里，三英里寬。
17:26
The block was three-fifths of a mile deep,
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該區塊約是五分之三英里深，
17:28
and if you compare the expanse of the calving face
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如果你比較冰山裂切面的寬度和
17:31
to the Tower Bridge in London, about 20 bridges wide.
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倫敦的倫敦塔橋比較，是須要20座橋的闊度。
17:34
Or if you take an American reference, to the U.S. Capitol Building
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或者，如果你拿到一個美國的地標做參考,如美國國會大廈，
17:38
and you pack 3,000 Capitol Buildings into that block,
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須要3000座美國國會大廈才能填滿那區域，
17:42
it would be equivalent to how large that block was.
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就相當那麼大.
17:47
75 minutes.
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而這些崩裂都在75分鐘內發生。
17:51
Now I've come to the conclusion
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現在,我已經得出結論，
17:53
after spending a lot of time in this climate change world
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在花了很多時間研究有關於氣候變化後
17:56
that we don't have a problem of economics, technology and public policy.
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那就是我們的問題不是經濟,技術和政治議題。
18:00
We have a problem of perception.
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我們的問題是在於認知方面的.
18:03
The policy and the economics and the technology are serious enough issues,
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當然,政治政策和經濟和技術上的問題是很嚴重，
18:06
but we actually can deal with them.
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但我們其實可以解決的。
18:08
I'm certain that we can.
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我非常肯定,我們有能力能解決。
18:11
But what we have is a perception problem
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但我們有一種認知方面的問題,
18:13
because not enough people really get it yet.
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因為沒有足夠多的人真正知道瞭解這件氣候變化問題
18:17
You're an elite audience. You get it.
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你們是精英群眾。你們瞭解它。
18:19
Fortunately, a lot of the political leaders in the major countries of the world
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幸運的是，許多世界上主要國家的的政治領導人
18:23
are an elite audience that for the most part gets it now.
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都是精英人物,大多數都瞭解它的嚴重性。
18:27
But we still need to bring a lot of people along with us.
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但是,我們仍然需要很多人跟我們一起努力。
18:30
And that's where I think organizations like TED,
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而這正是我認為像TED這樣的組織，
18:34
like the Extreme Ice Survey can have a terrific impact
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像極度冰川調查對人類認知方面有一個很大
18:37
on human perception and bring us along.
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的影響力,使我們團結一起。
18:40
Because I believe we have an opportunity right now.
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因為我相信我們現在還有一個機會。
18:42
We are nearly on the edge of a crisis,
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即使,我們正面臨危機，
18:45
but we still have an opportunity to face the greatest challenge
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但我們仍然有一個機會去逆轉危機.
18:49
of our generation and, in fact, of our century.
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這是我們這一代最大的挑戰，事實上，是這世紀最大的挑戰。
18:52
This is a terrific, terrific call to arms
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是該大家備戰了!
18:56
to do the right thing for ourselves and for the future.
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一同努力為我們自己和未來做對的抉擇.
18:59
I hope that we have the wisdom to let the angels of our better nature
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我希望我們有智慧,讓我們發揮我們善良的一面,
19:02
rise to the occasion and do what needs to be done. Thank you.
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做什麼需要做的事情. 謝謝.
19:06
(Applause)
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拍手!
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
James Balog - PhotographerJames Balog's latest work, the Extreme Ice Survey, captures the twisting, soaring forms of threatened wild ice.
Why you should listen
To see the natural world through James Balog's lens is to see it as an artist would -- through fresh eyes, as if for the first time, with no preconceived notions. His photos of jungle animals, for instance, are arresting in their directness, simplicity, even sensuality. His subjects assume the same weight and importance as a human portrait sitter, and demand (as a human subject would) that the viewer engage with them rather than simply spectate.
His newest work is no less powerful, no less engaging -- and it carries an urgent message. For several years, Balog has been going up north to shoot the half-alive ice of the mammoth glaciers for his Extreme Ice Survey, a look at the shocking effects of abrupt climate change in Alaska, Greenland and Iceland. Soaring, dripping, glowing and crumbling, arctic ice under Balog's eye requires the viewer to engage.
A new Nova/PBS TV special and a new book, Extreme Ice Now, are helping him spread the word that this glorious world is degrading at a speed we couldn't imagine until we saw it through his eyes.
James Balog | Speaker | TED.com