TED2010
David Cameron: The next age of government
大衛卡麥隆：新時代的政府
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英國保守黨黨魁David Cameron 說，我們正進入一個新的年代，政府會有更少的錢和權，而人民相對地，藉由科技的發達，會擁有更多的權力。引用行爲經濟學上的新觀念，他探索如何將這些趨勢轉換成聰明的政策。
David Cameron - Politician
David Cameron is the prime minister of the UK and the leader of the UK's Conservative Party. Full bio
David Cameron is the prime minister of the UK and the leader of the UK's Conservative Party. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
Someone once said that politics is, of course, "showbiz for ugly people."
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有人曾經說過，“政治是醜人的演藝圈。”
00:21
So, on that basis, I feel like I've really arrived.
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所以，基於這樣的論調，我是來對地方了。
00:25
The other thing to think of is what an honor it is, as a politician,
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另一種説法是，這是一個政治家無上的光榮。
00:28
to give a TED talk, particularly here in the U.K.,
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來TED演講，特別是在這裡（英國），
00:31
where the reputation of politics, with the expenses scandal, has sunk so low.
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因爲最近的醜聞，使政治的聲譽跌倒了新低點
00:37
There was even a story recently that scientists had thought about
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最近甚至有一個故事說，科學家們想要
00:41
actually replacing rats in their experiments with politicians.
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用政治家來代替實驗室的老鼠
00:46
And someone asked,"Why?"
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有人問，為什麽？
00:48
and they said, "Well, there's no shortage of politicians,
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回答說，現在政治家太多了
00:52
no one really minds what happens to them
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沒有人會介意少幾個
00:55
and, after all, there are some things that rats just won't do."
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此外，有些賤事，老鼠還做不出來哩。
00:58
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
01:00
Now, I know you all love data, so I'm starting with a data-rich slide.
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好，我知道大家都喜歡數據，所以我就用這張投影片作開場
01:04
This, I think, is the most important fact to bear in mind
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在英國或美國的政治裏
01:07
in British politics or American politics,
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最重要，要記在心裏的事是
01:11
and that is: We have run out of money.
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那就是，我們的錢都花光了。
01:13
We have vast budget deficits.
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我們有很大的預算赤字
01:16
This is my global public debt clock,
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這是我的全球政府支出赤字統計鐘
01:19
and, as you can see, it's 32 trillion and counting.
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你可以看得到，現在是32兆，持續增加中。
01:23
And I think what this leads to
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所以我想
01:25
is a very simple recognition,
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這帶到一個很簡單的認知
01:28
that there's one question in politics at the moment above all other,
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在現在的政治上最迫切的問題是：
01:31
and it's this one: How do we make things better without spending more money?
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我們如何能用更少的錢而做得更好？
01:36
Because there isn't going to be a lot of money to improve public services,
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因爲不會有足夠的錢來改善公共服務
01:40
or to improve government, or to improve so many of the things
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來改善政府，
01:43
that politicians talk about.
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或來改善政客們掛在嘴上的這些事。
01:45
So what follows from that is that if you think it's all about money --
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所以如果你還是一直認爲這是有關金錢
01:51
you can only measure success in public services
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成功就是花更多的錢在公共服務、
01:54
in health care and education and policing by spending more money,
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在健保、教育、公共政策上，
01:58
you can only measure progress by spending money --
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如果你以爲花更多的錢就是進步
02:01
you're going to have a pretty miserable time.
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那你將來的日子會不太好過。
02:04
But if you think a whole lot of other things matter that lead up to well being --
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但是如果你把其他一些事也考慮進來
02:08
things like your family relationships, friendship, community, values --
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像是家庭關係、友情、社區、價值，
02:11
then, actually, this is an incredibly exciting time to be in politics.
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那麽，這是一個令人興奮的從政時期。
02:16
And the really simple argument I want to make tonight,
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我今晚想討論的簡單的論點
02:18
the really straightforward argument is this:
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一個十分直接的論點是
02:20
That if we combine the right political philosophy, the right political thinking,
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如果我們能結合正確的政治哲學、思想
02:26
with the incredible information revolution that has taken place,
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在加上近來發生的資訊革命
02:30
and that all of you know so much more about than I do,
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和一些我不知道但你們專長的事
02:34
I think there's an incredible opportunity to actually remake politics,
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我認爲現在是再造政治
02:38
remake government, remake public services,
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再造政府、再造公共服務的時候
02:41
and achieve what's up on that slide, which is a big increase in our well-being.
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並達到像那張投影片上，全民福祉的大增進。
02:46
That's the argument I want to make tonight.
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這就是我今晚想說的論點。
02:49
So, starting with the political philosophy.
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那麽，從政治哲學開始說起
02:52
Now I'm not saying for a minute that British Conservatives have all the answers.
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我並不是說英國保守黨，對所有問題都有解答
02:55
Of course we don't.
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我們當然沒有
02:57
But there are two things at heart that I think drive a conservative philosophy
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但是在保守黨的哲學裏，有兩件事，
03:02
that are really relevant to this whole debate.
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是跟這個議題密切相關的
03:04
The first is this: We believe that if you give people
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第一個，我們相信，如果你給人們
03:06
more power and control over their lives,
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更多的權力去掌握他們的生命，
03:09
if you give people more choice,
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如果你給他們更多的選擇
03:11
if you put them in the driving seat,
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如果你讓他們掌握自己的方向
03:13
then actually, you can create a stronger and better society.
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那麽，你就能創造更好更壯的社會。
03:16
And if you marry this fact with the incredible abundance
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如果你把這件事情跟
03:20
of information that we have in our world today,
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現今世界裏十分充裕的資訊相結合
03:22
I think you can completely, as I've said,
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我認爲，誠如我所說的
03:24
remake politics, remake government, remake your public services.
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我們能全面地重造政治、政府、和公共服務。
03:29
The second thing we believe is we believe in going with the grain of human nature.
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第二件事，我們相信要順從人性
03:33
Politics and politicians will only succeed
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政治和政治家要成功則必須
03:36
if they actually try and treat with people as they are,
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尊重人們， 讓他們做自己
03:41
rather than as they would like them to be.
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而不是去告訴人們該怎麽做
03:44
Now, if you combine this very simple, very conservative thought --
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現在，如果你將這個很簡單的保守想法
03:47
go with the grain of human nature --
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-- 順從人性 --
03:49
with all the advances in behavioral economics,
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跟行爲經濟學上的發展相結合的話
03:52
some of which we were just hearing about,
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就是我們最近剛剛聽到的這些
03:54
again, I think we can achieve a real increase in well-being,
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那麽，我想我們真的可以在全體福祉上有進步
03:57
in happiness, in a stronger society
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在更強健的社會裏有更多的快樂
04:00
without necessarily having to spend a whole lot more money.
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而不需要花一大堆的錢。
04:04
Now, why do I think now is the moment to make this argument?
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爲什麽我會覺得現在是提這個論點的時候？
04:08
Well, I'm afraid you're going to suffer a short, condensed history lesson
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很抱歉我要跟你們上一段濃縮的歷史課
04:12
about what I would say are the three passages of history:
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我要提三段歷史的過渡期，
04:15
the pre-bureaucratic age, the bureaucratic age
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前官僚體系期、官僚體系期、
04:19
and what we now live in, which I think is a post-bureaucratic age.
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還有我們現在的時代，後官僚體系期。
04:22
A simpler way of thinking of it
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簡單地來看就是説
04:24
is that we have gone from a world of local control,
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我們從一個地方管制的世界
04:28
then we went to a world of central control,
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進入到一個中央管制的世界
04:31
and now we're in a world of people control.
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現在我們是在一個人民管制的世界
04:33
Local power, central power, now, people power.
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地方政權、中央政權、到現在，人民政權
04:36
Now, here is King Cnut, king a thousand years ago.
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這是克努特國王，是一千年前的一個王
04:40
Thought he could turn back the waves; couldn't turn back the waves.
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以爲他可以駕馭波浪。事實上不行的
04:43
Couldn't actually turn back very much,
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不太可能駕馭波浪
04:45
because if you were king a thousand years ago,
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因爲，你要是一千年前的國王
04:47
while it still took hours and hours and weeks and weeks to traverse your own country,
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光穿越你的領地就要很長的時間
04:52
there wasn't much you were in charge of.
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你能管理的事實上並不多
04:54
You weren't in charge of policing, justice, education, health, welfare.
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治安、司法、教育、國民健康、社會福利你都管不到的
04:57
You could just about go to war and that was about it.
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你大概只能發動一些戰爭而已吧
05:01
This was the pre-bureaucratic age,
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這是前官僚體系期
05:03
an age in which everything had to be local.
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在這時期所有的事都是地方處理的
05:07
You had to have local control because there was no nationally-available information
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因爲沒有全國性的資訊系統，所以所有的事物都是地方管理
05:12
because travel was so restricted.
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因爲旅行是十分有限的。
05:14
So this was the pre-bureaucratic age.
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所以這是前官僚體系期。
05:16
Next part of the cold history lesson,
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冷歷史課的下一部份
05:18
the lovely picture of the British Industrial Revolution.
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可愛的英國工業革命的相片
05:21
Suddenly, all sorts of transport, travel information were possible,
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突然間，所有的交通、旅遊、資訊都變得可能了
05:25
and this gave birth to, what I like to call, the bureaucratic age.
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這就產生了我所謂的，官僚體系期。
05:29
And hopefully this slide is going to morph beautifully. There we are.
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希望這張投影片能解釋得清楚，像這裡
05:32
Suddenly, you have the big, strong, central state.
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突然間，有了一個龐大、有力的中央政府
05:36
It was able -- but only it was able -- to organize
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但這已成爲過去式了
05:40
health care, education, policing, justice.
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來統籌健保、教育、治安、司法
05:43
And it was a world of, as I say, not local power, but now central power.
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所以我說這不再是地方， 而是中央集權
05:48
It had sucked all that power up from the localities.
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中央把所有地方的權力集中起來
05:51
It was able to do that itself.
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所以能作這麽多事。
05:54
The next great stage, which all of you are so familiar with:
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下一個階段， 也是大家都熟悉的
05:57
the massive information revolution.
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是大規模的資訊革命。
06:00
Just consider this one fact:
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光想以下這個事實
06:03
One hundred years ago, sending these 10 words cost 50 dollars.
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一百年前，傳送這10個字要花50美金
06:07
Right now, here we are linked up to Long Beach and everywhere else,
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現在我們能連線到長堤市，甚至世界各地
06:10
and all these secret locations for a fraction of that cost,
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所需的價格和以前比起來簡直微不足道
06:13
and we can send and receive huge quantities of information
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我們可以傳送或接受大量的資訊
06:17
without it costing anything.
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而且還是免錢的。
06:19
So we're now living in a post-bureaucratic age,
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所以我們現在處在於後官僚體系期
06:24
where genuine people power is possible.
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這時人民政權也變得可能了。
06:28
Now, what does this mean for our politics,
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那麽現在，這對政治、
06:31
for our public services, for our government?
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對公共服務、政府有什麽影響呢？
06:34
Well I can't, in the time I've got, give huge numbers of examples,
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我的準備時間太短所以我不能給你們很多例子
06:38
but let me just give a few of the ways that life can change.
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但是我還是舉出以下幾個可能的改變。
06:43
And this is so obvious, in a way, because
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這並不難看出，因爲，
06:45
you think about how all of you have changed
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試想：我們在購物上、
06:47
the way we shop, the way we travel, the way that business is done.
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旅遊上、做生意上的改變。
06:51
That is already happened; the information and Internet revolution
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資訊和網路革命是已經發生的了
06:54
has actually gone all the way through our societies in so many different ways,
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已經徹底地在許多方面改變了我們的社會
06:58
but it hasn't, in every way, yet touched our government.
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但是在政府行政方面卻還沒。
07:01
So, how could this happen?
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那麽，該如何讓改變發生？
07:03
Well, I think there are three chief ways that it should make an enormous difference:
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我想，在三個方面可以有改變：
07:07
in transparency, in greater choice and in accountability,
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透明度、更多的選擇、和責任歸屬
07:11
in giving us that genuine people power.
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這些改革可以真的賦予人民權力。
07:15
If we take transparency, here is one of my favorite websites,
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談到透明度，這是我最喜歡的一個網站
07:19
the Missouri Accountability Portal.
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密蘇里責任入口網站 （Missouri Accountability Portal ）
07:22
In the old days, only the government could hold the information,
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在以前，只有政府能擁有資訊
07:25
and only a few elected people could try and grab that information
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只有少數議員能試著拿到資訊
07:29
and question it and challenge it.
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並去咨詢、挑戰其正當性。
07:31
Now here, on one website, one state in America,
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現在，在這個網站上，在美國的一州
07:35
every single dollar spent by that government
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政府花的每一分錢
07:39
is searchable, is analyzable, is checkable.
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我們都可以搜索、分析、查詢。
07:42
Think of the huge change that means:
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想想看這是多大的改進。
07:44
Any business that wants to bid for a government contract
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想標政府工程的建商
07:47
can see what currently is being spent.
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也可以看到政府的錢如何花。
07:49
Anyone thinking, "I could do that service better, I could deliver it cheaper,"
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要是你覺得我可以做得更好更便宜
07:52
it's all available there.
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你都可以在這找到你要的資訊。
07:54
We have only, in government and in politics,
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資訊革命已經改變了商業世界
07:57
started to scratch the surface of what people are doing in the commercial world
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而在政府和政治上
08:01
with the information revolution.
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資訊革命產生的影響才剛開始。
08:03
So, complete transparency will make a huge difference.
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所以，完全的透明度會帶來很大的改變。
08:06
In this country, if we win the election,
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在英國，如果我們贏得選舉的話
08:08
we are going to make all government spending over 25,000 pounds
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政府每一筆多餘25000英鎊的開支
08:12
transparent and available online, searchable for anyone to see.
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將會公佈在網路上， 大家都可以去看。
08:16
We're going to make every contract -- we're announcing this today --
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我今天在這裡也宣佈，所有政府招標的合約
08:20
available on the Internet so anyone can see
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也都會在網路公開，大家都看得到
08:22
what the terms are, what the conditions are,
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合約條件内容是什麽
08:24
driving huge value for money,
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這會讓政府的錢更好用
08:26
but also huge increases, I believe, in well-being as well.
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我也相信，會全面增加人民福祉。
08:32
Choice. Now you all shop online, compare online, do everything online,
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再來談選擇。現在大家都網路購物、比價，上網做很多事
08:38
and yet this revolution has hardly touched the surface
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但是這項功能
08:40
of public services like education, or health care or policing,
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還沒有拓展到教育、健保、和治安上
08:44
and you're going to see this change massively.
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你將會在這裡看到很多的改變。
08:47
We should be making this change
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我們也該做這樣的改變
08:49
with the information revolution in our country,
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藉著資訊革命
08:51
with searchable health sites, so you can see what operations work out properly,
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大家能上健保的網站去查，哪些手術項目、
08:56
what records doctors have, the cleanliness of hospitals,
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能看到醫生的資歷，醫院的清潔比數
08:59
who does best at infection control --
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哪間醫院感染管制做得好
09:01
all of the information that would once be locked in the Department of Health
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在以前這些資訊都由衛生署所掌控
09:05
is now available for all of us to see.
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現在要讓大家都看得到。
09:08
And the third of these big changes: accountability.
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第三個大改變是， 明確的責任歸屬
09:12
This, I think, is a huge change.
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這，我覺得是個很大的改變。
09:14
It is a crime map. This is a crime map from Chicago.
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這是張芝加哥的犯罪分佈圖。
09:18
So, instead of having a situation where only the police have the information
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以前只有警察有這些資訊
09:21
about which crimes are committed where,
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知道誰在哪犯了什麽罪
09:24
and we have to employ people in government
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我們必須在政府裏面另外僱人
09:27
to try and hold the police to account,
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來監督警察的執法
09:29
suddenly, we've got this vast opportunity for people power,
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現在，人民有了力量
09:32
where we, as citizens, can see what crimes are being committed --
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我們一般老百姓也看得見
09:35
where, when and by whom --
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什麽時候誰在哪裏犯了什麽罪
09:37
and we can hold the police to account.
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我們也可以讓警察確實地負起責任。
09:39
And you can see this looks a bit like a chef's hat,
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這裡你可以看到，像一頂警帽
09:41
but actually that's an assault, the one in blue.
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事實上藍色的這是一個搶案。
09:44
You can see what crime is committed where,
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你可以看得到犯罪的發生
09:46
and you have the opportunity to hold your police force to account.
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你也就有機會叫警察負責。
09:49
So those three ways -- transparency, accountability and choice --
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所以，透明度、責任歸屬、和更多的選擇
09:55
will make a huge difference.
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將會帶來大改變。
09:57
Now I also said the other principle
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我也說了其他的原則
09:59
that I think we should work on is understanding of people,
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我覺得要再努力的
10:01
is recognizing that going with the grain of human nature
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是認同人性：順應人性的話
10:05
you can achieve so much more.
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你將會得到更多的發展。
10:07
Now, we're got a huge revolution in understanding
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現在在人類行爲學上也有了大革命
10:09
of why people behave in the way that they do,
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我們更了解了人類的行爲
10:12
and a great opportunity to put that knowledge and information to greater use.
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也能更好地來運用這樣的知識和資訊。
10:17
We're working with some of these people.
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我們在和這些人工作
10:19
We're being advised by some of these people, as was said,
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這些人在對我們提供咨詢
10:22
to try and bring all the experience to book.
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並試著把這些經驗記下來。
10:26
Let me just give you one example that I think is incredibly simple, and I love.
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我分享一個很簡單，但我很喜歡的例子。
10:30
We want to get people to be more energy efficient.
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我們希望能源的使用能更有效率
10:32
Why? It cuts fuel poverty, it cuts their bills,
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爲什麽？因爲這可以減少能源匱乏的人數，
10:36
and it cuts carbon emissions at the same time.
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也減少能源支出和溫室氣體的排放。
10:38
How do you do it?
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如何能辦到？
10:40
Well, we've had government information campaigns over the years
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過去好幾年政府已經作了很多宣傳
10:42
when they tell you to switch off the lights when you leave the home.
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出去的時候請關燈。
10:45
We even had -- one government minister once told us to
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還曾有一個部長說
10:48
brush our teeth in the dark.
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刷牙時不必開燈。
10:50
I don't think they lasted very long.
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我並不覺得這些宣傳很有效。
10:52
Look at what this does. This is a simple piece of behavioral economics.
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現在，看看行爲經濟學上的作法。
10:56
The best way to get someone to cut their electricity bill
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要讓一個人節省能源最好的辦法
10:59
is to show them their own spending,
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就是讓他們看看自己的電費單
11:01
to show them what their neighbors are spending,
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讓他們看看其他鄰居的電費單
11:04
and then show what an energy conscious neighbor is spending.
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最後再讓他們看看用電省的鄰居的電費單。
11:07
That sort of behavioral economics
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從行爲經濟學上著眼
11:10
can transform people's behavior
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能夠徹底地轉換個人的行爲
11:12
in a way that all the bullying and all the information
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這是政府部門用再多的威嚇、資訊宣導
11:15
and all the badgering from a government cannot possibly achieve.
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巡查等手段都辦不到的。
11:19
Other examples are recycling.
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另一個例子，資源回收。
11:21
We all know we need to recycle more.
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大家都知道要做多一點回收
11:23
How do we make it happen?
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但要怎麽做？
11:25
All the proof from America is that actually, if you pay people to recycle,
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從美國的做法得知，如果你付一點錢
11:29
if you give them a carrot rather than a stick,
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用鼓勵而不是懲罰的方式
11:31
you can transform their behavior.
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那麽你能改變他們的行爲。
11:34
So what does all this add up to?
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所以這告訴我們什麽？
11:36
Here are my two favorite U.S. speeches of the last 50 years.
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以下是我近50年來最喜歡的兩個演講
11:44
Obviously, here we have JFK with that incredibly simple
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當然了，有那場甘迺迪的
11:48
and powerful formulation,
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簡單但有力的措辭
11:50
"Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country,"
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“別問你的國家能為你做什麽；問你能為國家做什麽”
11:55
an incredibly noble sentiment.
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十分高貴的精神。
11:57
But when he made that speech, what could you do
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但是當他發表這演講時，當時你要如何
12:00
to build the stronger, better society?
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建構一個更強更好的社會？
12:02
You could fight for your country, you could die for your country,
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你能為你的國家打仗，捐軀
12:05
you could serve in your country's civil service,
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你能為國服兵役
12:07
but you didn't really have the information and the knowledge
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但那時的人沒有像現在的人
12:11
and the ability to help build the stronger society in the way that you do now.
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擁有建構更好的社會的能力和知識。
12:16
And I think an even more wonderful speech,
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我覺得，還有一個更好的演講
12:19
which I'm going to read a big chunk of,
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我現在要跟你們讀一段
12:23
which sums up what I said at the beginning
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這也為我之前所說的做結論：
12:25
about believing there is more to life than money,
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生命中有比金錢更重要的事
12:28
and more that we should try and measure than money.
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有比金錢更需去追求和衡量的事。
12:31
And it is Robert Kennedy's beautiful description
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那就是勞伯.甘乃迪說的
12:33
of why gross national product captures so little:
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爲什麽國民生産毛額不夠代表性。
12:36
It "does not allow for the health of our children,
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因爲它不能衡量國内幼兒的健康
12:39
the quality of their education, or the joy of their play.
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他們教育的品質、或他們遊戲的快樂。
12:42
It does not include the beauty of our poetry or the strength of our marriages,
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它不能衡量一首詩的美麗、一段婚姻的堅固
12:46
the intelligence of our public debate.
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或是一場辯論裏面的智慧。
12:48
It measures neither our wit nor our courage,
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它不能衡量我們的聰明或勇氣
12:51
neither our wisdom nor our learning,
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我們的智慧或學習
12:53
neither our compassion nor our devotion to our country.
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也不能衡量我們對國家的熱情和忠心。
12:56
It measures everything, in short,
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總歸一句話，它衡量了一切
12:58
except that which makes life worthwhile."
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但是漏掉了讓我們不虛此生的因素。
13:01
Again, a sentiment that was so noble and beautifully put 40 years ago,
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再一次，這是多麽高貴優美的情感
13:06
and a beautiful dream 40 years ago,
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是40年前很美的一個夢想
13:09
but now with the huge advances in information technology,
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現在藉著資訊科技的進步
13:13
with the massive changes in behavioral economics,
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和行爲經濟學上的大進步
13:16
with all that we know about how you advance well-being,
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還有增進國民福祉的知識
13:20
that if we combine those insights
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如果我們結合所有這些想法：
13:22
of giving power to people, and using information to make that possible,
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藉由資訊的使用、將權力給人民
13:26
and using the insight of going with the grain of human nature,
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並順從人性的發展
13:30
while at the same time, understanding why people behave in the way they do,
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去了解爲什麽大家都麽做的原因
13:34
it is a dream more easy to realize today
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那麽比起40年前，這個夢想
13:38
than it was when it was made in that beautiful speech 40 years ago.
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將更容易實現。
13:42
Thank you.
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謝謝。
13:44
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David Cameron - PoliticianDavid Cameron is the prime minister of the UK and the leader of the UK's Conservative Party.
Why you should listen
David Cameron became the prime minster of the United Kingdom in May 2010, leading a coalition government (the UK's first since World War II). He was elected leader of the Conservative Party in December 2005, and has been a Member of Parliament for the Witney constituency since 2001. Before he became an MP, he was a Special Adviser to the Chancellor of the Exchequer and then to the Home Secretary. He took a break to work in media for seven years, then stood for election in 2001 on an agenda of tax-cutting. (During the election, he also wrote a column for the Guardian.) As a new MP, he took several controversial positions, such as coming out in favor of the "harm reduction" drug policy. He became a member of the shadow cabinet (an alternative cabinet to the party in power) in 2003, and two years later became head of the party.
David Cameron | Speaker | TED.com