Mission Blue Voyage
Brian Skerry: The ocean's glory -- and horror
布萊恩-思凱揭露海洋的榮耀與驚悚
Filmed:
Readability: 4.1
1,622,599 views
攝影師布萊恩-思凱拍攝海面上及海面下的生物---如同他的主題一樣，將揭露海洋令人驚艷及擔憂的一面。藉由分享令人驚艷的海底生物的親密鏡頭，他亦表示如何能藉由這些有力的照片來保護並改變海洋生態。
Brian Skerry - Photographer
Brian Skerry is a photojournalist who captures images that not only celebrate the mystery and beauty of the sea but also bring attention to the pressing issue which endanger our oceans. Full bio
Brian Skerry is a photojournalist who captures images that not only celebrate the mystery and beauty of the sea but also bring attention to the pressing issue which endanger our oceans. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
I would like to share with you this morning
0
1000
3000
今天早晨我想要與各位分享
00:19
some stories about the ocean
1
4000
2000
一些關於海洋的故事
00:21
through my work as a still photographer
2
6000
2000
透過我身為一名靜態攝影師的工作
00:23
for National Geographic magazine.
3
8000
3000
為國家地理雜誌拍攝照片
00:26
I guess I became an underwater photographer
4
11000
2000
我想我會成為一名海面下的攝影師
00:28
and a photojournalist
5
13000
2000
以及一位攝影記者
00:30
because I fell in love with the sea as a child.
6
15000
2000
是因為當我還是個小男孩時我就愛上了大海
00:32
And I wanted to tell stories
7
17000
2000
而我想要告訴大家
00:34
about all the amazing things I was seeing underwater,
8
19000
3000
在海面下所見到的那些驚奇的故事
00:37
incredible wildlife and interesting behaviors.
9
22000
3000
令人感到震撼的生命以及牠們有趣的行為
00:40
And after even 30 years of doing this,
10
25000
2000
即使在從事三十年這樣的職業
00:42
after 30 years of exploring the ocean,
11
27000
2000
以及探索海洋超過三十年的時間
00:44
I never cease to be amazed
12
29000
2000
在大海中所遭遇的各種事物
00:46
at the extraordinary encounters that I have while I'm at sea.
13
31000
3000
永遠能為我帶來驚奇
00:49
But more and more frequently these days
14
34000
2000
然而這些日子，當我越加頻繁地接觸時
00:51
I'm seeing terrible things underwater as well,
15
36000
2000
我也發現了海面下那些令人感到恐懼的事情
00:53
things that I don't think most people realize.
16
38000
3000
一些我認為多數人都不了解的事
00:56
And I've been compelled to turn my camera towards these issues
17
41000
3000
因此我將照相機鎖定這些議題
00:59
to tell a more complete story.
18
44000
2000
來告訴大家一個更完整的故事
01:01
I want people to see what's happening underwater,
19
46000
2000
我想要人們看見海面下發生的事
01:03
both the horror and the magic.
20
48000
3000
包括恐怖的、不可思議的
01:06
The first story that I did for National Geographic,
21
51000
2000
第一個故事是我為國家地理雜誌所拍攝
01:08
where I recognized the ability to include
22
53000
2000
在那裡我體認到自己有能力
01:10
environmental issues within a natural history coverage,
23
55000
3000
可以在自然歷史的封面故事下加入環境議題
01:13
was a story I proposed on harp seals.
24
58000
3000
我拍攝的對象是海豹
01:16
The story I wanted to do initially
25
61000
2000
而現在我想拍攝的故事，原本
01:18
was just a small focus to look at the few weeks each year
26
63000
3000
只是個小焦點，一年拍攝幾個星期而已
01:21
where these animals migrate down from the Canadian arctic
27
66000
3000
這段期間，海豹由加拿大極地遷徙而下
01:24
to the Gulf of St. Lawrence in Canada
28
69000
2000
至加拿大聖羅倫斯海灣
01:26
to engage in courtship, mating and to have their pups.
29
71000
3000
致力於求偶、交配以及產下牠們的小海豹
01:29
And all of this is played out against
30
74000
2000
所有的這一切生物行為
01:31
the backdrop of transient pack ice
31
76000
2000
皆在以風及潮汐為漂泊動力的
01:33
that moves with wind and tide.
32
78000
2000
冰層上面進行
01:35
And because I'm an underwater photographer,
33
80000
2000
因為我是一名海面下的攝影師
01:37
I wanted to do this story from both above and below,
34
82000
2000
我想要從海面上及海面下取材來拍攝這個故事
01:39
to make pictures like this that show one of these little pups
35
84000
3000
如同照片中這些小海豹的其中一隻
01:42
making its very first swim in the icy 29-degree water.
36
87000
3000
正在華氏29度的冰冷海水中，進行牠第一次的游泳 (攝氏-1.7度)
01:45
But as I got more involved in the story,
37
90000
2000
但是當我更深入這個主題
01:47
I realized that there were two big environmental issues I couldn't ignore.
38
92000
3000
我瞭解到有兩個重大的環境議題是我不能忽視的
01:50
The first was that these animals continue to be hunted,
39
95000
3000
第一個是這些動物持續地被獵殺
01:53
killed with hakapiks at about eight, 15 days old.
40
98000
3000
在大約八到十五天時被棘棒殺死
01:56
It actually is the largest marine mammal
41
101000
2000
這實際上也是在這星球上最大的
01:58
slaughter on the planet,
42
103000
2000
海洋哺乳類動物大屠殺
02:00
with hundreds of thousands of these seals being killed every year.
43
105000
3000
每年都有成千上萬的海豹被屠殺
02:03
But as disturbing as that is,
44
108000
2000
但是更令人感到不安的是
02:05
I think the bigger problem for harp seals
45
110000
2000
我認為對加拿大海豹所遭遇最大的問題是
02:07
is the loss of sea ice due to global warming.
46
112000
2000
由於全球暖化，海面上的冰層正逐年減少
02:09
This is an aerial picture that I made that shows
47
114000
2000
這是一張我所拍攝的航空照片
02:11
the Gulf of St. Lawrence during harp seal season.
48
116000
3000
照片為在海豹繁殖季節時聖羅倫斯海灣的冰層
02:14
And even though we see a lot of ice in this picture,
49
119000
2000
雖然我們在這張照片中看到了很多的冰層
02:16
there's a lot of water as well, which wasn't there historically.
50
121000
3000
然而冰層與冰層間也夾雜著很多海水，這些海水在歷史上是不曾存在的
02:19
And the ice that is there is quite thin.
51
124000
3000
而且照片中的冰層非常薄
02:22
The problem is that these pups need a stable platform of solid ice
52
127000
3000
問題是小海豹們需要一穩定的固體冰面
02:25
in order to nurse from their moms.
53
130000
2000
來從母海豹那得到哺育
02:27
They only need 12 days from the moment they're born until they're on their own.
54
132000
3000
從牠們出生到可以自己生活，只需要十二天的時間
02:30
But if they don't get 12 days,
55
135000
2000
但如果小海豹沒有得到這12天的時間
02:32
they can fall into the ocean and die.
56
137000
2000
牠們會跌入海洋而死亡
02:34
This is a photo that I made showing
57
139000
2000
這是一張我拍攝的照片
02:36
one of these pups that's only about five or seven days old --
58
141000
2000
其中一隻小海豹年僅約5或7天
02:38
still has a little bit of the umbilical cord on its belly --
59
143000
2000
肚子上仍有一些臍帶的痕跡
02:40
that has fallen in because of the thin ice,
60
145000
2000
因為冰層太薄而跌入海洋中
02:42
and the mother is frantically trying to push it up to breathe
61
147000
3000
小海豹的母親極盡所能地想要將小海豹推至海面上呼吸
02:45
and to get it back to stable purchase.
62
150000
2000
讓牠能回到穩固的冰面上
02:47
This problem has continued to grow each year since I was there.
63
152000
3000
從我在那拍攝照片開始，這個問題一年比一年嚴重
02:50
I read that last year the pup mortality rate
64
155000
2000
我閱讀了小海豹過去一年的死亡率報告
02:52
was 100 percent in parts of the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
65
157000
3000
在部分聖羅倫斯海灣區域，小海豹的死亡率為百分之百
02:55
So, clearly, this species has a lot of problems going forward.
66
160000
3000
因此，很明顯地，這個物種面臨許多問題
02:58
This ended up becoming a cover story at National Geographic.
67
163000
3000
這張照片最後也成為了國家地理雜誌的封面報導
03:01
And it received quite a bit of attention.
68
166000
2000
受到了眾多關注
03:03
And with that, I saw the potential to begin
69
168000
2000
藉由這則報導，我看到了開始
03:05
doing other stories about ocean problems.
70
170000
2000
拍攝其他與海洋問題相關報導的可能性
03:07
So I proposed a story on the global fish crisis,
71
172000
3000
因此我拍攝了一則以全球魚類危機為主題的報導
03:10
in part because I had personally witnessed
72
175000
3000
部分原因是因為親眼所見
03:13
a lot of degradation in the ocean over the last 30 years,
73
178000
2000
過去的三十年中，這類問題在海洋中的惡化過程
03:15
but also because I read a scientific paper
74
180000
2000
但也是因為我讀到了一篇科學文獻
03:17
that stated that 90 percent of the big fish in the ocean
75
182000
3000
指出有90%在海洋中的大型魚類
03:20
have disappeared in the last 50 or 60 years.
76
185000
2000
在過去的50或60年間已然消失無蹤
03:22
These are the tuna, the billfish and the sharks.
77
187000
3000
這些是鮪魚、梭魚以及鯊魚
03:25
When I read that, I was blown away by those numbers.
78
190000
2000
當我讀到這裡時，我被那些數字震懾住了
03:27
I thought this was going to be headline news in every media outlet,
79
192000
3000
我想這項研究應該會成為各個媒體出口的頭條新聞了吧
03:30
but it really wasn't, so I wanted to do a story
80
195000
3000
但實際上卻沒有，因此我想要報導這個故事
03:33
that was a very different kind of underwater story.
81
198000
3000
一個不同於一般海底主題的報導
03:36
I wanted it to be more like war photography,
82
201000
2000
我想要這主題成為更類似戰爭攝影的報導
03:38
where I was making harder-hitting pictures
83
203000
2000
其中我拍攝了一些難得一見、更為轟動的照片
03:40
that showed readers what was happening
84
205000
2000
以讓讀者清楚了解
03:42
to marine wildlife around the planet.
85
207000
2000
這個星球上海洋野生動物正遭遇的問題
03:44
The first component of the story that I thought was essential, however,
86
209000
3000
這篇報導我認為讀者必須了解的第一件事
03:47
was to give readers a sense of appreciation
87
212000
3000
是讀者必須對我們所食用的海洋生物
03:50
for the ocean animals that they were eating.
88
215000
2000
心存感激
03:52
You know, I think people go into a restaurant,
89
217000
2000
你知道嗎，我認為人們走進餐廳用餐
03:54
and somebody orders a steak, and we all know where steak comes from,
90
219000
3000
某人可能點了牛排，至少我們都知道牛排是從哪裡來
03:57
and somebody orders a chicken, and we know what a chicken is,
91
222000
3000
某人點了雞肉，而我們也都瞭解雞是怎樣的
04:00
but when they're eating bluefin sushi,
92
225000
2000
但當人們在吃黑鮪魚壽司時
04:02
do they have any sense of the magnificent animal that they're consuming?
93
227000
3000
是否了解他們所食用的生物是多麼宏偉而壯觀呢？
04:05
These are the lions and tigers of the sea.
94
230000
3000
這些偉大的生物是海中的獅子和老虎，是海中生物之王
04:08
In reality, these animals have no terrestrial counterpart;
95
233000
2000
事實上，這些生物在陸地上是沒有可以相對應的
04:10
they're unique in the world.
96
235000
2000
牠們在這世界上是獨一無二的
04:12
These are animals that can practically swim
97
237000
2000
照片中是那些實際上可由
04:14
from the equator to the poles
98
239000
2000
赤道游到北極的生物
04:16
and can crisscross entire oceans in the course of a year.
99
241000
3000
並且可以在一年之間來回穿越整個海洋的
04:19
If we weren't so efficient at catching them, because they grow their entire life,
100
244000
3000
如果不是人類大量的捕食，牠們是可以發展自己生活的
04:22
would have 30-year-old bluefin out there that weigh a ton.
101
247000
2000
就可能會有成長至30歲的黑鮪魚，並且重達一噸
04:24
But the truth is we're way too efficient at catching them,
102
249000
3000
事實是人類太過量的捕捉
04:27
and their stocks have collapsed worldwide.
103
252000
2000
導致黑鮪魚在世界上的存活量大跌
04:29
This is the daily auction at the Tsukiji Fish Market
104
254000
2000
這是在Tsukiji魚市場每日的拍賣情形
04:31
that I photographed a couple years ago.
105
256000
2000
照片拍攝於幾年前
04:33
And every single day these tuna, bluefin like this,
106
258000
3000
每一天這些黑鮪魚以及藍鰭魚
04:36
are stacked up like cordwood,
107
261000
2000
就像木材一樣被堆放在
04:38
just warehouse after warehouse.
108
263000
2000
一間又一間的倉庫
04:40
As I wandered around and made these pictures,
109
265000
2000
當我遊走在倉庫間拍攝這些照片時
04:42
it sort of occurred to me that the ocean's not a grocery store, you know.
110
267000
3000
我忽然覺得海洋並不是一個雜貨店
04:45
We can't keep taking without expecting
111
270000
2000
我們並不能夠
04:47
serious consequences as a result.
112
272000
3000
毫不顧慮後果地取用
04:50
I also, with the story, wanted to show readers
113
275000
2000
藉由這篇報導，我也想要告訴各位讀者
04:52
how fish are caught, some of the methods that are used to catch fish,
114
277000
3000
魚類是如何被各種方式所捕捉
04:55
like a bottom trawler, which is one of the most common methods in the world.
115
280000
3000
例如海底的漁船拖網，是最常見的捕魚方式之一
04:58
This was a small net that was being used in Mexico to catch shrimp,
116
283000
3000
這是一張墨西哥用來補抓蝦子的小網
05:01
but the way it works is essentially the same everywhere in the world.
117
286000
3000
但是它在世界各地的用法本質上都是一樣的
05:04
You have a large net in the middle
118
289000
2000
一張大網在中間
05:06
with two steel doors on either end.
119
291000
2000
兩端有兩道不銹鋼門
05:08
And as this assembly is towed through the water,
120
293000
2000
當此項配件在水裡進行拖曳
05:10
the doors meet resistance with the ocean,
121
295000
2000
門在海洋中遇到阻力
05:12
and it opens the mouth of the net,
122
297000
2000
網子則會因此而開啟
05:14
and they place floats at the top and a lead line on the bottom.
123
299000
3000
網子的頂端會放置浮標，底部則是一條鉛線
05:17
And this just drags over the bottom, in this case to catch shrimp.
124
302000
3000
透過這張網的鉛線在海底進行拖曳來捕蝦
05:20
But as you can imagine, it's catching everything else in its path as well.
125
305000
3000
但正如你所想像，網子在捕蝦的同時也網入了各式各樣的東西
05:23
And it's destroying that precious benthic community on the bottom,
126
308000
3000
並摧毀了海底珍貴的生物群落
05:26
things like sponges and corals,
127
311000
2000
例如海綿以及珊瑚
05:28
that critical habitat for other animals.
128
313000
2000
對那些海底生物而言即為十分重要的棲地
05:30
This photograph I made of the fisherman
129
315000
3000
這張照片是我拍攝一個漁夫
05:33
holding the shrimp that he caught after towing his nets for one hour.
130
318000
3000
握著撒網一小時所抓到的蝦子
05:36
So he had a handful of shrimp, maybe seven or eight shrimp,
131
321000
2000
照片中他拿著一把蝦子，可能有七或八隻蝦
05:38
and all those other animals on the deck of the boat are bycatch.
132
323000
3000
以及甲板上那些不小心被一起捕捉來的生物
05:41
These are animals that died in the process,
133
326000
2000
這些被一起捕捉來的生物正瀕臨死亡
05:43
but have no commercial value.
134
328000
2000
但是卻沒有任何商業價值
05:45
So this is the true cost of a shrimp dinner,
135
330000
2000
所以這才是那頓蝦子晚餐的真正花費
05:47
maybe seven or eight shrimp
136
332000
2000
裡頭可能只有七或八隻蝦
05:49
and 10 pounds of other animals that had to die in the process.
137
334000
3000
卻有十磅或更多的生物必須因為那些蝦子而瀕臨死亡
05:52
And to make that point even more visual, I swam under the shrimp boat
138
337000
3000
為了使這一點更加逼真，我游到了漁船的下方
05:55
and made this picture of the guy shoveling
139
340000
2000
並且拍到了這張漁夫
05:57
this bycatch into the sea as trash
140
342000
2000
正把捕捉到的如同垃圾的生物從船上鏟出
05:59
and photographed this cascade of death,
141
344000
2000
這張照片就是死掉的生物形成的小瀑布
06:01
you know, animals like guitarfish, bat rays,
142
346000
3000
你知道嗎，這些生物如犁頭鰩、蝙蝠魟
06:04
flounder, pufferfish, that only an hour before,
143
349000
3000
比目魚以及河豚，一小時前
06:07
were on the bottom of the ocean, alive,
144
352000
2000
在海底下還是活生生的
06:09
but now being thrown back as trash.
145
354000
2000
現在卻像垃圾一樣被丟回海底
06:11
I also wanted to focus on the shark fishing industry
146
356000
3000
我同時也想將焦點放在捕鯊業
06:14
because, currently on planet Earth,
147
359000
2000
因為目前在地球上
06:16
we're killing over 100 million sharks
148
361000
2000
我們每一年
06:18
every single year.
149
363000
2000
屠殺了超過一億隻的鯊魚
06:20
But before I went out to photograph this component,
150
365000
2000
但是當我想要拍攝這個部份時
06:22
I sort of wrestled with the notion of how do you make a picture of a dead shark
151
367000
3000
我忽然陷入將如何拍攝一隻死鯊魚
06:25
that will resonate with readers
152
370000
2000
才能引起讀者們迴響的沉思中
06:27
You know, I think there's still a lot of people out there who think
153
372000
2000
你知道嗎，我想仍然有一些人會認為
06:29
the only good shark is a dead shark.
154
374000
2000
一隻死掉的鯊魚才是一隻好鯊魚
06:31
But this one morning I jumped in and found this thresher
155
376000
2000
然而某一個早晨，我跳進水中，發現這隻
06:33
that had just recently died in the gill net.
156
378000
2000
剛死在刺網中的長尾鮫
06:35
And with its huge pectoral fins and eyes still very visible,
157
380000
3000
牠巨大的胸鰭以及眼睛尚清晰可見
06:38
it struck me as sort of a crucifixion, if you will.
158
383000
3000
如果你親眼所見，定會像是看到牠被釘十字架般的震驚
06:41
This ended up being the lead picture
159
386000
2000
這張照片最終成為了
06:43
in the global fishery story in National Geographic.
160
388000
2000
國家地理雜誌關於全球漁業報導的主要照片
06:45
And I hope that it helped readers to take notice
161
390000
2000
我希望能幫助讀者們注意到
06:47
of this problem of 100 million sharks.
162
392000
3000
這一億隻鯊魚艱難的處境
06:50
And because I love sharks -- I'm somewhat obsessed with sharks --
163
395000
3000
並且因為我熱愛鯊魚，為牠們著迷
06:53
I wanted to do another, more celebratory, story about sharks,
164
398000
2000
我也想為大家呈現較為令人喜悅的關於鯊魚的報導
06:55
as a way of talking about the need for shark conservation.
165
400000
3000
作為探討鯊魚保育的重要性
06:58
So I went to the Bahamas
166
403000
2000
因此我去了一趟巴哈馬群島
07:00
because there're very few places in the world
167
405000
2000
因為那裏是全球少數幾個
07:02
where sharks are doing well these days,
168
407000
2000
鯊魚保育做得很好的地方
07:04
but the Bahamas seem to be a place where stocks were reasonably healthy,
169
409000
3000
巴哈馬群島的鯊魚存量似乎保育良好
07:07
largely due to the fact that the government there
170
412000
3000
也許是因為政府
07:10
had outlawed longlining several years ago.
171
415000
2000
幾年前已明文規定捕獵鯊魚是不合法的
07:12
And I wanted to show several species
172
417000
2000
並且我想要為大家呈現一些
07:14
that we hadn't shown much in the magazine and worked in a number of locations.
173
419000
3000
雜誌上未展示太多的，我工作地點的照片
07:17
One of the locations was this place called Tiger Beach,
174
422000
3000
其中一個地點是一個叫做老虎灘的地方
07:20
in the northern Bahamas where tiger sharks
175
425000
2000
位於巴哈馬群島的北方
07:22
aggregate in shallow water.
176
427000
2000
在那裏有集結成群的老虎鯊
07:24
This is a low-altitude photograph that I made
177
429000
2000
這則是在低海拔地區所拍攝的照片
07:26
showing our dive boat with about a dozen of these big old tiger sharks
178
431000
3000
照片中為被這些年邁的大型老虎鯊所包圍的潛水艇
07:29
sort of just swimming around behind.
179
434000
2000
就好像牠們游在我們周遭以及後方一樣
07:31
But the one thing I definitely didn't want to do with this coverage
180
436000
3000
但是我絕對不希望這張封面照片
07:34
was to continue to portray sharks as something like monsters.
181
439000
3000
使鯊魚一直被描述成如同野獸一般
07:37
I didn't want them to be overly threatening or scary.
182
442000
3000
我不希望這些老虎鯊是極具威脅性及令人驚懼的
07:40
And with this photograph of a beautiful
183
445000
2000
這張照片是一隻美麗的
07:42
15-feet, probably 14-feet, I guess,
184
447000
2000
15呎長...也許14呎長的
07:44
female tiger shark,
185
449000
2000
母虎鯊
07:46
I sort of think I got to that goal,
186
451000
3000
就像覺得自己達成目的一般
07:49
where she was swimming with these little barjacks off her nose,
187
454000
3000
當牠在水中游曳時，有一些平線若鰺游過牠的鼻側
07:52
and my strobe created a shadow on her face.
188
457000
2000
我的閃光燈在牠臉上造成了一道陰影
07:54
And I think it's a gentler picture, a little less threatening,
189
459000
2000
我認為這是一張較為溫和的照片，也較不具威脅性
07:56
a little more respectful of the species.
190
461000
2000
對這個物種也有較多尊重
07:58
I also searched on this story
191
463000
2000
我也檢閱了一些關於
08:00
for the elusive great hammerhead,
192
465000
2000
這隻虛幻的大頭槌鯊的報導
08:02
an animal that really hadn't been photographed much
193
467000
2000
一隻直到在七或十年前
08:04
until maybe about seven or 10 years ago.
194
469000
2000
才開始有一些相關照片拍攝的生物
08:06
It's a very solitary creature.
195
471000
2000
槌頭鯊事實上是一隻非常神秘的生物
08:08
But this is an animal that's considered data deficient by science
196
473000
3000
無論是在佛羅里達或是巴哈馬群島
08:11
in both Florida and in the Bahamas.
197
476000
2000
科學上的數據皆十分缺乏
08:13
You know, we know almost nothing about them.
198
478000
2000
我們對牠們幾乎一無所知
08:15
We don't know where they migrate to or from,
199
480000
2000
我們不知道他們遷入或是遷出的地點
08:17
where they mate, where they have their pups,
200
482000
2000
也不知道牠們在哪交配，生下小槌頭鯊
08:19
and yet, hammerhead populations in the Atlantic
201
484000
2000
然而，在大西洋的槌頭鯊族群在過去的20至30年間
08:21
have declined about 80 percent in the last 20 to 30 years.
202
486000
3000
數量卻減少了大約百分之八十
08:24
You know, we're losing them faster than we can possibly find them.
203
489000
3000
你知道嗎，我們失去牠們的速度遠比我們能找到牠們的要快
08:27
This is the oceanic whitetip shark,
204
492000
3000
這是一隻白鰭鯊
08:30
an animal that is considered the fourth most dangerous species,
205
495000
2000
如果你留意相關的列表
08:32
if you pay attention to such lists.
206
497000
2000
白鰭鯊被認為是四種最危險的物種之一
08:34
But it's an animal that's about 98 percent in decline
207
499000
3000
在大多數牠們活動的範圍內
08:37
throughout most of its range.
208
502000
2000
其消逝率亦達98%
08:39
Because this is a pelagic animal and it lives out in the deeper water,
209
504000
3000
因為牠們是一種生活在遠洋及深海中的生物
08:42
and because we weren't working on the bottom,
210
507000
2000
並且因為我們不是在海底工作
08:44
I brought along a shark cage here,
211
509000
2000
我帶了一只鯊魚籠至海底
08:46
and my friend, shark biologist Wes Pratt is inside the cage.
212
511000
3000
而我的朋友，鯊魚生物學家，維斯-普瑞特則在籠子內
08:49
You'll see that the photographer, of course, was not inside the cage here,
213
514000
3000
你所看到的這張照片，攝影師當然沒有在籠內
08:52
so clearly the biologist is a little smarter than the photographer I guess.
214
517000
3000
我想很明顯地，我的朋友比攝影師要來得聰明一些
08:55
And lastly with this story,
215
520000
2000
在這則報導的最後
08:57
I also wanted to focus on baby sharks, shark nurseries.
216
522000
3000
我想要針對鯊魚寶寶的哺育進行報導
09:00
And I went to the island of Bimini, in the Bahamas,
217
525000
3000
因此我去到了巴哈馬群島中的Bimini島
09:03
to work with lemon shark pups.
218
528000
2000
與小檸檬鯊一起工作
09:05
This is a photo of a lemon shark pup,
219
530000
2000
這是一張小檸檬鯊的照片
09:07
and it shows these animals where they live for the first two to three years of their lives
220
532000
3000
顯示牠們在紅樹林保護區裡
09:10
in these protective mangroves.
221
535000
2000
度過一生中第一個二至三年
09:12
This is a very sort of un-shark-like photograph.
222
537000
3000
這是一張非常不同於一般鯊魚的照片
09:15
It's not what you typically might think of as a shark picture.
223
540000
3000
不是你所能想像到的鯊魚
09:18
But, you know, here we see a shark that's maybe 10 or 11 inches long
224
543000
3000
但是，你知道嗎，在這裡我們看到一隻可能有10或11吋長的鯊魚
09:21
swimming in about a foot of water.
225
546000
2000
游在只有一呎深的水中
09:23
But this is crucial habitat and it's where they spend the first two, three years of their lives,
226
548000
3000
然而這對鯊魚而言是非常重要的棲地，也是牠們出生後要待上二至三年的地方
09:26
until they're big enough to go out on the rest of the reef.
227
551000
3000
直到牠們成長至能夠游出暗礁外的其他地方生活為止
09:29
After I left Bimini, I actually learned
228
554000
2000
在我離開Bimini，我才知道
09:31
that this habitat was being bulldozed
229
556000
2000
這個棲地正被挖土機夷平
09:33
to create a new golf course and resort.
230
558000
3000
以打造一個全新的高爾夫球場以及度假勝地
09:36
And other recent stories have looked at
231
561000
2000
如果你願意，讓我們來看看一些最近其他的報導
09:38
single, flagship species, if you will,
232
563000
2000
關注於單一的旗艦物種
09:40
that are at risk in the ocean
233
565000
2000
在海洋中所面臨的風險
09:42
as a way of talking about other threats.
234
567000
3000
作為說明其他威脅的一種方式
09:45
One such story I did documented the leatherback sea turtle.
235
570000
3000
其中一則關於棱龜的記錄報導
09:48
This is the largest, widest-ranging,
236
573000
2000
這是所有海龜物種中最大、分布最廣的
09:50
deepest-diving and oldest of all turtle species.
237
575000
3000
棱龜也是所有海龜物種中活最久、可潛至最深者
09:53
Here we see a female crawling
238
578000
2000
這裡我們可以看到一雌性海龜正從月光下的
09:55
out of the ocean under moonlight
239
580000
2000
海洋中爬出
09:57
on the island of Trinidad.
240
582000
2000
至Trinidad的小島上
09:59
These are animals whose lineage dates back about 100 million years.
241
584000
3000
這些海龜的家世可追朔至1億年前
10:02
And there was a time in their lifespan
242
587000
2000
在牠們一生的壽命中
10:04
where they were coming out of the water to nest
243
589000
2000
海龜也曾經爬出海面築巢
10:06
and saw Tyrannosaurus rex running by.
244
591000
2000
看見雷克斯暴龍從眼前跑過
10:08
And today, they crawl out and see condominiums.
245
593000
3000
然而今日，牠們爬出海灘，映入眼前的卻是高樓大廈
10:11
But despite this amazing longevity,
246
596000
2000
儘管海龜的長壽令人驚奇
10:13
they're now considered critically endangered.
247
598000
3000
卻也瀕臨絕種
10:16
In the Pacific, where I made this photograph,
248
601000
2000
在太平洋，我拍攝這張照片的地點
10:18
their stocks have declined about 90 percent
249
603000
2000
牠們的存活量在過去的十五年中
10:20
in the last 15 years.
250
605000
2000
大約降低了90%
10:22
This is a photograph that shows a hatchling
251
607000
3000
這是一張拍攝正在孵化
10:25
about to taste saltwater for the very first time
252
610000
2000
準備品嘗生命中第一口海水的小海龜
10:27
beginning this long and perilous journey.
253
612000
2000
正要展開這漫長而冒險的旅程
10:29
Only one in a thousand
254
614000
2000
僅有一千分之一的
10:31
leatherback hatchlings will reach maturity.
255
616000
2000
棱皮龜孵化後會成熟
10:33
But that's due to natural predators
256
618000
2000
這是由於大自然的掠食者所致
10:35
like vultures that pick them off on a beach
257
620000
2000
如禿鷹會將其叼起丟至海灘上
10:37
or predatory fish that are waiting offshore.
258
622000
3000
或是魚類會在岸邊等候掠食
10:40
Nature has learned to compensate with that,
259
625000
2000
然而大自然會有其補償之道
10:42
and females have multiple clutches of eggs
260
627000
2000
例如雌性生物能夠一次產出很多蛋
10:44
to overcome those odds.
261
629000
2000
來克服那些不利的局面
10:46
But what they can't deal with is anthropogenic stresses,
262
631000
3000
然而牠們卻對人類的逼迫無能為力
10:49
human things, like this picture that shows
263
634000
2000
如這張照片所顯示
10:51
a leatherback caught at night in a gill net.
264
636000
3000
一隻棱龜在深夜被刺網所捕
10:54
I actually jumped in and photographed this,
265
639000
2000
實際上此時我是在漁夫的許可之下
10:56
and with the fisherman's permission,
266
641000
2000
跳入水中並且拍攝了這張照片
10:58
I cut the turtle out, and it was able to swim free.
267
643000
2000
我剪斷了網將海龜放出使牠可以重獲自由
11:00
But, you know, thousands of other leatherbacks each year
268
645000
3000
但是，你知道每年有數以千計的棱龜
11:03
are not so fortunate,
269
648000
2000
並非如此幸運嗎？
11:05
and the species' future is in great danger.
270
650000
2000
而那些物種的未來正面臨空前的危機
11:07
Another charismatic megafauna species that I worked with
271
652000
3000
另一我所拍攝的具有吸引力的大型物種
11:10
is the story I did on the right whale.
272
655000
2000
為露脊鯨
11:12
And essentially, the story is this with right whales,
273
657000
2000
基本上，關於露脊鯨的報導是這樣的
11:14
that about a million years ago, there was
274
659000
2000
大約在一百萬年前
11:16
one species of right whale on the planet,
275
661000
2000
有一種露脊鯨物種是生存在陸地上的
11:18
but as land masses moved around and oceans became isolated,
276
663000
3000
但是當大陸板塊移動，海洋被其分割
11:21
the species sort of separated,
277
666000
2000
露脊鯨的物種便被分開了
11:23
and today we have essentially two distinct stocks.
278
668000
2000
因此今日我們可以看到兩個不同的物種
11:25
We have the Southern right whale that we see here
279
670000
2000
這裡我們可以看到南方露脊鯨
11:27
and the North Atlantic right whale that we see here
280
672000
3000
以及北大西洋露脊鯨母子
11:30
with a mom and calf off the coast of Florida.
281
675000
2000
正從佛羅里達的海岸離開
11:32
Now, both species were hunted to the brink of extinction
282
677000
2000
現今兩種物種皆因捕鯨者之故
11:34
by the early whalers,
283
679000
2000
而瀕臨滅絕
11:36
but the Southern right whales have rebounded a lot better
284
681000
2000
但是南方露脊鯨之生態得以有一些回復
11:38
because they're located in places
285
683000
2000
因為牠們所處的區域
11:40
farther away from human activity.
286
685000
2000
離人類活動較遠
11:42
The North Atlantic right whale is listed as
287
687000
2000
北大西洋露脊鯨被列為
11:44
the most endangered species on the planet today
288
689000
2000
現今地球上瀕臨滅絕最嚴重的物種
11:46
because they are urban whales; they live along the east coast
289
691000
3000
因為牠們是都市鯨，沿著北美洲的
11:49
of North America, United States and Canada,
290
694000
2000
美國及加拿大東岸生活
11:51
and they have to deal with all these urban ills.
291
696000
3000
而牠們必須歷經一些都市所造成的問題
11:54
This photo shows an animal popping its head out at sunset off the coast of Florida.
292
699000
3000
這張照片為夕陽中海中生物，在離佛羅里達海岸不遠處探出頭來
11:57
You can see the coal burning plant in the background.
293
702000
3000
你可以看到作為背景正在燃燒煤炭的工廠
12:00
They have to deal with things like toxins and pharmaceuticals
294
705000
2000
這些鯨魚必須面對都市工廠排放、
12:02
that are flushed out into the ocean,
295
707000
2000
沖入海洋的毒素以及藥物
12:04
and maybe even affecting their reproduction.
296
709000
2000
這類毒素以及藥物更有可能進一步影響其繁殖
12:06
They also get entangled in fishing gear.
297
711000
2000
牠們也有可能被捲入漁具
12:08
This is a picture that shows the tail of a right whale.
298
713000
3000
這是一隻露脊鯨的尾巴
12:11
And those white markings are not natural markings.
299
716000
2000
尾巴上那些白色斑點並非與生俱來
12:13
These are entanglement scars.
300
718000
2000
而是由於被捲入漁具所造成的疤痕
12:15
72 percent of the population has such scars,
301
720000
3000
露脊鯨族群中約有72%的數量具有此疤痕
12:18
but most don't shed the gear, things like lobster traps and crab pots.
302
723000
3000
但是多數的生物卻無法從捕漁的工具逃脫，如龍蝦陷阱和捕蟹籠
12:21
They hold on to them, and it eventually kills them.
303
726000
3000
這些裝置緊緊纏住牠們，最後殺死牠們
12:24
And the other problem is they get hit by ships.
304
729000
2000
另一個問題則是海中的生物常遭漁船撞傷
12:26
And this was an animal that was struck by a ship
305
731000
2000
這張照片是在加拿大的Nova Scotia
12:28
in Nova Scotia, Canada
306
733000
2000
照片中的生物因被漁船撞擊而受了重傷
12:30
being towed in, where they did a necropsy
307
735000
2000
在拖回這隻動物後，他們進行驗屍
12:32
to confirm the cause of death,
308
737000
2000
來確定死因
12:34
which was indeed a ship strike.
309
739000
2000
而此死因確實是由漁船撞擊所致
12:36
So all of these ills are stacking up against these animals
310
741000
3000
因此這些弊端皆針對這些生物
12:39
and keeping their numbers very low.
311
744000
2000
導致這些生物的存活量非常少
12:41
And to draw a contrast with that beleaguered North Atlantic population,
312
746000
3000
為了與北大西洋被包圍的族群對比
12:44
I went to a new pristine population of Southern right whales
313
749000
3000
我找來了新的原始族群，南方露脊鯨作為比較
12:47
that had only been discovered about 10 years ago
314
752000
2000
南方露脊鯨大約在十年前
12:49
in the sub-Antarctic of New Zealand, a place called the Auckland Islands.
315
754000
3000
才在紐西蘭的南極區域，一個叫做奧克蘭島群的地方被發現
12:52
I went down there in the winter time.
316
757000
2000
我去到那邊時已是冬天
12:54
And these are animals that had never seen humans before,
317
759000
2000
這些南方露脊鯨從來沒有見過人類
12:56
and I was one of the first people they probably had ever seen.
318
761000
2000
而我可能是牠們第一個看見過的人類
12:58
And I got in the water with them,
319
763000
2000
我潛到水中與牠們在一起
13:00
and I was amazed at how curious they were.
320
765000
2000
我很訝異牠們對我是如此好奇
13:02
This photograph shows my assistant standing on the bottom at about 70 feet
321
767000
3000
這張照片是我的助理站在約70呎深的海底
13:05
and one of these amazingly beautiful, 45-foot,
322
770000
3000
這是一隻令人驚艷的鯨魚
13:08
70-ton whales,
323
773000
2000
45呎長，70噸重
13:10
like a city bus just swimming up, you know.
324
775000
2000
你知道的，當牠游過身旁時，就像一部巴士開過
13:12
They were in perfect condition,
325
777000
2000
牠們的狀態良好
13:14
very fat and healthy, robust, no entanglement scars,
326
779000
3000
很肥、很健康、很壯碩，沒有被捲入器具所留下的疤痕
13:17
the way they're supposed to look.
327
782000
2000
這才應該是露脊鯨本來的樣貌
13:19
You know, I read that the pilgrims, when they landed at Plymouth Rock
328
784000
2000
當我閱讀清教徒的歷史，他們在1620年於麻州
13:21
in Massachusetts in 1620,
329
786000
2000
的普利矛斯岩登陸
13:23
wrote that you could walk across Cape Cod Bay
330
788000
2000
文中寫到那時候人們可以騎在露脊鯨的背上
13:25
on the backs of right whales.
331
790000
2000
橫跨整個海德角海灣
13:27
And we can't go back and see that today,
332
792000
2000
我們無法回到當時，也無法在今日看到當時的情景
13:29
but maybe we can preserve what we have left.
333
794000
2000
但是我們或許可以保護現在我們還擁有的
13:31
And I wanted to close this program with a story of hope,
334
796000
3000
我想要在這篇關於海洋保育報導的最後
13:34
a story I did on marine reserves
335
799000
2000
賦予這則故事希望
13:36
as sort of a solution
336
801000
2000
並且作為對於過度漁獵，全球魚類危機
13:38
to the problem of overfishing, the global fish crisis story.
337
803000
3000
的解決辦法
13:41
I settled on working in the country of New Zealand
338
806000
2000
我在紐西蘭定居，並在那兒工作
13:43
because New Zealand was rather progressive,
339
808000
2000
因為紐西蘭較為先進
13:45
and is rather progressive in terms of protecting their ocean.
340
810000
3000
在對海洋的保育上也十分積極
13:48
And I really wanted this story to be about three things:
341
813000
2000
我希望這則報導與三件事有關
13:50
I wanted it to be about abundance,
342
815000
2000
我希望它是豐富、
13:52
about diversity and about resilience.
343
817000
2000
多樣性以及具有恢復性的
13:54
And one of the first places I worked
344
819000
2000
我第一個工作的地點
13:56
was a reserve called Goat Island
345
821000
2000
位在紐西蘭的Leigh
13:58
in Leigh of New Zealand.
346
823000
2000
一個叫做山羊島的保育地
14:00
What the scientists there told me was that
347
825000
2000
在那裏的科學家跟我說
14:02
when protected this first marine reserve in 1975,
348
827000
3000
當1975年第一次開始海洋保育時
14:05
they hoped and expected that certain things might happen.
349
830000
3000
他們希望並且期盼保育能夠有成效
14:08
For example, they hoped that certain species of fish
350
833000
2000
例如，他們希望特定的魚種
14:10
like the New Zealand snapper would return
351
835000
2000
如紐西蘭的真鯛能夠透過海洋保育而回到這片海洋中
14:12
because they had been fished to the brink of commercial extinction.
352
837000
3000
為了商業發展的需求，真鯛曾來到了絕種的邊緣
14:15
And they did come back. What they couldn't predict was that other things would happen.
353
840000
3000
如今牠們的確回到了紐西蘭海洋中。然而卻發生了保育學家們意料之外的事
14:18
For example, these fish
354
843000
2000
例如這些魚種
14:20
predate on sea urchins,
355
845000
2000
會掠食海膽
14:22
and when the fish were all gone,
356
847000
2000
當這些真鯛消失時
14:24
all anyone ever saw underwater
357
849000
2000
每個人所看見的海底
14:26
was just acres and acres of sea urchins.
358
851000
3000
皆充斥者海膽
14:29
But when the fish came back
359
854000
2000
但當魚群們回到海洋中
14:31
and began predating and controlling the urchin population,
360
856000
2000
並且開始掠食以及控制海膽的族群數量
14:33
low and behold, kelp forests emerged in shallow water.
361
858000
3000
慢慢的，淺水灘開始出現了大型藻類
14:36
And that's because the urchins eat kelp.
362
861000
3000
而由於海膽以海藻為食
14:39
So when the fish control the urchin population,
363
864000
3000
因此當魚群控制海膽族群數量時
14:42
the ocean was restored to its natural equilibrium.
364
867000
2000
海洋得以回復自身的平衡
14:44
You know, this is probably how the ocean looked here
365
869000
2000
你知道嗎，這或許是海洋一、兩百年前的樣貌
14:46
one or 200 years ago, but nobody was around to tell us.
366
871000
3000
但是沒有人可以告訴我們是怎麼一回事
14:49
I worked in other parts of New Zealand as well,
367
874000
2000
我也在紐西蘭的其他
14:51
in beautiful, fragile, protected areas
368
876000
3000
美麗的、脆弱的以及受到保護的區域工作
14:54
like in Fiordland, where this sea pen colony was found.
369
879000
3000
像是在Fiordland，則發現了海筆的群落
14:57
Little blue cod swimming in for a dash of color.
370
882000
3000
藍色的小鱈魚也在紐西蘭的北邊游曳
15:00
In the northern part of New Zealand,
371
885000
2000
增添一抹色彩
15:02
I dove in the blue water, where the water's a little warmer,
372
887000
3000
我潛在藍色的海水中，拍攝海底生物，那裏的海水稍微暖些
15:05
and photographed animals like this giant sting ray
373
890000
2000
照片中這隻大型的魟魚
15:07
swimming through an underwater canyon.
374
892000
2000
正游過海底的峽谷
15:09
Every part of the ecosystem in this place
375
894000
2000
在這個區域，生態系統中的每一個環節
15:11
seems very healthy,
376
896000
2000
看起來皆十分健康
15:13
from tiny, little animals like a nudibrank
377
898000
2000
從渺小的生物如海蛞蝓
15:15
crawling over encrusting sponge
378
900000
2000
由結殼海綿上爬過
15:17
or a leatherjacket
379
902000
2000
或是一隻剝皮魚(馬面單棘魨)
15:19
that is a very important animal in this ecosystem
380
904000
2000
這隻生物在生態系統中扮演著十分重要的角色
15:21
because it grazes on the bottom and allows new life to take hold.
381
906000
3000
因為當牠們浮掠過海底上方，並使新生命得以在此根生
15:25
And I wanted to finish with this photograph,
382
910000
2000
我希望以一張
15:27
a picture I made on a very stormy day in New Zealand
383
912000
3000
在紐西蘭的暴風雨天所拍攝的照片來完結這個主題
15:30
when I just laid on the bottom
384
915000
2000
當我躺在海底
15:32
amidst a school of fish swirling around me.
385
917000
2000
一群魚兒在我身邊游曳著
15:34
And I was in a place that had only been protected
386
919000
2000
我在一處大約20年前
15:36
about 20 years ago.
387
921000
2000
才受到保育的地方
15:38
And I talked to divers that had been diving there for many years,
388
923000
3000
當我與在這裡潛水多年的潛水者交談時
15:41
and they said that the marine life was better here today
389
926000
2000
他們告訴我今日的海洋生態與1960年代相較
15:43
than it was in the 1960s.
390
928000
2000
已經改善許多
15:45
And that's because it's been protected,
391
930000
2000
這全是由於這個區域受到保育之故
15:47
that it has come back.
392
932000
2000
使得海洋生態得以回復原貌
15:49
So I think the message is clear.
393
934000
2000
因此我認為我想要傳達的訊息已十分明確
15:51
The ocean is, indeed, resilient and tolerant to a point,
394
936000
3000
即海洋在某種程度上是可以容忍我們的捕獵、破壞，且具有回復力的
15:54
but we must be good custodians.
395
939000
2000
但是我們取之有道並且懂得節制
15:56
I became an underwater photographer
396
941000
2000
我會成為一名海面下的攝影師
15:58
because I fell in love with the sea,
397
943000
2000
是因為我愛上了這片海洋
16:00
and I make pictures of it today because I want to protect it,
398
945000
3000
我今日我在這裡為大家呈現我所拍攝的照片，是因為我想保護這個海洋
16:03
and I don't think it's too late.
399
948000
2000
而我並不認為這樣做太遲
16:05
Thank you very much.
400
950000
2000
非常謝謝你的聆聽
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Brian Skerry - PhotographerBrian Skerry is a photojournalist who captures images that not only celebrate the mystery and beauty of the sea but also bring attention to the pressing issue which endanger our oceans.
Why you should listen
Using the camera as his tool of communication, Brian Skerry has spent the past three decades telling the stories of the ocean. His images portray not only the aesthetic wonder of the ocean but display an intense journalistic drive for relevance. Skerry's work brings to light the many pressing issues facing our oceans and its inhabitants. Typically spending eight months of the year in the field, he often face extreme conditions to capture his subjects. He has lived on the bottom of the sea, spent months aboard fishing boats and dived beneath the Arctic ice to get his shot. He has spent over 10,000 hours underwater.
A contract photographer for National Geographic Magazine since 1998, Brian Skerry has had twelve stories published in the magazine with several more upcoming.
Brian Skerry | Speaker | TED.com