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Joshua Smith: New nanotech to detect cancer early
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What if every home had an early-warning cancer detection system? Researcher Joshua Smith is developing a nanobiotechnology "cancer alarm" that scans for traces of disease in the form of special biomarkers called exosomes. In this forward-thinking talk, he shares his dream for how we might revolutionize cancer detection and, ultimately, save lives.
Joshua Smith - Cancer fighter
Motivated by his wife's bout with cancer, IBM's Joshua Smith applies his engineering expertise to early diagnosis. Full bio
Motivated by his wife's bout with cancer, IBM's Joshua Smith applies his engineering expertise to early diagnosis. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
"You have cancer."
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Sadly, about 40 percent of us will hear
those three words within our lifetime,
those three words within our lifetime,
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and half will not survive.
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This means that two out of five
of your closest friends and relatives
of your closest friends and relatives
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will be diagnosed
with some form of cancer,
with some form of cancer,
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and one will die.
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Beyond the physical hardships,
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roughly one-third
of cancer survivors here in the US
of cancer survivors here in the US
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will go into debt from treatment.
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And they're at least two and a half times
more likely to declare bankruptcy
more likely to declare bankruptcy
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than those without cancer.
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This disease is pervasive.
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It's emotionally draining
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and, for many,
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financially destructive.
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But a cancer diagnosis
doesn't have to be a death sentence.
doesn't have to be a death sentence.
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Finding cancer early,
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closer its genesis,
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is one of the critical factors
to improving treatment options,
to improving treatment options,
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reducing its emotional impact
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and minimizing financial burdens.
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Most importantly,
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finding cancer early --
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which is one of the primary
aims of my research --
aims of my research --
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greatly enhances your odds of survival.
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If we just look at the case
of breast cancer for example,
of breast cancer for example,
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we find that those who are diagnosed
and treated at stage one
and treated at stage one
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have a five-year survival rate
of nearly 100 percent --
of nearly 100 percent --
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odds that decrease to just 22 percent
if treated at stage four.
if treated at stage four.
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And similar trends are found
for colorectal and ovarian cancer.
for colorectal and ovarian cancer.
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Now, we're all aware
that an early diagnosis that is accurate
that an early diagnosis that is accurate
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is critical for survival.
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The problem is that many
cancer diagnostic tools are invasive,
cancer diagnostic tools are invasive,
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costly,
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often inaccurate
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and they can take an agonizing
amount of time to get the results back.
amount of time to get the results back.
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Still worse, when it comes
to some forms of cancer,
to some forms of cancer,
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such as ovarian,
liver or pancreatic cancer,
liver or pancreatic cancer,
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good screening methods simply don't exist,
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meaning that often people wait
until physical symptoms surface,
until physical symptoms surface,
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which are themselves already
indicators of late-stage progression.
indicators of late-stage progression.
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Like a tornado strike in an area
without an early warning system,
without an early warning system,
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there is no alarm to warn,
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for the danger is already at your doorstep
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when your odds of survival
are greatly reduced.
are greatly reduced.
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Having the convenience and accessibility
of regular screening options
of regular screening options
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that are affordable, noninvasive
and could provide results much sooner,
and could provide results much sooner,
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would provide us with a formidable
weapon in the fight against cancer.
weapon in the fight against cancer.
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An early warning would allow us
to get out ahead of the disease
to get out ahead of the disease
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instead of merely
following in its relentless wake.
following in its relentless wake.
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And this is exactly what I've been doing.
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For the past three years,
I've been developing technologies
I've been developing technologies
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that could ultimately aid clinicians
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with rapid, early-stage
cancer diagnostics.
cancer diagnostics.
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And I've been fueled
by a deep scientific curiosity,
by a deep scientific curiosity,
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and a passion to change these statistics.
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Last year however,
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this fight became much more personal
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when my wife was diagnosed
with breast cancer.
with breast cancer.
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It was an experience that added a strong
and unexpected emotional dimension
and unexpected emotional dimension
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to these efforts.
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I know firsthand how life-altering
treatment can be,
treatment can be,
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and I'm keenly aware
of the emotional havoc
of the emotional havoc
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that cancer can wreak on a family,
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which in our case
included our two young daughters.
included our two young daughters.
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Because we found it early
during a routine mammogram,
during a routine mammogram,
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we were able to focus
primarily on treatment options
primarily on treatment options
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for the localized tumor,
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reaffirming to me
how important an early diagnosis is.
how important an early diagnosis is.
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Unlike other forms of cancer,
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mammograms do offer an early-stage
screening option for breast cancer.
screening option for breast cancer.
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Still, not everyone has this done,
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or they may develop breast cancer
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before the middle age recommendation
for having a mammogram.
for having a mammogram.
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So, there's still
a lot of room for improvement,
a lot of room for improvement,
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even for cancers
that do have screening options,
that do have screening options,
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and, of course, considerable benefits
for those that don't.
for those that don't.
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A key challenge then
for cancer researchers
for cancer researchers
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is to develop methods
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that make regular screening
for many types of cancers
for many types of cancers
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much more accessible.
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Imagine a scenario
where during your regular checkup,
where during your regular checkup,
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your doctor can take
a simple, noninvasive urine sample,
a simple, noninvasive urine sample,
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or other liquid biopsy,
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and present you with the results
before you even leave the doctor's office.
before you even leave the doctor's office.
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Such a technology could
dramatically reduce the number of people
dramatically reduce the number of people
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who slip through the net
of an early-stage cancer diagnosis.
of an early-stage cancer diagnosis.
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My research team
of engineers and biochemists
of engineers and biochemists
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is working on exactly this challenge.
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We're working on ways to frequently
activate an early-stage cancer alarm
activate an early-stage cancer alarm
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by enabling regular screenings
that would start when a person is healthy
that would start when a person is healthy
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so that action could be taken
to stop cancer the moment it emerges,
to stop cancer the moment it emerges,
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and before it can progress
beyond its infancy.
beyond its infancy.
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The silver bullet in this case
are tiny vesicles,
are tiny vesicles,
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little escape pods regularly shed
by cells called exosomes.
by cells called exosomes.
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Exosomes are important biomarkers
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that provide an early-warning system
for the development of cancer.
for the development of cancer.
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And because they're abundantly present
in just about every bodily fluid,
in just about every bodily fluid,
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including blood, urine and saliva,
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they're extremely attractive
for noninvasive liquid biopsies.
for noninvasive liquid biopsies.
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There's just one problem.
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An automated system for rapidly sorting
these important biomarkers
these important biomarkers
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is not currently available.
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We've created a technology
that we call nano-DLD
that we call nano-DLD
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that is capable of precisely this:
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automated exosome isolation
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to aid rapid cancer diagnostics.
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Exosomes are the newest
early-warning weapon, if you will,
early-warning weapon, if you will,
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to emerge on the liquid biopsy front.
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And they're really, really small.
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They measure just 30 to 150
nanometers in diameter.
nanometers in diameter.
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This is so tiny
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that you could fit about a million
of them into a single red blood cell.
of them into a single red blood cell.
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That's roughly the difference
between a golf ball
between a golf ball
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and a fine grain piece of sand.
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Once thought to be little bins
for unwanted cellular waste,
for unwanted cellular waste,
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it has been found
that cells actually communicate
that cells actually communicate
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by producing and absorbing these exosomes
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which contain surface receptors,
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proteins and other genetic material
collected from their cell of origin.
collected from their cell of origin.
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When absorbed by a neighboring cell,
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exosomes release their contents
into the receiving cell,
into the receiving cell,
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and can set in motion
fundamental changes in gene expression --
fundamental changes in gene expression --
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some good,
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and this is where cancer comes in,
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some bad.
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Because they are clothed
in the material of the mother cell,
in the material of the mother cell,
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and contain a sample of its environment,
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they provide a genetic snapshot
of that cell's health and its origin.
of that cell's health and its origin.
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All of these qualities
make exosomes invaluable messengers
make exosomes invaluable messengers
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that potentially allow physicians
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to eavesdrop on your health
at the cellular level.
at the cellular level.
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To catch cancer early, however,
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you have to frequently
intercept these messages
intercept these messages
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to determine when cancer-causing
troublemakers within your body
troublemakers within your body
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decide to start staging a coup,
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which is why regular
screening is so critical
screening is so critical
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and why we're developing
technologies to make this possible.
technologies to make this possible.
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While the first exosome-based diagnostics
emerged on the market just this year,
emerged on the market just this year,
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they are not yet part
of mainstream healthcare options.
of mainstream healthcare options.
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In addition to their recent emergence,
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another factor that's limiting
their widespread adoption
their widespread adoption
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is that currently, no automated
exosome isolation system exists
exosome isolation system exists
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to make regular screening
economically accessible.
economically accessible.
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The current gold standard
for exosome isolation
for exosome isolation
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includes ultracentrifugation,
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a process requiring
expensive laboratory equipment,
expensive laboratory equipment,
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a trained lab tech
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and about 30 hours of time
to process a sample.
to process a sample.
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We've come up with a different approach
for achieving automated exosome isolation
for achieving automated exosome isolation
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from a sample such as urine.
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We use a chip-based, continuous flow
separation technique
separation technique
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called deterministic lateral displacement.
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And we have done with it
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what the semiconductor industry has done
so successfully for the past 50 years.
so successfully for the past 50 years.
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We shrunk the dimensions
of this technology
of this technology
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from the micron scale
to the true nanoscale.
to the true nanoscale.
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So how does it work?
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In a nutshell,
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a set of tiny pillars
separated by nanoscopic gaps
separated by nanoscopic gaps
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are arranged in such a way
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that the system divides
the fluid into streamlines,
the fluid into streamlines,
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with the larger cancer-related
nanoparticles being separated
nanoparticles being separated
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through a process of redirection
from the smaller, healthier ones,
from the smaller, healthier ones,
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which can in contrast
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move around the pillars
in a zigzag-type motion
in a zigzag-type motion
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in the direction of fluid flow.
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The net result is a complete separation
of these two particle populations.
of these two particle populations.
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You can visualize this separation process
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similar to traffic on a highway
that separates into two roads,
that separates into two roads,
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with one road going into
a low-clearance tunnel under a mountain,
a low-clearance tunnel under a mountain,
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and the other road going around it.
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Here, smaller cars
can go through the tunnel
can go through the tunnel
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while larger trucks,
carrying potentially hazardous material,
carrying potentially hazardous material,
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are forced to take the detour route.
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Traffic is effectively separated
by size and contents
by size and contents
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without impeding its flow.
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And this is exactly how our system works
on a much, much smaller scale.
on a much, much smaller scale.
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The idea here is that
the separation process for screening
the separation process for screening
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could be as simple as processing
a sample of urine, blood or saliva,
a sample of urine, blood or saliva,
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which is a near-term possibility
within the next few years.
within the next few years.
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Ultimately, it could be used
to isolate and detect target exosomes
to isolate and detect target exosomes
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associated with
a particular type of cancer,
a particular type of cancer,
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sensing and reporting
their presence within minutes.
their presence within minutes.
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This would make rapid diagnostics
virtually painless.
virtually painless.
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Broadly speaking,
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the ability to separate
and enrich biomarkers
and enrich biomarkers
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with nanoscale precision
in an automated way,
in an automated way,
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opens the door to better understanding
diseases such as cancer,
diseases such as cancer,
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with applications ranging
from sample preparation to diagnostics,
from sample preparation to diagnostics,
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and from drug resistance
monitoring to therapeutics.
monitoring to therapeutics.
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Even before my wife's bout with cancer,
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it was a dream of mine to facilitate
the automation of this process --
the automation of this process --
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to make regular screening more accessible,
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similar to the way Henry Ford
made the automobile accessible
made the automobile accessible
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to the general population
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through development of the assembly line.
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Automation is the key to accessibility.
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And in the spirit of the Hoover dream,
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"a chicken in every pot
and a car in every garage,"
and a car in every garage,"
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we're developing a technology
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that could ultimately place
an early-warning cancer detection system
an early-warning cancer detection system
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in every home.
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This would allow
every man, woman and child
every man, woman and child
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the opportunity to be regularly tested
while they're still healthy,
while they're still healthy,
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catching cancer when it first emerges.
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It is my hope and dream
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to help people around the world
avoid the high costs --
avoid the high costs --
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physical, financial and emotional --
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faced by today's cancer patients,
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hardships that I'm well acquainted with.
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I'm also happy to report that because
we caught my wife's cancer early,
we caught my wife's cancer early,
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her treatment was successful,
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and she is now, thankfully, cancer-free.
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(Applause)
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It is an outcome that I would like to see
for everyone with a cancer diagnosis.
for everyone with a cancer diagnosis.
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With the work that my team
has already done
has already done
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on separation of nanoscale biomarkers
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for rapid, early-stage cancer diagnostics,
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I am optimistic
that within the next decade,
that within the next decade,
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this type of technology will be available,
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helping protect our friends,
our family and future generations.
our family and future generations.
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Even if we are so unlucky
as to be diagnosed with cancer,
as to be diagnosed with cancer,
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that early-stage alarm
will provide a strong beacon of hope.
will provide a strong beacon of hope.
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Thank you.
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(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Joshua Smith - Cancer fighterMotivated by his wife's bout with cancer, IBM's Joshua Smith applies his engineering expertise to early diagnosis.
Why you should listen
As a research scientist and technical team lead for IBM's Nanobiotechnology Program, Dr. Joshua Smith researches innovative healthcare technologies at the intersection of engineering and biology to better understand disease progression.
Smith's team recently developed a chip-based solution that can rapidly isolate biomarkers as small as 20 nanometers to help identify cancer development even before symptoms occur. He is a sought-after speaker on the subject of lab-on-a-chip applications for healthcare and his work has been highlighted by Forbes, CNN Money, IEEE Spectrum and Pharma Technology Focus, among other media outlets. As a Research Staff Member and IBM Master Inventor, Smith has co-authored more than a dozen peer-reviewed scientific publications and is a co-inventor of more than 30 issued patents.
Currently, Smith is focusing on the development of a suite of core capabilities to manipulate, separate and detect individual macromolecules, providing a technological backbone for automation in sample preparation, diagnostics and therapeutics. When not with his colleagues in the lab, Smith enjoys teaching tomorrow's researchers and engineers at Columbia University.
Joshua Smith | Speaker | TED.com