ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Eli Pariser - Organizer and author
Pioneering online organizer Eli Pariser is the author of "The Filter Bubble," about how personalized search might be narrowing our worldview.

Why you should listen

Shortly after the September 11, 2001, attacks, Eli Pariser created a website calling for a multilateral approach to fighting terrorism. In the following weeks, over half a million people from 192 countries signed on, and Pariser rather unexpectedly became an online organizer. The website merged with MoveOn.org in November 2001, and Pariser -- then 20 years old -- joined the group to direct its foreign policy campaigns. He led what the New York Times Magazine called the "mainstream arm of the peace movement" -- tripling MoveOn's member base and demonstrating how large numbers of small donations could be mobilized through online engagement.

In 2004, Pariser became executive director of MoveOn. Under his leadership, MoveOn.org Political Action has grown to 5 million members and raised over $120 million from millions of small donors to support advocacy campaigns and political candidates. Pariser focused MoveOn on online-to-offline organizing, developing phone-banking tools and precinct programs in 2004 and 2006 that laid the groundwork for Barack Obama's extraordinary web-powered campaign. In 2008, Pariser transitioned the Executive Director role at MoveOn to Justin Ruben and became President of MoveOn’s board; he's now a senior fellow at the Roosevelt Institute.

His book The Filter Bubble is set for release May 12, 2011. In it, he asks how modern search tools -- the filter by which many of see the wider world -- are getting better and better and screening the wider world from us, by returning only the search results it "thinks" we want to see.

More profile about the speaker
Eli Pariser | Speaker | TED.com
TEDSummit 2019

Eli Pariser: What obligation do social media platforms have to the greater good?

Filmed:
1,378,802 views

Social media has become our new home. Can we build it better? Taking design cues from urban planners and social scientists, technologist Eli Pariser shows how the problems we're encountering on digital platforms aren't all that new -- and shares how, by following the model of thriving towns and cities, we can create trustworthy online communities.
- Organizer and author
Pioneering online organizer Eli Pariser is the author of "The Filter Bubble," about how personalized search might be narrowing our worldview. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
I was talking to a guy
at a party in California
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about tech platforms
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and the problems
they're creating in society.
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And he said, "Man, if the CEOs
just did more drugs
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and went to Burning Man,
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we wouldn't be in this mess."
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(Laughter)
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I said, "I'm not sure I agree with you."
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For one thing, most of the CEOs
have already been to Burning Man.
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(Laughter)
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But also, I'm just not sure
that watching a bunch of half-naked people
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run around and burn things
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is really the inspiration
they need right now.
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(Laughter)
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But I do agree that things are a mess.
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And so, we're going to come
back to this guy,
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but let's talk about the mess.
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Our climate's getting hotter and hotter.
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It's getting harder and harder
to tell truth from fiction.
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And we've got this global
migratory crisis.
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01:01
And just at the moment
when we really need new tools
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and new ways of coming
together as a society,
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it feels like social media
is kind of tearing at our civic fabric
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and setting us against each other.
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We've got viral
misinformation on WhatsApp,
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bullying on Instagram
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and Russian hackers on Facebook.
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And I think this conversation
that we're having right now
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about the harms that
these platforms are creating
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is so important.
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But I also worry
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that we could be letting a kind of good
existential crisis in Silicon Valley
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go to waste
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if the bar for success is just
that it's a little harder
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for Macedonian teenagers
to publish false news.
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The big question, I think, is not just
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what do we want platforms to stop doing,
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but now that they've effectively
taken control of our online public square,
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what do we need from them
for the greater good?
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To me, this is one of the most
important questions of our time.
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What obligations
do tech platforms have to us
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in exchange for the power we let them hold
over our discourse?
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I think this question is so important,
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because even if today’s platforms go away,
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we need to answer this question
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in order to be able to ensure
that the new platforms that come back
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are any better.
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So for the last year,
I've been working with Dr. Talia Stroud
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at the University of Texas, Austin.
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We've talked to sociologists
and political scientists
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and philosophers
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to try to answer this question.
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And at first we asked,
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"If you were Twitter or Facebook
and trying to rank content for democracy
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rather than for ad clicks or engagement,
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what might that look like?"
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But then we realized,
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this sort of suggests that
this is an information problem
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or a content problem.
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And for us, the platform crisis
is a people problem.
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It's a problem about the emergent
weird things that happen
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when large groups of people get together.
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And so we turned to another, older idea.
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We asked,
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"What happens when we think
about platforms as spaces?"
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We know from social psychology
that spaces shape behavior.
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You put the same group of people
in a room like this,
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and they're going to behave
really differently
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than in a room like this.
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When researchers put
softer furniture in classrooms,
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participation rates rose by 42 percent.
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And spaces even have
political consequences.
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When researchers looked at
neighborhoods with parks
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versus neighborhoods without,
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after adjusting for socioeconomic factors,
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they found that neighborhoods with parks
had higher levels of social trust
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and were better able to advocate
for themselves politically.
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So spaces shape behavior,
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partly by the way they're designed
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and partly by the way that they encode
certain norms about how to behave.
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We all know that there are some behaviors
that are OK in a bar
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that are not OK in a library,
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and maybe vice versa.
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And this gives us a little bit of a clue,
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because there are online spaces
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that encode these same kinds
of behavioral norms.
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So, for example, behavior on LinkedIn
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seems pretty good.
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Why?
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Because it reads as a workplace.
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And so people follow workplace norms.
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You can even see it in the way
they dress in their profile pictures.
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(Laughter)
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So if LinkedIn is a workplace,
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what is Twitter like?
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(Laughter)
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Well, it's like a vast, cavernous expanse,
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where there are people
talking about sports,
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arguing about politics,
yelling at each other, flirting,
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trying to get a job,
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all in the same place,
with no walls, no divisions,
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and the owner gets paid more
the louder the noise is.
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(Laughter)
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No wonder it's a mess.
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And this raises another thing
that become obvious
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when we think about platforms
in terms of physical space.
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Good physical spaces
are almost always structured.
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They have rules.
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Silicon Valley is built on this idea
that unstructured space is conducive
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for human behavior.
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And I actually think
there's a reason for this myopia
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built into the location
of Silicon Valley itself.
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So, Michele Gelfand is a sociologist
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who studies how norms
vary across cultures.
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And she watches how cultures like Japan --
which she calls "tight" --
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is very conformist, very rule-following,
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and cultures like Brazil are very loose.
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You can see this even in things like
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how closely synchronized
the clocks are on a city street.
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So as you can see, the United States
is one of the looser countries.
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And the loosest state
in the United States is,
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you got it, California.
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And Silicon Valley culture came out
of the 1970s Californian counterculture.
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So, just to recap:
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the spaces that the world is living in
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came out of the loosest culture
in the loosest state
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in one of the loosest
countries in the world.
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No wonder they undervalue structure.
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And I think this really matters,
because people need structure.
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You may have heard this word "anomie."
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It literally means
"a lack of norms" in French.
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It was coined by Émile Durkheim
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to describe the vast, overwhelming feeling
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that people have in spaces without norms.
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Anomie has political consequences.
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Because what Gelfand has found
is that, when things are too loose,
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people crave order and structure.
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And that craving for order and structure
correlates really strongly
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with support for people like these guys.
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(Laughter)
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I don't think it's crazy to ask
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if the structurelessness of online life
is actually feeding anxiety
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that's increasing a responsiveness
to authoritarianism.
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So how might platforms
bring people together
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in a way that creates meaning
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and helps people understand each other?
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And this brings me back
to our friend from Burning Man.
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Because listening to him, I realized:
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it's not just that Burning Man
isn't the solution --
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it's actually a perfect metaphor
for the problem.
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(Laughter)
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You know, it's a great place
to visit for a week,
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this amazing art city,
rising out of nowhere in the dust.
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But you wouldn't want to live there.
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(Laughter)
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There's no running water,
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there's no trash pickup.
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At some point, the hallucinogens run out,
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and you're stuck with a bunch
of wealthy white guys
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in the dust in the desert.
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(Laughter)
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Which, to me, is sometimes
how social media feels in 2019.
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(Laughter)
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A great, fun, hallucinatory place to visit
has become our home.
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And so,
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if we look at platforms
through the lens of spaces,
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we can then ask ourselves:
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Who knows how to structure spaces
for the public good?
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And it turns out, this is a question
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people have been thinking about
for a long time about cities.
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Cities were the original platforms.
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Two-sided marketplace?
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Check.
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Place to keep up with old friends
and distant relatives?
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Check.
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Vector for viral sharing?
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Check.
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In fact, cities have encountered
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a lot of the same social
and political challenges
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that platforms are now encountering.
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They've dealt with massive growth
that overwhelmed existing communities
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and the rise of new business models.
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They've even had new,
frictionless technologies
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that promised to connect everyone together
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and that instead deepened
existing social and race divides.
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But because of this history
of decay and renewal
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and segregation and integration,
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cities are the source
of some of our best ideas
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about how to build functional,
thriving communities.
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Faced with a top-down,
car-driven vision of city life,
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pioneers like Jane Jacobs said,
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let’s instead put human relationships
at the center of urban design.
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Jacobs and her fellow travelers
like Holly Whyte, her editor,
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were these really great observers
of what actually happened on the street.
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They watched: Where did
people stop and talk?
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When did neighbors become friends?
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And they learned a lot.
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For example, they noticed
that successful public places
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generally have three different ways
that they structure behavior.
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There's the built environment,
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you know, that we're going to put
a fountain here or a playground there.
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But then, there's programming,
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like, let's put a band at seven
and get the kids out.
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And there's this idea of mayors,
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people who kind of take this
informal ownership of a space
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to keep it welcoming and clean.
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All three of these things
actually have analogues online.
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But platforms mostly focus on code,
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on what's physically
possible in the space.
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And they focus much less on these
other two softer, social areas.
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What are people doing there?
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Who's taking responsibility for it?
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So like Jane Jacobs did for cities,
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Talia and I think we need
a new design movement
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for online space,
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one that considers
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not just "How do we build products
that work for users or consumers?"
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"How do we make something user-friendly?"
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but "How do we make products
that are public-friendly?"
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Because we need products
that don't serve individuals
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at the expense of the social fabric
on which we all depend.
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And we need it urgently,
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because political scientists tell us
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that healthy democracies
need healthy public spaces.
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So, the public-friendly digital design
movement that Talia and I imagine
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asks this question:
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What would this interaction be like
if it was happening in physical space?
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And it asks the reverse question:
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What can we learn
from good physical spaces
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about how to structure behavior
in the online world?
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For example, I grew up
in a small town in Maine,
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and I went to a lot of those
town hall meetings that you hear about.
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And unlike the storybook version,
they weren't always nice.
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Like, people had big conflicts,
big feelings ...
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It was hard sometimes.
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But because of the way
that that space was structured,
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we managed to land it OK.
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How?
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Well, here's one important piece.
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The downcast glance, the dirty look,
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the raised eyebrow, the cough ...
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When people went on too long
or lost the crowd,
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they didn't get banned or blocked
or hauled out by the police,
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they just got this soft,
negative social feedback.
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And that was actually very powerful.
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I think Facebook and Twitter
could build this,
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something like this.
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(Laughter)
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I think there are some other things
that online spaces can learn
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from offline spaces.
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Holly Whyte observed
that in healthy public spaces,
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there are often many different places
that afford different ways of relating.
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So the picnic table
where you have lunch with your family
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may not be suited for the romantic
walk with a partner
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or the talk with some business colleagues.
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And it's worth noting that in real space,
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in none of these places are there big,
visible public signs of engagement.
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So digital designers could think about
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what kind of conversations
do we actually want to invite,
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and how do we build specifically
for those kinds of conversations.
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Remember the park that we talked about
that built social trust?
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That didn't happen because people
were having these big political arguments.
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Most strangers don't actually
even talk to each other
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the first three or four
or five times they see each other.
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But when people,
even very different people,
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see each other a lot,
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they develop familiarity,
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13:32
and that creates
the bedrock for relationships.
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13:35
And I think, actually, you know,
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13:39
maybe that early idea of cyberspace
as kind of this bodiless meeting place
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13:44
of pure minds and pure ideas
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13:46
sent us off in the wrong direction.
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13:48
Maybe what we need instead
is to find a way to be in proximity,
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13:52
mostly talking amongst ourselves,
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2174
13:54
but all sharing the same warm sun.
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13:58
And finally:
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13:59
healthy public spaces create
a sense of ownership and equity.
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4199
14:04
And this is where the city metaphor
becomes challenging.
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14:07
Because, if Twitter is a city,
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14:09
it's a city that's owned
by just a few people
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14:12
and optimized for financial return.
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14:16
I think we really need
digital environments
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14:19
that we all actually have
some real ownership of,
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14:21
environments that respect
the diversity of human existence
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3992
14:25
and that give us some say
and some input into the process.
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14:28
And I think we need this urgently.
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14:30
Because Facebook right now --
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1865
14:32
I sort of think of, like, 1970s New York.
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2949
14:35
(Laughter)
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14:36
The public spaces are decaying,
there's trash in the streets,
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3214
14:40
people are kind of, like,
mentally and emotionally
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2476
14:42
warming themselves over burning garbage.
291
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2090
14:44
(Laughter)
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1364
14:46
And --
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1150
14:48
(Applause)
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5284
14:53
And the natural response to this
is to hole up in your apartment
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3343
14:56
or consider fleeing for the suburbs.
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2385
15:00
It doesn't surprise me
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15:01
that people are giving up
on the idea of online public spaces
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4269
15:05
the way that they've given up
on cities over their history.
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3485
15:10
And sometimes -- I'll be honest --
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898268
1714
15:12
it feels to me like this whole project
of, like, wiring up a civilization
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4293
15:16
and getting billions of people
to come into contact with each other
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3159
15:19
is just impossible.
303
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1411
15:22
But modern cities tell us
that it is possible
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15:25
for millions of people
who are really different,
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2246
15:27
sometimes living
right on top of each other,
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2881
15:30
not just to not kill each other,
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1674
15:32
but to actually build things together,
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2740
15:34
find new experiences,
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1333
15:36
create beautiful,
important infrastructure.
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3547
15:41
And we cannot give up on that promise.
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3881
15:45
If we want to solve the big,
important problems in front of us,
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4730
15:50
we need better online public spaces.
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2603
15:53
We need digital urban planners,
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2501
15:56
new Jane Jacobses,
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1151
15:57
who are going to build the parks
and park benches of the online world.
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4166
16:01
And we need digital,
public-friendly architects,
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3513
16:05
who are going to build
what Eric Klinenberg calls
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2530
16:07
"palaces for the people" --
libraries and museums and town halls.
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4343
16:12
And we need a transnational movement,
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2717
16:14
where these spaces
can learn from each other,
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2397
16:17
just like cities have,
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1216
16:18
about everything from urban farming
to public art to rapid transit.
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5171
16:25
Humanity moves forward
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2960
16:28
when we find new ways to rely on
and understand and trust each other.
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5442
16:34
And we need this now more than ever.
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2626
16:38
If online digital spaces
are going to be our new home,
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3793
16:42
let's make them a comfortable,
beautiful place to live,
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3619
16:45
a place we all feel not just included
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2302
16:48
but actually some ownership of.
330
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1816
16:50
A place we get to know each other.
331
998669
1819
16:53
A place you'd actually want
not just to visit
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3283
16:56
but to bring your kids.
333
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1440
16:59
Thank you.
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1159
17:00
(Applause)
335
1008310
4586

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Eli Pariser - Organizer and author
Pioneering online organizer Eli Pariser is the author of "The Filter Bubble," about how personalized search might be narrowing our worldview.

Why you should listen

Shortly after the September 11, 2001, attacks, Eli Pariser created a website calling for a multilateral approach to fighting terrorism. In the following weeks, over half a million people from 192 countries signed on, and Pariser rather unexpectedly became an online organizer. The website merged with MoveOn.org in November 2001, and Pariser -- then 20 years old -- joined the group to direct its foreign policy campaigns. He led what the New York Times Magazine called the "mainstream arm of the peace movement" -- tripling MoveOn's member base and demonstrating how large numbers of small donations could be mobilized through online engagement.

In 2004, Pariser became executive director of MoveOn. Under his leadership, MoveOn.org Political Action has grown to 5 million members and raised over $120 million from millions of small donors to support advocacy campaigns and political candidates. Pariser focused MoveOn on online-to-offline organizing, developing phone-banking tools and precinct programs in 2004 and 2006 that laid the groundwork for Barack Obama's extraordinary web-powered campaign. In 2008, Pariser transitioned the Executive Director role at MoveOn to Justin Ruben and became President of MoveOn’s board; he's now a senior fellow at the Roosevelt Institute.

His book The Filter Bubble is set for release May 12, 2011. In it, he asks how modern search tools -- the filter by which many of see the wider world -- are getting better and better and screening the wider world from us, by returning only the search results it "thinks" we want to see.

More profile about the speaker
Eli Pariser | Speaker | TED.com

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