TEDMED 2011
Sheila Nirenberg: A prosthetic eye to treat blindness
Sheila Nirenberg: Protetičko oko u liječenju sljepoće
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Na TEDMED-u, Sheila Nirenberg pokazuje hrabar način kako obnoviti vid ljudima s određenim tipovima sljepoće: spajanjem na optički živac i slanjem signala iz kamere izravno u mozak.
Sheila Nirenberg - Neuroscientist
Sheila Nirenberg studies how the brain encodes information -- possibly allowing us to decode it, and maybe develop prosthetic sensory devices. Full bio
Sheila Nirenberg studies how the brain encodes information -- possibly allowing us to decode it, and maybe develop prosthetic sensory devices. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I study how the brain processes
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Proučavam kako mozak obrađuje
00:17
information. That is, how it takes
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informacije, tj. kako preuzima
00:19
information in from the outside world, and
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informacije iz vanjskog svijeta i
00:21
converts it into patterns of electrical activity,
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pretvara ih u obrasce električne aktivnosti
00:23
and then how it uses those patterns
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te kako koristi te obrasce
00:25
to allow you to do things --
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da bismo mogli obavljati određene radnje –
00:27
to see, hear, to reach for an object.
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vidjeti, čuti, dosegnuti predmet.
00:29
So I'm really a basic scientist, not
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Ja sam obični znanstvenik,
00:31
a clinician, but in the last year and a half
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ne oftamolog, ali unatrag godinu i pol
00:33
I've started to switch over, to use what
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istraživala sam kako iskoristiti
00:35
we've been learning about these patterns
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znanje koje smo stekli o obrascima
00:37
of activity to develop prosthetic devices,
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električne aktivnosti kako bismo razvili protetičke uređaje.
00:40
and what I wanted to do today is show you
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Ono što danas želim učiniti jest pokazati vam
00:42
an example of this.
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primjer toga.
00:44
It's really our first foray into this.
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To je zaista naš prvi poduhvat u ovome.
00:46
It's the development of a prosthetic device
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Razvitak protetičkog uređaja
00:48
for treating blindness.
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za liječenje sljepoće.
00:50
So let me start in on that problem.
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Dopustite mi da počnem.
00:52
There are 10 million people in the U.S.
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U SAD – u, a u svijetu još mnogo više,
00:54
and many more worldwide who are blind
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živi 10 milijuna ljudi koji su slijepi
00:56
or are facing blindness due to diseases
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zbog bolesti mrežnice,
00:58
of the retina, diseases like
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bolesti poput
01:00
macular degeneration, and there's little
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makularne degeneracije
01:02
that can be done for them.
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i gotovo da im se ne može pomoći.
01:04
There are some drug treatments, but
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Postoje neki tretmani lijekovima,
01:06
they're only effective on a small fraction
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ali oni su učinkoviti kod malog postotka oboljelih.
01:08
of the population. And so, for the vast
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Stoga većini pacijenata
01:10
majority of patients, their best hope for
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nadu u povratak vida pružaju
01:12
regaining sight is through prosthetic devices.
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protetički uređaji.
01:14
The problem is that current prosthetics
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Problem je što današnji protetički uređaji
01:16
don't work very well. They're still very
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nisu baš učinkoviti. Još uvijek su jako ograničeni
01:18
limited in the vision that they can provide.
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u vidu kojega mogu osigurati.
01:20
And so, you know, for example, with these
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Na primjer, pomoću tih uređaja
01:22
devices, patients can see simple things
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pacijenti mogu vidjeti tek jarko svjetlo
01:24
like bright lights and high contrast edges,
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i visoko kontrastne rubove,
01:26
not very much more, so nothing close
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ne mnogo; dakle,
01:28
to normal vision has been possible.
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ništa blisko normalnom vidu nije moguće.
01:31
So what I'm going to tell you about today
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Dakle, ono o čemu ću danas govoriti
01:33
is a device that we've been working on
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tiče se uređaja na kojemu smo radili
01:35
that I think has the potential to make
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i za kojeg mislim da isti ima mogućnost
01:37
a difference, to be much more effective,
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biti drukčijim, biti znatno učinkovitiji.
01:39
and what I wanted to do is show you
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Ono što želim učiniti jest pokazati vam
01:41
how it works. Okay, so let me back up a
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kako on funkcionira. Kako biste mogli uočiti problem
01:43
little bit and show you how a normal retina
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koji nastojim riješiti,
01:45
works first so you can see the problem
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prvo mi dopustite da se nakratko vratim
01:47
that we were trying to solve.
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i pokažem vam kako normalna mrežnica funkcionira.
01:49
Here you have a retina.
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Ovdje vidite mrežnicu.
01:51
So you have an image, a retina, and a brain.
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Vidite sliku, mrežnica, mozak.
01:53
So when you look at something, like this image
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Dakle, kada gledate u nešto poput slike
01:55
of this baby's face, it goes into your eye
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lica ovog djeteta, slika putuje prema oku
01:57
and it lands on your retina, on the front-end
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te pada na mrežnicu, na završne stanice,
01:59
cells here, the photoreceptors.
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ovdje, na fotoreceptore.
02:01
Then what happens is the retinal circuitry,
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Zatim se stvara električni impuls,
02:03
the middle part, goes to work on it,
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središnji dio ga obrađuje,
02:05
and what it does is it performs operations
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on provodi operacije nad njim,
02:07
on it, it extracts information from it, and it
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izvlači informacije iz njega
02:09
converts that information into a code.
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te ih prevodi u kod.
02:11
And the code is in the form of these patterns
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Kod je u obliku obrazaca
02:13
of electrical pulses that get sent
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električne aktivnosti
02:15
up to the brain, and so the key thing is
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koji se šalju u mozak. Ključna stvar jest
02:17
that the image ultimately gets converted
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da se slika konačno prevodi u kod.
02:19
into a code. And when I say code,
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Kada kažem kod,
02:21
I do literally mean code.
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doslovce mislim na kod.
02:23
Like this pattern of pulses here actually means "baby's face,"
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Ovaj obrazac impulsa zapravo znači “lice djeteta”
02:26
and so when the brain gets this pattern
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i kada mozak primi ovaj obrazac impulsa,
02:28
of pulses, it knows that what was out there
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on prepoznaje ono što vidi
02:30
was a baby's face, and if it
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kao lice djeteta,
02:32
got a different pattern it would know
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a da je zaprimio neki drugačiji obrazac, znao bi
02:34
that what was out there was, say, a dog,
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da ono što vidi jest, naprimjer, pas;
02:36
or another pattern would be a house.
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neki drugi obrazac predstavljao bi kuću.
02:38
Anyway, you get the idea.
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U svakom slučaju, shvatili ste.
02:40
And, of course, in real life, it's all dynamic,
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U stvarnom životu sve je dinamično,
02:42
meaning that it's changing all the time,
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odnosno sve se neprestano mijenja,
02:44
so the patterns of pulses are changing
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stoga se mijenjaju i obrasci impulsa
02:46
all the time because the world you're
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jer se i svijet koji promatramo
02:48
looking at is changing all the time too.
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neprestano mijenja.
02:51
So, you know, it's sort of a complicated
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Stoga, znate, to je malo komplicirana stvar.
02:53
thing. You have these patterns of pulses
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Imate obrasce električnih impusla
02:55
coming out of your eye every millisecond
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koji svake milisekunde putuju iz vaših očiju
02:57
telling your brain what it is that you're seeing.
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i govore mozgu što vi zapravo vidite.
02:59
So what happens when a person
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No, što se dogodi kada osoba
03:01
gets a retinal degenerative disease like
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oboli od degenerativnih bolesti mrežnice
03:03
macular degeneration? What happens is
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poput makularne degeneracije?
03:05
is that, the front-end cells die,
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Dogodi se sljedeće: završe stanice odumru,
03:07
the photoreceptors die, and over time,
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fotoreceptori odumru, a s vremenom
03:09
all the cells and the circuits that are
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sve stanice i s njima povezani živčani vodovi
03:11
connected to them, they die too.
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također odumiru.
03:13
Until the only things that you have left
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Naposljetku, jedina stvar koja vam preostaje
03:15
are these cells here, the output cells,
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su ove stanice ovdje,
03:17
the ones that send the signals to the brain,
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odvodne stanice - one koje šalju signale u mozak,
03:19
but because of all that degeneration
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no zbog svih nastalih oštećenja,
03:21
they aren't sending any signals anymore.
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one više ne šalju signale.
03:23
They aren't getting any input, so
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Ne primaju nikakve informacije,
03:25
the person's brain no longer gets
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stoga mozak takve osobe
03:27
any visual information --
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više ne prima vizualne informacije,
03:29
that is, he or she is blind.
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tj. on ili ona je slijep/a.
03:32
So, a solution to the problem, then,
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Stoga, rješenje problema bila bi
03:34
would be to build a device that could mimic
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izgradnja uređaja koji bi mogao oponašati
03:36
the actions of that front-end circuitry
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djelatnost završnih stanica
03:38
and send signals to the retina's output cells,
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i slati signale u odvodne stanice mrežnice
03:40
and they can go back to doing their
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koje bi tada mogle obavljati svoju
03:42
normal job of sending signals to the brain.
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normalnu funkciju slanja signala u mozak.
03:44
So this is what we've been working on,
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To je ono na čemu smo radili
03:46
and this is what our prosthetic does.
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i to naš protetski uređaj radi.
03:48
So it consists of two parts, what we call
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Dakle on se sastoji od dva dijela koje mi zovemo
03:50
an encoder and a transducer.
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koder i pretvornik.
03:52
And so the encoder does just
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Koder radi upravo ono
03:54
what I was saying: it mimics the actions
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o čemu sam govorila: on oponaša djelatnost
03:56
of the front-end circuitry -- so it takes images
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frontalnih završnih stanica (fotoreceptora)—
03:58
in and converts them into the retina's code.
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dakle on preuzima slike te ih pretvara u kod mrežnice.
04:00
And then the transducer then makes the
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Zatim pretvarač potiče
04:02
output cells send the code on up
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efektorske (odvodne) stanice na slanje koda
04:04
to the brain, and the result is
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prema mozgu, a rezultat je
04:06
a retinal prosthetic that can produce
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protetička mrežnica koja može proizvesti
04:09
normal retinal output.
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normalne signale poput zdrave mrežnice.
04:11
So a completely blind retina,
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Dakle, potpuno oštećena mrežnica
04:13
even one with no front-end circuitry at all,
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čak i bez aktivnosti završnih stanica,
04:15
no photoreceptors,
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bez fotoreceptora,
04:17
can now send out normal signals,
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sada može slati normalne signale,
04:19
signals that the brain can understand.
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signale koje mozak može razumijeti.
04:22
So no other device has been able
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Dosada niti jedan uređaj
04:24
to do this.
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nije mogao to obavljati.
04:26
Okay, so I just want to take
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OK, samo želim reći
04:28
a sentence or two to say something about
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rečenicu ili dvije o pretvorniku i o tome
04:30
the encoder and what it's doing, because
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što on radi jer
04:32
it's really the key part and it's
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to je zbilja ključni dio
04:34
sort of interesting and kind of cool.
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i zapravo je zanimljiv i super.
04:36
I'm not sure "cool" is really the right word, but
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Nisam sigurna da je “super” prava riječ,
04:38
you know what I mean.
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ali znate na što mislim.
04:40
So what it's doing is, it's replacing
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On zapravo zamjenjuje
04:42
the retinal circuitry, really the guts of
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električnu aktivnost mrežnice
04:44
the retinal circuitry, with a set of equations,
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sa sustavom jednadžbi
04:46
a set of equations that we can implement
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koji možemo ugraditi u čip.
04:48
on a chip. So it's just math.
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Dakle, to je matematika.
04:50
In other words, we're not literally replacing
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Drugim riječima, mi ne nastojimo doslovno zamijeniti
04:53
the components of the retina.
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komponente mrežnice.
04:55
It's not like we're making a little mini-device
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Ne nastojimo napraviti mini-uređaje
04:57
for each of the different cell types.
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koji bi zamijenili različite tipove stanica.
04:59
We've just abstracted what the
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Mi smo samo preveli
05:01
retina's doing with a set of equations.
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djelatnost mrežnice u sustav jednadžbi.
05:03
And so, in a way, the equations are serving
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I, zapravo, te jednadžbe služe
05:05
as sort of a codebook. An image comes in,
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kao knjiga kodova. Kada dolazi slika,
05:07
goes through the set of equations,
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ona prolazi kroz sustav jednadžbi
05:10
and out comes streams of electrical pulses,
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te izlazi kao niz električnih impulsa,
05:12
just like a normal retina would produce.
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baš kao da ga je proizvela normalna mrežnica.
05:16
Now let me put my money
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Dopustite mi da prijeđem na stvar
05:18
where my mouth is and show you that
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i pokažem vam
05:20
we can actually produce normal output,
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da zaista možemo proizvesti normalan izlazni signal
05:22
and what the implications of this are.
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te koje su posljedice toga.
05:24
Here are three sets of
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Ovdje vidite tri uzorka
05:26
firing patterns. The top one is from
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aktivnosti otpuštanja. Gornji je
05:28
a normal animal, the middle one is from
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od normalne životinje, srednji od
05:30
a blind animal that's been treated with
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slijepe životinje
05:32
this encoder-transducer device, and the
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s koder-pretvornikom,
05:34
bottom one is from a blind animal treated
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a donji od slijepe životinje s
05:36
with a standard prosthetic.
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normalnim protetičkim uređajem.
05:38
So the bottom one is the state-of-the-art
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Donji je uzorak najmodernijeg
05:40
device that's out there right now, which is
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dostupnog uređaja danas,
05:42
basically made up of light detectors,
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koji je sačinjen od detektora svjetla,
05:44
but no encoder. So what we did was we
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bez pretvornika.
05:46
presented movies of everyday things --
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Mi smo zapravo pokazali filmove koji prikazuju svakodnevne stvari –
05:48
people, babies, park benches,
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ljude, bebe, klupe u parku,
05:50
you know, regular things happening -- and
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znate, svakodnevne stvari –
05:52
we recorded the responses from the retinas
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i zabilježili smo aktivnost mrežnice
05:54
of these three groups of animals.
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ovih triju grupa žvotinja.
05:56
Now just to orient you, each box is showing
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Samo da vas usmjerim, svaka slika prikazuje
05:58
the firing patterns of several cells,
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uzorak aktivnosti nekoliko stanica,
06:00
and just as in the previous slides,
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i kao i u prijašnjem slajdu,
06:02
each row is a different cell,
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svaki red predstavlja drugačiji tip stanica,
06:04
and I just made the pulses a little bit smaller
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i ja sam samo malo smanjila
06:06
and thinner so I could show you
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i stanjila impulse kako bih vam mogla prikazati
06:09
a long stretch of data.
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izduženi uzorak podataka.
06:11
So as you can see, the firing patterns
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Kao što možete vidjeti, uzorci aktivnosti
06:13
from the blind animal treated with
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mrežnice slijepe životinje s
06:15
the encoder-transducer really do very
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koder-pretvornikom zaista odgovaraju uzorku
06:17
closely match the normal firing patterns --
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aktivnosti mrežnice normalne životinje –
06:19
and it's not perfect, but it's pretty good --
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poklapanje nije savršeno, ali je prilično dobro.
06:21
and the blind animal treated with
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Dok kod slijepe životinje sa
06:23
the standard prosthetic,
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standardim protetičkim uređajem
06:25
the responses really don't.
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poklapanja gotovo i nema.
06:27
And so with the standard method,
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Dakle, koristeći standardnu metodu,
06:30
the cells do fire, they just don't fire
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stanice pokazuju aktivnost,
06:32
in the normal firing patterns because
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ali ne daju normalne uzorke aktivnosti
06:34
they don't have the right code.
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jer nemaju odgovarajući kod.
06:36
How important is this?
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Kolika je važnost toga?
06:38
What's the potential impact
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Kakav je mogući utjecaj
06:40
on a patient's ability to see?
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na vid pacijenata?
06:43
So I'm just going to show you one
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Pokazat ću vam krucijalni pokus
06:45
bottom-line experiment that answers this,
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koji odgovara na prethodna pitanja.
06:47
and of course I've got a lot of other data,
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Naravno, imam još mnogo podataka
06:49
so if you're interested I'm happy
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koje ću vam rado pokazati
06:51
to show more. So the experiment
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ako ste zainteresirani. Dakle, pokus se zove
06:53
is called a reconstruction experiment.
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“pokus rekonstrukcije.”
06:55
So what we did is we took a moment
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Zapravo smo nakratko ostavili
06:57
in time from these recordings and asked,
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ove snimke te se zapitali
07:00
what was the retina seeing at that moment?
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što mrežnica trenutno vidi?
07:02
Can we reconstruct what the retina
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Možemo li rekonstruirati ono što mrežnica
07:04
was seeing from the responses
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vidi na osnovi
07:06
from the firing patterns?
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uzoraka aktivnosti mrežnice.
07:08
So, when we did this for responses
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Dakle, snimlili smo uzorke aktivnosti mrežnice
07:11
from the standard method and from
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pomoću standardne metode
07:14
our encoder and transducer.
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te koder-pretvornika uređaja.
07:16
So let me show you, and I'm going to
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Dopustite mi da vam pokažem,
07:18
start with the standard method first.
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i započet ću sa standardom metodom.
07:20
So you can see that it's pretty limited,
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Dakle možete vidjeti da je prilično ograničena,
07:22
and because the firing patterns aren't
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a kako obrasci aktivnosti nisu
07:24
in the right code, they're very limited in
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pravilno kodirani, vrlo su ograničeni
07:26
what they can tell you about
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u načinu na koji vam govore što vidite.
07:28
what's out there. So you can see that
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Dakle vi vidite nešto,
07:30
there's something there, but it's not so clear
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ali niste sigurni što vidite,
07:32
what that something is, and this just sort of
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a to nas vodi natrag
07:34
circles back to what I was saying in the
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onome o čemu sam govorila na početku,
07:36
beginning, that with the standard method,
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da koristeći standardnu metodu
07:38
patients can see high-contrast edges, they
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pacijenti mogu vidjeti visokokontrastne rubove ,
07:40
can see light, but it doesn't easily go
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mogu vidjeti svjetlo,
07:42
further than that. So what was
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ali ne više od toga.
07:44
the image? It was a baby's face.
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No, što je prikazivala slika? To je bilo lice djeteta.
07:47
So what about with our approach,
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Što se događa kod našeg pristupa
07:49
adding the code? And you can see
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dodavanjem koda?
07:51
that it's much better. Not only can you
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Možete vidjeti da je rezultat mnogo bolji.
07:53
tell that it's a baby's face, but you can
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Ne samo da možete reći da vidite lice djeteta,
07:55
tell that it's this baby's face, which is a
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nego da vidite lice točno ovog djeteta,
07:57
really challenging task.
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što je zbilja veliki izazov.
07:59
So on the left is the encoder
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Lijevo vidite djelovanje samo kodera,
08:01
alone, and on the right is from an actual
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a desno učinak kodera i pretvornika
08:03
blind retina, so the encoder and the transducer.
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kod slijepe mrežnice.
08:05
But the key one really is the encoder alone,
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Ali ključan je zapravo koder
08:07
because we can team up the encoder with
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jer ga možemo kombinirati
08:09
the different transducer.
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s različitim pretvaračima.
08:11
This is just actually the first one that we tried.
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Ovo je prikaz djelovanja prvog koji smo isprobali.
08:13
I just wanted to say something about the standard method.
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Samo želim još nešto reći o standardnoj metodi.
08:15
When this first came out, it was just a really
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Kada se prvi puta pojavila,
08:17
exciting thing, the idea that you
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to je bila vrlo uzbudljiva stvar,
08:19
even make a blind retina respond at all.
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ideja da slijepa mrežnica može reagirati uopće.
08:22
But there was this limiting factor,
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Ali postajao je ograničavajući faktor,
08:25
the issue of the code, and how to make
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problem koda te što učiniti
08:27
the cells respond better,
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da stanice reagiraju bolje,
08:29
produce normal responses,
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da produciraju normalne odgovore,
08:31
and so this was our contribution.
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a ovo je bio naš dobrinos.
08:33
Now I just want to wrap up,
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Da zaključim,
08:35
and as I was mentioning earlier
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a kao što sam ranije spomenula
08:37
of course I have a lot of other data
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imam još mnoštvo ostalih podataka
08:39
if you're interested, but I just wanted to give
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koje vam mogu pokazati ukoliko ste zainteresirani.
08:41
this sort of basic idea
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Željela sam vam prenjeti ideju o tome
08:43
of being able to communicate
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da možemo komunicirati
08:46
with the brain in its language, and
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s mozgom koristeći njegov jezik
08:48
the potential power of being able to do that.
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te o mogućnostima na tom polju.
08:51
So it's different from the motor prosthetics
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To se razlikuje od protetičkih uređaja
08:53
where you're communicating from the brain
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gdje je komunikacija na relaciji mozak – uređaj.
08:55
to a device. Here we have to communicate
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Ovdje se komunikacija
08:57
from the outside world
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vrši između vanjskoga svijeta
08:59
into the brain and be understood,
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i mozga
09:01
and be understood by the brain.
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koji tu komunikaciju podržava.
09:03
And then the last thing I wanted
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Posljednje što želim
09:05
to say, really, is to emphasize
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jest naglasiti
09:07
that the idea generalizes.
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da je ova ideja opća.
09:09
So the same strategy that we used
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Dakle ista strategija koju smo mi koristili
09:11
to find the code for the retina we can also
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u pronalasku koda mrežnice,
09:13
use to find the code for other areas,
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može se iskorisititi u pronalasku kodova u drugim poljima,
09:15
for example, the auditory system and
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naprimjer, u osjetu sluha
09:17
the motor system, so for treating deafness
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ili lokomotornog sustava, dakle u tretiranju gluhoće
09:19
and for motor disorders.
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i bolesti sustava organa za kretanje.
09:21
So just the same way that we were able to
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Na isti način kojim smo prebrodili
09:23
jump over the damaged
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oštećenja
09:25
circuitry in the retina to get to the retina's
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električne aktivnosti mrežnice
09:27
output cells, we can jump over the
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kako bismo dospjeli do efektorskih stanica mrežnice,
09:29
damaged circuitry in the cochlea
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možemo prebroditi oštećenja električne aktivnosti pužnice,
09:31
to get the auditory nerve,
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a kako bismo dospjeli do slušnog živca
09:33
or jump over damaged areas in the cortex,
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odnosno kako bismo izbjegli oštećenja u kori mozga,
09:35
in the motor cortex, to bridge the gap
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u motoričkom dijelu kore mozga,
09:38
produced by a stroke.
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kako bismo preprodili oštećenja uzrokovana moždanom kapi.
09:40
I just want to end with a simple
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Želim završiti jednostavnom porukom
09:42
message that understanding the code
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da je razumijevanje koda,
09:44
is really, really important, and if we
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zbilja, zbilja važno te ukoliko razumijemo kod,
09:46
can understand the code,
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jezik mozga,
09:48
the language of the brain, things become
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stvari koje su se nekada činile
09:50
possible that didn't seem obviously
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nemogućima,
09:52
possible before. Thank you.
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sada su moguće. Hvala vam.
09:54
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sheila Nirenberg - NeuroscientistSheila Nirenberg studies how the brain encodes information -- possibly allowing us to decode it, and maybe develop prosthetic sensory devices.
Why you should listen
Sheila Nirenberg is a neuroscientist/professor at Weill Medical College of Cornell University, where she studies neural coding – that is, how the brain takes information from the outside world and encodes it in patterns of electrical activity. The idea is to be able to decode the activity, to look at a pattern of electrical pulses and know what an animal is seeing or thinking or feeling. Recently, she’s been using this work to develop new kinds of prosthetic devices, particularly ones for treating blindness.
Sheila Nirenberg | Speaker | TED.com