James Logan: How we're using dogs to sniff out malaria
James Logan: Como estamos usando cães para farejar a malária
Professor James Logan leads an internationally renowned research program at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, presents television programs and has a passion for science and natural history. Full bio
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assassinos do planeta.
killers on the planet.
significativos nos últimos 20 anos,
in the last 20 years,
is still at risk from this disease.
ainda é ameaçada por esta doença.
uma criança com menos de dois anos
dies from malaria.
quando se trata de combater a malária.
when it comes to tackling malaria,
com malária para começar.
infected with malaria in the first place.
some level of immunity to the disease,
algum nível de imunidade à doença,
and become infectious and still pass it on
porque encontrar essas pessoas
because how do you find those people?
for a needle in a haystack.
to solve this problem for some years,
esse problema há alguns anos,
may have been right under our noses
do nosso nariz esse tempo todo.
estatísticas importantes e sérias.
with lots of really important statistics,
relaxem um pouco agora,
to just relax a little bit
a little bit as well.
a nice deep breath in ...
mas desta vez apenas pelo nariz
just through your nose,
the environment around you.
sintam o ambiente ao redor.
the person who's sitting next to you.
o cheiro da pessoa sentada ao lado,
o nariz na axila dela.
right into their armpit,
have a good old sniff,
sensory experience there.
sensorial muito diferente.
algo bastante agradável,
something rather pleasant,
something a little bit less pleasant,
algo um pouco menos agradável,
ou o odor corporal de alguém.
bad breath or body odor.
o cheiro do próprio corpo.
a good reason
de certos cheiros corporais.
don't like certain body smells.
de doenças associadas a cheiros.
being associated with a smell.
cheira a pão integral assado.
smells like baked brown bread,
of a butcher shop, like raw meat.
at the sort of words that are used
usadas para descrever doenças,
desagradável, pútrido ou pungente.
gets a bit of bad reputation.
tenham má reputação.
not exactly as a compliment, are you.
como um elogio, não é?
to turn that on its head.
de uma maneira positiva?
think about smell in a positive way,
químicas emitidas pelo nosso corpo
by our bodies when we're ill,
that would allow us to do this,
que nos permitam fazer isso.
sensores do mundo já existem.
best sensors actually already exist,
em função do faro deles.
according to their nose.
really important information
e acabaram de entrar nesta sala.
and you've entered this room.
a really complex world.
with smells from everywhere.
de todos os lugares.
que somos animais com cheiro.
that we're really smelly beasts.
diferentes substâncias químicas voláteis.
different volatile chemicals.
mas muitas substâncias químicas.
it's the seats you're sitting on,
o tapete, a cola que o segura ao chão,
the carpet to the floor,
tudo ao redor está produzindo um odor
is producing an odor,
that the mosquito has to fly through,
pelo qual o mosquito precisa voar
within that really complex world.
gets bitten by mosquitoes?
quem sempre é picado por mosquitos?
annoying people that never get bitten.
que nunca são picadas.
para encontrar vocês
has a really hard job to find you,
with the way you smell.
são repelentes, o que sabemos...
mosquitoes smell repellent,
é controlado por nossos genes.
controlled by our genes.
porque têm um olfato altamente sofisticado
a highly sophisticated sense of smell,
all the, sort of, odor sludge
and bite you as a blood meal.
e picá-lo como uma refeição de sangue.
if one of you was infected with malaria?
estivesse infectado com malária?
no ciclo de vida da malária.
at the malaria life cycle.
has to bite somebody to become infected.
alguém para se infectar.
through the mouth part into the gut
through the gut, creates cysts,
all the way to the salivary glands,
em outra pessoa,
back into another person
because it injects saliva as it bites.
saliva enquanto pica.
ele passa por um outro ciclo,
it goes through a whole other cycle,
e sai para a corrente sanguínea novamente
a liver stage, changes shape,
into the bloodstream again,
se torna contagiosa.
will become infectious.
do mundo dos parasitas
about the parasite world
em manipular os hospedeiros
at manipulating their hosts
e garantir que sejam transmitidos adiante.
in the malaria system,
da malária, pode fazer sentido
ao odor que manipulam,
to do with odor that they manipulate,
é assim que nos encontram.
between mosquitoes.
manipulation hypothesis,
de manipulação da malária,
working on over the last few years.
que queríamos fazer em nosso estudo
that we wanted to do in our study
an infection with malaria
para mosquitos ou não.
to mosquitoes or not.
criamos um experimento
we designed an experiment
children in Kenya, sleep inside tents.
into a chamber which contained mosquitoes,
behaviorally respond.
or fly away from the odors,
they liked them or not.
estavam infectados com malária
were infected with malaria,
das crianças apresentava nenhum sintoma.
had any symptoms whatsoever.
foi bastante surpreendente.
it was really quite staggering.
do que as não infectadas.
than people who were uninfected.
atraídos pela criança
attracted to the child,"
antes e depois do tratamento.
before treatment and after treatment.
de pessoas que não estão infectadas.
a group of people who are uninfected,
essas pessoas foram infectadas
towards the right-hand side,
that they're infectious.
ao estágio em que são contagiosas.
when people are infectious
significantly more attractive.
mais atrativas.
the children treatment
e depois as testamos novamente.
attractive trait that was there
altamente atrativa que estava lá
cleared the infection.
que eram mais atrativas,
were more attractive,
de alguma maneira
was manipulating its host in some way
to attract more mosquitoes
was find out what it was
o mosquito estava sentindo.
o odor corporal dos participantes.
the body odor from the participants,
bags around their feet,
esses odores voláteis.
the volatile odors from their feet,
eles realmente amam esse cheiro.
to mosquitoes.
Alguém tem pés assim?
Anybody got cheesy feet back there?
e coletamos o odor corporal.
and we collected the body odor.
o sentido do olfato, é tudo bem complexo.
and olfaction, their sense of smell,
química que eles detectassem,
just one chemical that they detected,
químicas na concentração certa,
the right ratios,
like a musical composition.
muito alto ou muito baixo, não soa bem.
or you play it too loud or too soft,
an ingredient wrong
it doesn't taste right.
não fica com um gosto bom.
substâncias químicas na combinação certa.
in the right combination.
não são particularmente boas
are not particularly good
ele é bastante complexo.
it's quite complex.
and what we do in my laboratory
to the antennae of a mosquito.
a células individuais
to individual cells within the antennae,
o experimento, isso eu garanto.
when you're doing this,
of the smell receptors in the antennae,
o que o mosquito está cheirando.
what a mosquito is smelling.
aqui está a célula de um inseto
what this looks like.
quando eu apertar este botão.
when I press this button,
with this response.
vai enlouquecer e fazer um som engraçado.
sort of blow a raspberry,
potential when we stop the odor.
quando pararmos o odor.
e dizer que viram um inseto cheirando
that you've seen an insect smelling
it's a weird concept, isn't it?
o que o inseto está detectando.
what the insect is detecting.
com nossas amostras de malária,
with our malaria samples,
o que o mosquito detectava.
what the mosquito was detecting,
associados à malária
compounds, mainly aldehydes,
that signified the malaria signal here.
a malária em sinal aqui.
what the smell of malaria is,
como um sensor biológico
of malaria actually is.
put a harness on a little mosquito
and see if we can sniff people
pessoas em uma comunidade;
pessoas com malária.
actually find people with malaria,
that's not really possible.
podemos fazer isso.
that we can do that with.
sense of smell,
more special about them:
com o conceito nos aeroportos,
familiar with this concept at airports,
e farejam a bagagem ou as próprias pessoas
and sniff out your luggage or yourself
ou até comida, também.
or even food as well.
cães para aprender o cheiro da malária?"
could we actually train dogs
called Medical Detection Dogs
chamada Medical Detection Dogs
para aprender o cheiro da malária.
to learn the smell of malaria.
mais uma coleta de odores
and did some more odor collection
and uninfected,
fazendo-as usar meias, de náilon,
nylon stockings,
de caridade para executar o experimento.
to run the experiment.
and tell you about that experiment works,
experiência funciona,
with children or animals live,
com crianças ou animais vivos.
the real star of the show.
if you can all just be a little bit quiet,
environment for Freya.
That would be great.
possível, isso seria bom.
is basically, we're going to ask Freya
of contraptions here,
contraptions, we have a pot,
por uma criança na Gâmbia.
worn by a child in the Gambia.
por crianças que não estavam infectadas
by children who were uninfected,
by a child who was infected with malaria.
imagine these were people,
imaginem que eram pessoas
and have a good sniff.
when she senses the malaria,
neste ambiente desconhecido.
in this very strange environment,
Mark também não sabia.
Mark didn't know.
Sarah, was that correct?
That is fantastic. Whew.
the pots around a little bit,
the one with malaria away,
que contêm meias de crianças
that are containing socks from children
down the line and not stop at all.
identificar as pessoas não infectadas,
people who are not infected,
corretamente também.
ficaram no congelador por alguns anos.
for a couple of years now,
giving off a big signal.
que estivesse emitindo um sinal forte.
para Freya, Mark e Sarah!
for Freya, Mark and Sarah.
She's going to get a treat later.
foi uma demonstração real ao vivo.
for your own eyes.
I was quite nervous about it.
estou feliz que funcionou.
quando fazemos isso,
and when we do this,
podem nos dizer corretamente
can correctly tell us
com malária em 81% das vezes.
81 percent of the time.
when somebody does not have an infection.
da Organização Mundial da Saúde
are actually above the criteria
for a diagnostic.
at deploying dogs in countries,
em utilizar cães nos países,
and working on at the moment
empower the individual
a se autodiagnosticar.
está infectado com malária
when you're infected with malaria
technical, perhaps:
quando alguém está infectado com malária.
when you're infected with malaria.
digitalmente e coletar dados,
and we can collect data,
that we can collect on a global scale.
a propagação de doenças,
the spread of diseases,
controle e reagimos a surtos de doenças,
and respond to disease outbreaks,
to the eradication of malaria,
que possuem um cheiro.
that we already know have a smell.
to find out what those smells are,
poderíamos tornar isso realidade.
with coming up with new ideas,
é apresentar novas ideias,
dos maiores problemas do mundo.
greatest problems,
has already done this for us,
já fez isso por nós.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
James Logan - Biologist, medical entomologistProfessor James Logan leads an internationally renowned research program at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, presents television programs and has a passion for science and natural history.
Why you should listen
Professor James Logan's research group explores the complex interaction between arthropod vectors, and his groundbreaking research has led to the discovery of novel methods for the control of vectors that transmit pathogens that cause diseases such as malaria, Zika, dengue, trachoma and Lyme disease. His work extends into field evaluation of vector control tools in developing countries, and his recent research discovered that malaria infection causes changes in our body odor, making us more attractive to mosquitoes. He's now working on translating that to develop a novel, non-invasive diagnostic for malaria.
Logan is a Fellow of the Royal Entomological Society and has a first-class BSc honours degree in Zoology from the University of Aberdeen and an award-winning PhD, which he completed in 2005. He is also an entrepreneur, having spun out two companies from his University, and holds the position of Director and Founder of ARCTEC and Director and Founder of Vecotech Ltd. Logan regularly advises UK government departments on aspects of vector biology, invasive species and vector control.
James Logan | Speaker | TED.com