TEDxLondon
James Logan: How we're using dogs to sniff out malaria
詹姆士‧洛根: 我們如何靠狗嗅出瘧疾
Filmed:
Readability: 3.8
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你相信我們能夠藉著身體散發出的味道，診斷一些世界上最致命疾病嗎？在這場生動的演講及現場示範中，生物學家詹姆士‧洛根介紹瘧疾偵測犬芙蕾雅出場，展現人類能靠動物驚人的嗅覺能力，偵測出感染瘧疾的化學訊息，藉此改變我們診斷瘧疾的方式。
James Logan - Biologist, medical entomologist
Professor James Logan leads an internationally renowned research program at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, presents television programs and has a passion for science and natural history. Full bio
Professor James Logan leads an internationally renowned research program at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, presents television programs and has a passion for science and natural history. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Malaria is still one of the biggest
killers on the planet.
killers on the planet.
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瘧疾依然是世界上最致命的疾病之一
儘管過去二十年
我們已有重大的進展
我們已有重大的進展
00:18
Despite us making significant progress
in the last 20 years,
in the last 20 years,
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00:23
half the world's population
is still at risk from this disease.
is still at risk from this disease.
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全球一半以上的人口
仍然在瘧疾的威脅之中
仍然在瘧疾的威脅之中
事實上，每兩分鐘
00:28
In fact, every two minutes,
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就有一個小於兩歲的孩童死於瘧疾
00:30
a child under the age of two
dies from malaria.
dies from malaria.
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我們的進展停滯了
00:34
Our progress has undoubtedly stalled.
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00:38
Now we face many challenges
when it comes to tackling malaria,
when it comes to tackling malaria,
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我們在討論對抗瘧疾的同時
也面臨到許多挑戰
也面臨到許多挑戰
但其中一個困難是
00:43
but one of the problems that we have
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在一開始就找到感染瘧疾的人
00:45
is actually finding people who are
infected with malaria in the first place.
infected with malaria in the first place.
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00:50
So, for example, if people have
some level of immunity to the disease,
some level of immunity to the disease,
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舉例來說，如果有些人對這種疾病
有一定程度的免疫力
有一定程度的免疫力
00:54
then they can develop an infection
and become infectious and still pass it on
and become infectious and still pass it on
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那麼他們會被感染
並具有傳染性，然後傳染給別人
00:59
but not actually develop any symptoms,
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但不見得會出現任何症狀
這是個大問題
因為要找到這些帶原者
因為要找到這些帶原者
01:01
and that can be a big problem,
because how do you find those people?
because how do you find those people?
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就像是大海撈針般困難
01:04
It's like looking
for a needle in a haystack.
for a needle in a haystack.
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科學家數年來都在嘗試解決這個問題
01:07
Now scientists have been trying
to solve this problem for some years,
to solve this problem for some years,
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01:12
but what I want to talk to you about today
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但我今天想跟各位說的是
01:14
is that the solution to this problem
may have been right under our noses
may have been right under our noses
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這項問題的解決之道
或許早已在我們的眼前
或許早已在我們的眼前
01:19
this whole time.
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01:20
Now that was a bit of a heavy start,
with lots of really important statistics,
with lots of really important statistics,
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這個有點沉重的開場
附帶許多重要且嚴肅的統計資料
01:24
so I want us all
to just relax a little bit
to just relax a little bit
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所以我希望所有人現在能放輕鬆
01:26
and that'll help me to relax
a little bit as well.
a little bit as well.
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同時也讓我能夠稍微放鬆
01:29
So why don't we just all take
a nice deep breath in ...
a nice deep breath in ...
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讓我們大家好好深呼吸一下
01:32
Wow. (Laughs)
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哇！（笑聲）
01:33
And sigh,
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吐氣
01:34
and, whoo, going to get blown away there.
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好了，我覺得快被你們吹走了
01:37
OK, now I want you to do it again,
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好了，我現在希望你們再做一次
但是這次我希望你們只用鼻子呼吸
01:39
but this time, I want you to do it
just through your nose,
just through your nose,
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01:42
and I want you to really sense
the environment around you.
the environment around you.
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我希望各位能夠感受一下你周圍的環境
01:46
And in fact, I want you to really smell
the person who's sitting next to you.
the person who's sitting next to you.
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其實我希望你們聞一下
坐在你隔壁的那個人
坐在你隔壁的那個人
不管你認不認識他，我不在乎！
01:50
Even if you don't know them, I don't care.
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請貼上去，讓你的鼻子
靠近對方的腋下
靠近對方的腋下
01:52
Lean in, get your nose
right into their armpit,
right into their armpit,
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你們少來了，別故作矜持
01:54
come on, stop being so British about it,
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讓你的鼻子靠近腋下，好好聞一下
01:56
get your nose into the armpit,
have a good old sniff,
have a good old sniff,
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01:59
see what you can smell.
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看看你能聞到什麼
（笑聲）
02:01
(Laughter)
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現在我們每一個人
02:05
Now each and every one of us
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可能都曾有過非常不同的感官體驗
02:07
would have had a very different
sensory experience there.
sensory experience there.
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02:10
Some of us would have smelled
something rather pleasant,
something rather pleasant,
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有些人可能聞過非常令人愉悅的東西
02:13
perhaps somebody's perfume.
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或許是某人的香水
但有些人可能聞過不那麼討喜的味道
02:15
But some of us might have smelled
something a little bit less pleasant,
something a little bit less pleasant,
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或許是某人的口臭或是體味
02:18
perhaps somebody's
bad breath or body odor.
bad breath or body odor.
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02:22
Maybe you even smelled your own body odor.
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或許你甚至聞過你自己的體味
02:25
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
但或許有一個好理由
02:27
But, you know, there's probably
a good reason
a good reason
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02:29
that some of us
don't like certain body smells.
don't like certain body smells.
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可以解釋我們有些人
不喜歡特定的體味
不喜歡特定的體味
歷史上
02:33
Throughout history,
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02:36
there have been many examples of diseases
being associated with a smell.
being associated with a smell.
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有著許多案例顯示出
疾病與氣味的關聯
疾病與氣味的關聯
舉例來說，傷寒聞起來
就像是烤焦的麵包
就像是烤焦的麵包
02:40
So, for example, typhoid apparently
smells like baked brown bread,
smells like baked brown bread,
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這味道不錯吧？
02:45
and that's quite a nice smell, isn't it,
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但接下來的例子會有點糟
02:47
but it starts to get a little bit worse.
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結核病聞起來像不新鮮的啤酒
02:49
TB smells like stale beer,
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黃熱病聞起來像是在肉鋪裡一樣
像是生肉一樣的味道
像是生肉一樣的味道
02:51
and yellow fever smells like the inside
of a butcher shop, like raw meat.
of a butcher shop, like raw meat.
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事實上，當你檢查
這類形容疾病的字詞
這類形容疾病的字詞
02:56
And in fact, when you look
at the sort of words that are used
at the sort of words that are used
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02:59
to describe diseases,
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通常會找到這些詞彙：
03:01
you tend to find these words:
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腐臭、難聞、腐爛、刺鼻
03:03
"rotting," "foul," "putrid" or "pungent."
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因此也沒什麼好驚訝
03:07
So it's no surprise, then,
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03:08
that smell and body odor
gets a bit of bad reputation.
gets a bit of bad reputation.
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畢竟有些味道和體味都不是那麼好聞
03:12
If I was to say to you, "You smell,"
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如果我跟你說：「你很臭」
03:15
now, you're going to take that
not exactly as a compliment, are you.
not exactly as a compliment, are you.
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你不會覺得這是稱讚，對吧？
但是你真的很臭
03:19
But you do smell.
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你也剛發現到自己確實很臭
03:21
You've just found that out. You do smell.
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這是科學事實
03:22
It's a scientific fact.
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03:25
And I'd quite like
to turn that on its head.
to turn that on its head.
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我真的很想翻轉這個事實
03:27
What if we could actually
think about smell in a positive way,
think about smell in a positive way,
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要是我們用正面的方式
看待這些氣味呢？
看待這些氣味呢？
要是我們能善用氣味呢？
03:30
put it to good use?
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03:31
What if we could detect the chemicals
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要是我們能夠偵測生病時
身體所散發出的化學物質
身體所散發出的化學物質
03:33
that are given off
by our bodies when we're ill,
by our bodies when we're ill,
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並利用這種方式診斷疾病呢？
03:36
and use that to diagnose people?
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03:39
Now we'd need to develop good sensors
that would allow us to do this,
that would allow us to do this,
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現在我們要開發出好的感測器
讓我們能夠做到這一點
讓我們能夠做到這一點
03:42
but it turns out that the world's
best sensors actually already exist,
best sensors actually already exist,
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但是，世界上最好的感測器
其實已經存在了
其實已經存在了
03:47
and they're called animals.
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這感測器就是「動物」
03:50
Now animals are built to smell.
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動物生來就是要聞
牠們每天都依靠著鼻子過活
03:52
They live their everyday lives
according to their nose.
according to their nose.
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03:56
They sense the environment,
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牠們偵測周遭環境
本質上來說，這行為能提供牠們
03:57
which tells them
really important information
really important information
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03:59
about how to stay alive, essentially.
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重要的保命訊息
04:01
Just imagine you're a mosquito
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想像你是一隻蚊子
04:03
and you've just flown in from outside
and you've entered this room.
and you've entered this room.
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你從室外飛進來，進入這個空間
正要進入到一個非常複雜的世界
04:07
Now you're going to be entering
a really complex world.
a really complex world.
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被各處的氣味所轟炸
04:09
You're going to be bombarded
with smells from everywhere.
with smells from everywhere.
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我們發現自己是一頭臭野獸
04:12
We've just found out
that we're really smelly beasts.
that we're really smelly beasts.
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04:15
Each one of us is producing
different volatile chemicals.
different volatile chemicals.
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每個人都在產生
不同的揮發性化學物質
不同的揮發性化學物質
04:17
It's not just one chemical, like BO --
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不是只有體味一種
而是相當相當多的化學物質
而是相當相當多的化學物質
04:19
lots and lots of chemicals.
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但不只有你
04:21
But it's not just you,
it's the seats you're sitting on,
it's the seats you're sitting on,
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還包括你現在坐著的座椅
地毯、黏合地毯和地板的膠水
04:23
the carpet, the glue that holds
the carpet to the floor,
the carpet to the floor,
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牆上的油漆，室外的樹木
04:26
the paint on the walls, the trees outside.
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你周遭的所有東西都在產生氣味
04:28
Everything around you
is producing an odor,
is producing an odor,
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04:31
and it's a really complex world
that the mosquito has to fly through,
that the mosquito has to fly through,
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這隻蚊子必須要飛越
這個相當複雜的世界
這個相當複雜的世界
04:35
and it has to find you
within that really complex world.
within that really complex world.
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牠必須在這個
相當複雜的世界中找到你
相當複雜的世界中找到你
04:39
And each and every one of you will know --
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而每個人都知道──
04:41
Come on, hands up, who always
gets bitten by mosquitoes?
gets bitten by mosquitoes?
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誰總是被蚊子叮？請舉手
誰從沒被叮過？請舉手
04:44
And who never gets bitten?
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04:45
There's always one or two really
annoying people that never get bitten.
annoying people that never get bitten.
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總是有那麼一兩位討厭鬼從沒被叮過
04:50
But the mosquito
has a really hard job to find you,
has a really hard job to find you,
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蚊子要找到你其實很難
這都跟你的氣味有關
04:52
and that's all to do
with the way you smell.
with the way you smell.
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有些人聞起來令人反感
就不會吸引到蚊子
就不會吸引到蚊子
04:55
People who don't attract
mosquitoes smell repellent,
mosquitoes smell repellent,
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04:58
and what we know is that --
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而且我們知道──
04:59
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
05:00
I should clarify, repellent to mosquitoes,
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我應該澄清一下：是令「蚊子」反感
不是令「人」反感
05:04
not to people.
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05:05
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
05:06
And what we know now
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而我們知道的就是
氣味是由我們的基因所控制
氣味是由我們的基因所控制
05:07
is that that is actually
controlled by our genes.
controlled by our genes.
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但是蚊子能找到我們
05:11
But mosquitoes are able to do that
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因為牠們擁有非常精準的嗅覺
05:13
because they have
a highly sophisticated sense of smell,
a highly sophisticated sense of smell,
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而牠們能夠看清這團混雜的氣味
05:16
and they're able to see through
all the, sort of, odor sludge
all the, sort of, odor sludge
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然後找到你或是哪個人
吸你的血飽餐一頓
吸你的血飽餐一頓
05:19
to find you, that individual,
and bite you as a blood meal.
and bite you as a blood meal.
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05:24
But what would happen
if one of you was infected with malaria?
if one of you was infected with malaria?
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但是，假設你們其中一人感染瘧疾
會發生什麼事情呢？
會發生什麼事情呢？
05:28
Well, let's just have a quick look
at the malaria life cycle.
at the malaria life cycle.
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讓我們快速看一下瘧疾的生命週期
05:31
So it's quite complex,
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這相當的複雜
05:33
but basically, what happens is a mosquito
has to bite somebody to become infected.
has to bite somebody to become infected.
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但是基本上是這樣：
一隻蚊子叮咬某人後被感染
一隻蚊子叮咬某人後被感染
05:37
Once it bites an infected person,
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一旦蚊子叮咬到受感染的人
寄生蟲通過嘴部進入到腸道
05:39
the parasite travels
through the mouth part into the gut
through the mouth part into the gut
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05:42
and then bursts
through the gut, creates cysts,
through the gut, creates cysts,
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接著猛力衝破腸道，形成囊胞
05:44
and then the parasites replicate,
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然後寄生蟲繁殖，開始牠們的旅程
05:47
and then they make a journey from the gut
all the way to the salivary glands,
all the way to the salivary glands,
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一路從腸道到唾腺
05:51
where they are then injected
back into another person
back into another person
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寄生蟲再從唾腺這裡
被注射到另一個人的身體
被注射到另一個人的身體
05:54
when the mosquito bites,
because it injects saliva as it bites.
because it injects saliva as it bites.
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因為蚊子在叮咬時
會將唾液注射到人的身體中
會將唾液注射到人的身體中
05:57
Then, inside the human,
it goes through a whole other cycle,
it goes through a whole other cycle,
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接著在人體中
寄生蟲會歷經另一個週期
寄生蟲會歷經另一個週期
06:00
a whole other part of the life cycle,
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整個生命週期中的另一個週期
然後寄生蟲經過了肝臟，改變型態
06:02
so it goes through
a liver stage, changes shape,
a liver stage, changes shape,
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然後再一次進入到血液中
06:04
and then comes out
into the bloodstream again,
into the bloodstream again,
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最後這個人就會變得有傳染性
06:06
and eventually, that person
will become infectious.
will become infectious.
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我們瞭解到寄生蟲
06:09
Now, one thing we know
about the parasite world
about the parasite world
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非常擅長操控宿主
06:11
is that they are incredibly good
at manipulating their hosts
at manipulating their hosts
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藉此提升牠們的傳播能力
06:15
to enhance their own transmission,
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06:16
to make sure that they get passed onwards.
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確保牠們能夠延續下來
如果這在瘧疾系統中發生
或許能夠說得通一件事情
或許能夠說得通一件事情
06:19
If this was to happen
in the malaria system,
in the malaria system,
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06:21
it might make sense
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這跟牠們所操控的氣味有關
06:22
that it would be something
to do with odor that they manipulate,
to do with odor that they manipulate,
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06:25
because odor is the key.
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因為氣味是關鍵因素
06:27
Odor is the thing that links us
between mosquitoes.
between mosquitoes.
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氣味是連結我們與蚊子之間的東西
06:29
That's how they find us.
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那是牠們找到我們的方式
06:31
This is what we call the malaria
manipulation hypothesis,
manipulation hypothesis,
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我們稱之為瘧疾操控假說
這是我們過去幾年一直在努力的事情
06:34
and it's something that we've been
working on over the last few years.
working on over the last few years.
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06:39
So one of the first things
that we wanted to do in our study
that we wanted to do in our study
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我們在研究中首先想要做的事情是
06:42
was to find out whether
an infection with malaria
an infection with malaria
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找出瘧疾感染是否會讓你
更容易吸引到蚊子
06:45
actually makes you more attractive
to mosquitoes or not.
to mosquitoes or not.
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06:48
So in Kenya, with our colleagues,
we designed an experiment
we designed an experiment
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所以我和同事在肯亞設計了一個實驗
參與實驗的肯亞孩童睡在帳篷中
06:52
where we had participants,
children in Kenya, sleep inside tents.
children in Kenya, sleep inside tents.
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06:56
The odor from the tent was blown
into a chamber which contained mosquitoes,
into a chamber which contained mosquitoes,
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從帳篷飄出的氣味送進一個小空間
這裡面有一些蚊子
07:00
and the mosquitoes would
behaviorally respond.
behaviorally respond.
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蚊子會做出反應
07:03
They would fly towards
or fly away from the odors,
or fly away from the odors,
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牠們會接近或是遠離那個氣味
07:05
depending on whether
they liked them or not.
they liked them or not.
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這取決於牠們的喜好
07:08
Now some of the participants
were infected with malaria,
were infected with malaria,
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現在有些參與者感染了瘧疾
07:10
and some of them were uninfected,
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有些則沒被感染
07:12
but importantly,
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但重要的是，沒有一個孩子出現症狀
07:14
none of the children
had any symptoms whatsoever.
had any symptoms whatsoever.
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07:18
Now when we found and saw the results,
it was really quite staggering.
it was really quite staggering.
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我們發現且看到這個結果時非常震驚
07:22
People who were infected with malaria
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感染瘧疾的人
07:24
were significantly more attractive
than people who were uninfected.
than people who were uninfected.
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比那些未感染的人更容易吸引蚊子
讓我解釋一下這個圖表
07:28
So let me explain this graph.
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07:30
We have "number of mosquitoes
attracted to the child,"
attracted to the child,"
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我們統計「被孩童吸引的蚊子數量」
我們有兩組數據：
分別為治療前與治療後
分別為治療前與治療後
07:32
and we have two sets of data:
before treatment and after treatment.
before treatment and after treatment.
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在最左邊
07:35
On the far left-hand side,
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長條柱代表未感染的人
07:37
that bar represents
a group of people who are uninfected,
a group of people who are uninfected,
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當我們轉移到右邊
這些代表已感染的人
這些代表已感染的人
07:40
and as we move
towards the right-hand side,
towards the right-hand side,
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07:42
these people have become infected
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而他們漸漸具有感染性
07:43
and they're moving towards the stage
that they're infectious.
that they're infectious.
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07:46
So right at the stage
when people are infectious
when people are infectious
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當人處在具有感染性的階段時
07:49
is when they are
significantly more attractive.
significantly more attractive.
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他們更容易吸引蚊子
07:52
In this study, then, what we did
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在這個研究中，我們治療孩童
07:54
is we obviously gave
the children treatment
the children treatment
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07:56
to clear the parasites,
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替他們清除寄生蟲
然後再一次以他們做測試
然後再一次以他們做測試
07:57
and then we tested them again,
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07:59
and what we found was that highly
attractive trait that was there
attractive trait that was there
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我們發現到孩童接受治療後
吸引蚊子的特性消失了
08:03
disappeared after they had
cleared the infection.
cleared the infection.
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08:06
So it wasn't just that the people
were more attractive,
were more attractive,
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所以並非只是人吸引蚊子
寄生蟲也用某種方式操控著宿主
08:08
it was that the parasite
was manipulating its host in some way
was manipulating its host in some way
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08:12
to make it more attractive to mosquitoes,
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使宿主更吸引蚊子
像是燈塔一樣顯眼，吸引更多的蚊子
08:14
standing out like a beacon
to attract more mosquitoes
to attract more mosquitoes
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08:17
so that it could continue its life cycle.
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這樣寄生蟲便能夠延續生命週期
接下來我們希望能找出
08:20
The next thing we wanted to do
was find out what it was
was find out what it was
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蚊子到底聞到了什麼？
08:22
the mosquito was actually smelling.
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蚊子偵測到了什麼？
08:24
What was it detecting?
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為了做這件事情
我們必須搜集參與者的體味
我們必須搜集參與者的體味
08:25
So to do that, we had to collect
the body odor from the participants,
the body odor from the participants,
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我們用袋子包住他們的腳
08:29
and we did this by wrapping
bags around their feet,
bags around their feet,
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08:31
which allowed us to collect
the volatile odors from their feet,
the volatile odors from their feet,
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這讓我們能夠搜集到從腳散發的氣味
腳對蚊子來說相當重要
08:34
and feet are really important
to mosquitoes.
to mosquitoes.
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牠們很喜歡腳的氣味
08:36
They really love the smell of feet.
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（笑聲）
08:38
(Laughter)
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特別是臭腳丫
08:39
Especially cheesy feet.
Anybody got cheesy feet back there?
Anybody got cheesy feet back there?
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這裡有人有腳臭嗎？
08:42
Mosquitoes love that smell.
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蚊子特別愛這個味道
我們把焦點放在腳上
搜集這些體味
搜集這些體味
08:44
So we focused on the feet,
and we collected the body odor.
and we collected the body odor.
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蚊子與嗅覺——牠們的嗅覺感官
08:47
Now when it comes to mosquitoes
and olfaction, their sense of smell,
and olfaction, their sense of smell,
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都相當複雜
08:51
it's very complex.
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08:52
It would be really nice if there was
just one chemical that they detected,
just one chemical that they detected,
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如果牠們只偵測到一種化學物質
那事情就容易多了
那事情就容易多了
但是沒有那麼簡單
08:55
but it's not that simple.
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牠們必須偵測許多
濃度正確的化學物質
濃度正確的化學物質
08:57
They have to detect a number of chemicals
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08:59
in the right concentration,
the right ratios,
the right ratios,
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對的比例、對的化學組合
09:02
the right combinations of chemicals.
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所以你可以想像，這就像作曲一樣
09:05
So you can sort of think about it
like a musical composition.
like a musical composition.
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各位知道，當你彈錯一個音符
或是彈奏得太大聲或太柔和
或是彈奏得太大聲或太柔和
09:09
So, you know, if you get the note wrong
or you play it too loud or too soft,
or you play it too loud or too soft,
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09:12
it doesn't sound right.
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聽起來就不太對勁
或者像是食譜，當你用錯了食材
09:14
Or a recipe: if you get
an ingredient wrong
an ingredient wrong
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09:16
or you cook it too long or too little,
it doesn't taste right.
it doesn't taste right.
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或是你煮太久或煮太少
味道嘗起來就不太對勁
味道嘗起來就不太對勁
09:20
Well, smell is the same.
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氣味也是如此
它由一組正確組合的化學物質構成
09:21
It's made up of a suite of chemicals
in the right combination.
in the right combination.
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我們實驗室的機器
09:25
Now our machines in the lab
are not particularly good
are not particularly good
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都無法挑出這類的氣味訊號
這事情相當的複雜
這事情相當的複雜
09:28
at picking out this sort of signal --
it's quite complex.
it's quite complex.
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但是動物做得到
09:31
But animals can,
and what we do in my laboratory
and what we do in my laboratory
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我們在實驗室中做的事情
就是將微電極接上蚊子的觸角
09:35
is we connect microelectrodes
to the antennae of a mosquito.
to the antennae of a mosquito.
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09:40
Imagine how fiddly that is.
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想像一下這事多麼微小又困難
09:41
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
09:43
But what we also do is connect them
to individual cells within the antennae,
to individual cells within the antennae,
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我們也將微電極連接上觸角的細胞
09:47
which is incredible.
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這事有點不可思議
你在做這個實驗的時候
絕對不想打噴嚏
絕對不想打噴嚏
09:48
You don't want to sneeze
when you're doing this,
when you're doing this,
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09:50
that's for sure.
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這樣做讓我們能夠測量觸角中
09:52
But what this does is it allows us
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09:54
to measure the electrical response
of the smell receptors in the antennae,
of the smell receptors in the antennae,
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嗅覺受器的電流反應
如此一來，我們就知道
蚊子聞到了什麼
蚊子聞到了什麼
09:57
and so we can see
what a mosquito is smelling.
what a mosquito is smelling.
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10:00
So I'm going to show you
what this looks like.
what this looks like.
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給各位看一下這個過程
這是昆蟲的細胞
這是昆蟲的細胞
10:03
Here's an insect's cell,
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我按下按鈕後，它會在一秒內反應
10:04
and it will respond in a second
when I press this button,
when I press this button,
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你會看到它對這個回應相當緩慢
10:07
and you'll see it sort of taking over
with this response.
with this response.
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氣味會被吹到這個細胞上
10:10
An odor will be blown over the cell,
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10:11
and it will go a bit crazy,
sort of blow a raspberry,
sort of blow a raspberry,
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接著會變得有些瘋狂
它會發出一串呸呸聲
它會發出一串呸呸聲
10:14
and then it will go back to its resting
potential when we stop the odor.
potential when we stop the odor.
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當我們停止發出氣味時
它會恢復到靜止電位
它會恢復到靜止電位
10:17
(Rapid crackling)
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（快速爆裂聲）
（低頻率爆裂聲）
10:24
(Low-pitch crackling)
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（快速爆裂聲）
10:31
(Rapid crackling)
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10:37
OK, there we go,
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好了，就放到這裡
所以你現在可以回家跟別人說
你看到昆蟲在聞東西
你看到昆蟲在聞東西
10:38
so you can go home now and say
that you've seen an insect smelling
that you've seen an insect smelling
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10:42
and even hearing an insect smelling --
it's a weird concept, isn't it?
it's a weird concept, isn't it?
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甚至聽到昆蟲在聞東西
這是個奇怪的概念，對吧？
但是這個方法真的很有效
10:45
But this works really well,
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10:47
and this allows us to see
what the insect is detecting.
what the insect is detecting.
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它讓我們看到昆蟲偵測到了什麼
10:49
Now using this method
with our malaria samples,
with our malaria samples,
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現在我們將這種方法
運用在瘧疾的樣本上
運用在瘧疾的樣本上
10:52
we were able to find out
what the mosquito was detecting,
what the mosquito was detecting,
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我們能夠發現蚊子偵測到了什麼
10:55
and we found the malaria-associated
compounds, mainly aldehydes,
compounds, mainly aldehydes,
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我們發現一些與瘧疾相關的化合物
主要是醛類
這組很臭的化合物
也就是瘧疾的訊號
也就是瘧疾的訊號
10:59
a group of compounds that smelled,
that signified the malaria signal here.
that signified the malaria signal here.
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11:04
So now we know
what the smell of malaria is,
what the smell of malaria is,
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所以現在我們知道瘧疾的味道
而且我們把蚊子當作一個生物感測器
11:06
and we've used the mosquito as a biosensor
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11:09
to tell us what the smell
of malaria actually is.
of malaria actually is.
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讓我們瞭解到瘧疾
實際上聞起來的味道
實際上聞起來的味道
11:13
Now I'd like to imagine
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現在我想像一下
11:14
that you could, I don't know,
put a harness on a little mosquito
put a harness on a little mosquito
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各位可以放個馬具在一隻小蚊子身上
將小蚊子套上繩索，然後將牠帶出場
11:18
and put it on a lead and take it out
and see if we can sniff people
and see if we can sniff people
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看看我們可否嗅出一群人
11:23
in a community --
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11:24
that goes on in my head --
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我的腦海中想著這件事
11:26
and see whether we could
actually find people with malaria,
actually find people with malaria,
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看看我們可否真的找到感染瘧疾的人
但是，這當然不可能是真的
11:29
but, of course,
that's not really possible.
that's not really possible.
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但是有一種動物可以
協助我們做到這件事
協助我們做到這件事
11:33
But there is an animal
that we can do that with.
that we can do that with.
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11:36
Now dogs have an incredible
sense of smell,
sense of smell,
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狗有相當驚人的嗅覺能力
11:38
but there's something
more special about them:
more special about them:
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但是牠們還有一些更特別的地方
11:40
they have an ability to learn.
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牠們具有學習的能力
11:42
And most of you people will be
familiar with this concept at airports,
familiar with this concept at airports,
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大多數人在機場
對這個概念相當熟悉
對這個概念相當熟悉
狗會沿著排隊人群走
嗅一下你或是你的行李
嗅一下你或是你的行李
11:46
where dogs will go down a line
and sniff out your luggage or yourself
and sniff out your luggage or yourself
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11:49
for drugs and explosives
or even food as well.
or even food as well.
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為了找出毒品、爆裂物或是食物
11:53
So we wanted to know,
could we actually train dogs
could we actually train dogs
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所以我們想知道：
能否訓練這些狗聞出瘧疾的味道？
能否訓練這些狗聞出瘧疾的味道？
11:56
to learn the smell of malaria?
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所以我們和一個慈善組織合作
11:59
And so we've been working with a charity
called Medical Detection Dogs
called Medical Detection Dogs
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這組織稱為醫療偵查犬
(Medical Detection Dogs)
(Medical Detection Dogs)
我們想知道是否可以透過訓練
讓狗聞出瘧疾的味道
讓狗聞出瘧疾的味道
12:04
to see whether we can train them
to learn the smell of malaria.
to learn the smell of malaria.
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接著我們到甘比亞搜集更多氣味
12:08
And we went out to the Gambia
and did some more odor collection
and did some more odor collection
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包括感染及未感染兒童的氣味
12:11
on children that were infected
and uninfected,
and uninfected,
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但這次我們搜集他們穿過的襪子味道
12:13
but this time, we collected their odor
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12:15
by making them wear socks,
nylon stockings,
nylon stockings,
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用尼龍絲襪來搜集他們的體味
12:18
to collect their body odor.
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12:20
And we brought them back to the UK
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然後我們將這些味道帶回英國
12:22
and then we handed them to this charity
to run the experiment.
to run the experiment.
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交給這個慈善組織進行實驗
我現在可以讓你們看圖表
12:27
Now I could show you a graph
and tell you about that experiment works,
and tell you about that experiment works,
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讓你們知道實驗進行得如何
但這可能會有點無聊，對吧？
12:31
but that'd be a bit dull, wouldn't it.
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12:34
Now, they do say never work
with children or animals live,
with children or animals live,
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確實有人說
別讓孩子和動物在現場示範
別讓孩子和動物在現場示範
但是我們今天打破這項規則
12:40
but we're going to break that rule today.
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12:42
So please welcome onto the stage Freya ...
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讓我們歡迎他們上台
歡迎芙蕾雅
（掌聲）
12:46
(Applause)
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12:48
and her trainers Mark and Sarah.
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還有牠的訓練員
馬克和莎拉
（掌聲）
12:53
(Applause)
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他們當然才是這場秀的主角
12:56
Of course, this is
the real star of the show.
the real star of the show.
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12:59
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
13:00
OK, so now what I'm going to ask is
if you can all just be a little bit quiet,
if you can all just be a little bit quiet,
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好啦，現在要麻煩大家保持安靜一下
13:05
not move around too much.
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不要四處走動
13:06
This is a very, very strange
environment for Freya.
environment for Freya.
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對芙蕾雅來說，這是相當陌生的環境
13:09
She's having a good look at you guys now.
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牠現在正仔細看大家
所以我們儘可能保持安靜
這樣會比較好
這樣會比較好
13:11
So let's stay as calm as possible.
That would be great.
That would be great.
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接下來要做的事情是
13:14
So what we're going to do here
is basically, we're going to ask Freya
is basically, we're going to ask Freya
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要芙蕾雅沿著這一排裝置走過去
13:18
to move down this line
of contraptions here,
of contraptions here,
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每個裝置裡面都有一個罐子
13:20
and in each one of these
contraptions, we have a pot,
contraptions, we have a pot,
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罐子中有甘比亞孩童穿過的襪子
13:22
and in the pot is a sock that has been
worn by a child in the Gambia.
worn by a child in the Gambia.
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現在其中三隻襪子
是未感染孩童穿過的
是未感染孩童穿過的
13:26
Now three of the socks have been worn
by children who were uninfected,
by children who were uninfected,
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只有一隻襪子
是感染瘧疾的孩童穿過的
是感染瘧疾的孩童穿過的
13:30
and just one of the socks was worn
by a child who was infected with malaria.
by a child who was infected with malaria.
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就像你在機場看到的
想像這些襪子就是人群
想像這些襪子就是人群
13:35
So just as you would see an airport,
imagine these were people,
imagine these were people,
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然後狗要上前去聞一下
13:38
and the dog is going to go down
and have a good sniff.
and have a good sniff.
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13:40
And let's see if you can see
when she senses the malaria,
when she senses the malaria,
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看看你們能不能看見牠察覺到瘧疾
還有牠能不能發現瘧疾就在那
13:44
and if she senses the malaria.
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在相當陌生的環境中
對狗來說是一項艱鉅的任務
對狗來說是一項艱鉅的任務
13:46
This is a really tough test for her
in this very strange environment,
in this very strange environment,
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所以現在我要把現場交給馬克
13:49
so I'm going to hand it over now to Mark.
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14:08
(Laughs) Number three. OK.
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（笑聲）
第三個，好的
（掌聲）
14:10
(Applause)
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完成了
14:11
There we go.
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14:12
I didn't know which pot that was in.
Mark didn't know.
Mark didn't know.
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我不知道是在哪個罐子裡面
馬克也不知道
14:15
This was a blind test, genuinely.
Sarah, was that correct?
Sarah, was that correct?
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這是一個真實的盲測
莎拉，牠選到正確的嗎？
14:19
Sarah: Yes.
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莎拉：完全正確
詹姆士：正確，做得好，芙蕾雅！
14:20
JL: That was correct. Well done, Freya.
That is fantastic. Whew.
That is fantastic. Whew.
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真的太棒了
（掌聲）
14:23
(Applause)
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這真的太神奇了
14:26
That is really wonderful.
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14:28
Now Sarah is going to actually change
the pots around a little bit,
the pots around a little bit,
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現在莎拉會交換罐子的位置
14:31
and she's going to take
the one with malaria away,
the one with malaria away,
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然後拿走那個有瘧疾氣味的罐子
現在我們有四個罐子
14:34
and we're just going to have four pots
that are containing socks from children
that are containing socks from children
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裡面都是未感染兒童的襪子
14:38
that had no malaria,
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理論上，芙蕾雅應該沿路走過來
14:40
so in theory, Freya should go
down the line and not stop at all.
down the line and not stop at all.
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而且毫不停留
這相當重要，因為我們也需要知道
14:43
And this is really important,
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14:44
because we also need to know
people who are not infected,
people who are not infected,
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誰沒有感染瘧疾
牠也需要能夠正確做到這件事情
14:47
she needs to be able to do that.
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這真的是相當艱鉅的任務
14:49
And this is a tough test.
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這些襪子已經放在冷凍庫好幾年了
14:50
These socks have been in the freezer
for a couple of years now,
for a couple of years now,
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而且這襪子那麼小一個
14:53
and this is a tiny bit of a sock as well.
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想像如果這是一整個人體
它們正散發出重要的訊息
它們正散發出重要的訊息
14:56
So imagine if this was a whole person,
giving off a big signal.
giving off a big signal.
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14:59
So this is really incredible.
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這真的是令人不可置信
15:00
OK, over to you, Mark.
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好了，交給你了馬克
（笑聲）
15:09
(Laughs)
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（掌聲）
15:10
(Applause)
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太厲害了！
15:11
Brilliant. Fantastic.
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太棒了！
（掌聲）
15:14
(Applause)
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15:16
Really super. Thank you so much, guys.
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真是超級厲害！
太感謝你們了
15:18
Big round of applause
for Freya, Mark and Sarah.
for Freya, Mark and Sarah.
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讓我們給芙蕾雅、馬克、莎拉
一個熱烈的掌聲！
一個熱烈的掌聲！
你們做得太好了
15:21
Well done, guys.
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15:22
(Applause)
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2874
（掌聲）
15:25
What a good girl.
She's going to get a treat later.
She's going to get a treat later.
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3222
真是個好女孩
待會牠會被好好款待
15:28
Fantastic.
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太棒了
15:31
So you've just seen that
for your own eyes.
for your own eyes.
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所以各位剛剛親眼見到
15:33
That was a real live demonstration.
I was quite nervous about it.
I was quite nervous about it.
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這是真實的現場示範
我對此相當緊張
但我很高興看到實驗最後成功了
15:36
I'm so glad that it worked.
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（笑聲）
15:37
(Laughter)
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1563
15:39
But it is really incredible,
and when we do this,
and when we do this,
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但是這真的很棒
而且當我們執行時
而且當我們執行時
15:42
what we find is that these dogs
can correctly tell us
can correctly tell us
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我們發現到
這些狗可以辨識出那些感染瘧疾的人
15:45
when somebody is infected with malaria
81 percent of the time.
81 percent of the time.
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正確率達 81%
這真的太不可思議了！
15:48
It's incredible.
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1171
15:49
92 percent of the time,
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有 92% 的機率
15:51
they can tell us correctly
when somebody does not have an infection.
when somebody does not have an infection.
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3325
牠們可以正確辨識出那些未感染的人
15:54
And those numbers
are actually above the criteria
are actually above the criteria
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那些數字實際上
高於世界衛生組織的診斷標準
15:57
set by the World Health Organization
for a diagnostic.
for a diagnostic.
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16:01
So we really are looking
at deploying dogs in countries,
at deploying dogs in countries,
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所以我們正在考慮
將狗部署在一些國家
將狗部署在一些國家
特別是在進口港
16:04
and particularly at ports of entry,
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去偵測那些感染瘧疾的人
16:06
to detect people who have malaria.
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16:09
This could be a reality.
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2125
這事情有可能成真
但是我們無法到處部署這些狗
16:12
But we can't deploy dogs everywhere,
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2150
16:14
and so what we're also looking to do
and working on at the moment
and working on at the moment
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3652
所以我們目前考慮要執行的是
16:18
is the development of technology,
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發展這項科技
可穿戴的科技
16:20
wearable tech that would
empower the individual
empower the individual
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讓人能夠進行自我診斷
16:23
to allow them to self-diagnose.
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16:26
Imagine a patch that you wear on the skin
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2542
想像一下貼在皮膚上的貼片
16:29
that would detect in your sweat
when you're infected with malaria
when you're infected with malaria
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3244
可以偵測你的汗水
當你感染了瘧疾
貼片的顏色就會改變
貼片的顏色就會改變
16:32
and change color.
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16:33
Or something a little more
technical, perhaps:
technical, perhaps:
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或是利用更有技術性的東西
當你感染瘧疾時
會警示你的一款智慧手錶
會警示你的一款智慧手錶
16:36
a smartwatch that would alert you
when you're infected with malaria.
when you're infected with malaria.
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4235
16:40
And if we can do this digitally,
and we can collect data,
and we can collect data,
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如果我們利用數位的方式
那麼就可以搜集數據
那麼就可以搜集數據
你可以想像一下
我們可以搜集到全球的數據
我們可以搜集到全球的數據
16:43
imagine the amount of data
that we can collect on a global scale.
that we can collect on a global scale.
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5058
這可能會徹底改變
16:48
This could completely revolutionize
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1736
我們追蹤疾病傳播的方式
16:50
the way that we track
the spread of diseases,
the spread of diseases,
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2223
改變我們控管工作的重點
以及應對疾病爆發的方式
以及應對疾病爆發的方式
16:52
the way that we target our control efforts
and respond to disease outbreaks,
and respond to disease outbreaks,
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最後達成消滅瘧疾的目標
16:57
ultimately helping to lead
to the eradication of malaria,
to the eradication of malaria,
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除了消滅瘧疾以外
17:01
and even beyond malaria,
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1377
17:02
for other diseases
that we already know have a smell.
that we already know have a smell.
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也能消除其他具有氣味的疾病
17:05
If we can harness the power of nature
to find out what those smells are,
to find out what those smells are,
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假如能夠善用大自然的力量
去發現那些氣味是什麼
去發現那些氣味是什麼
17:09
we could do this and make this a reality.
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那麼這件事情就可以成真
17:12
Now, as scientists, we're tasked
with coming up with new ideas,
with coming up with new ideas,
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4766
身為科學家，我們要想出新的點子
17:17
new concepts, new technologies
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2408
新的概念、新的科技
去處理一些世界上的大問題
17:20
to tackle some of the world's
greatest problems,
greatest problems,
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4115
17:24
but what never ceases to amaze me
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但經常讓我嘆為觀止的是
17:26
is that often nature
has already done this for us,
has already done this for us,
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4245
自然界已經為我們準備好了
17:30
and the answer ...
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而答案
17:32
is right under our nose.
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就在我們的眼前
謝謝大家
17:35
Thank you.
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17:36
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
James Logan - Biologist, medical entomologistProfessor James Logan leads an internationally renowned research program at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, presents television programs and has a passion for science and natural history.
Why you should listen
Professor James Logan's research group explores the complex interaction between arthropod vectors, and his groundbreaking research has led to the discovery of novel methods for the control of vectors that transmit pathogens that cause diseases such as malaria, Zika, dengue, trachoma and Lyme disease. His work extends into field evaluation of vector control tools in developing countries, and his recent research discovered that malaria infection causes changes in our body odor, making us more attractive to mosquitoes. He's now working on translating that to develop a novel, non-invasive diagnostic for malaria.
Logan is a Fellow of the Royal Entomological Society and has a first-class BSc honours degree in Zoology from the University of Aberdeen and an award-winning PhD, which he completed in 2005. He is also an entrepreneur, having spun out two companies from his University, and holds the position of Director and Founder of ARCTEC and Director and Founder of Vecotech Ltd. Logan regularly advises UK government departments on aspects of vector biology, invasive species and vector control.
James Logan | Speaker | TED.com