TEDYouth 2014
Jaap de Roode: How butterflies self-medicate
Jaap de Roode: Ako motýle liečia samy seba
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Aj motýle monarchy sú niekedy choré, presne ako my, a to kvôli hnusnému parazitovi. Ale biológ Jaap de Roode si všimol niečo zaujímavé na motýľoch, ktoré skúmal – infikované samičky motýľov zvyčajne kladú svoje vajíčka na konkrétny druh rastliny, ktorá pomáha ich potomkom vyhnúť sa chorobe. Ako si vedia vybrať práve túto rastlinu? Predstavte si to ako „druhý motýlí efekt“, ktorý by nám mohol pomôcť nájsť nové lieky na ľudské choroby.
Jaap de Roode - Biologist
Jaap de Roode studies the ecology and evolution of parasites, focusing on those that attack the monarch butterfly. Full bio
Jaap de Roode studies the ecology and evolution of parasites, focusing on those that attack the monarch butterfly. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
So infectious diseases, right?
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Infekčné choroby sú stále hlavnou príčinou
00:13
Infectious diseases
are still the main cause
are still the main cause
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00:15
of human suffering and death
around the world.
around the world.
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utrpenia ľudí a úmrtí po celom svete.
00:18
Every year, millions of people die
of diseases such as T.B., malaria, HIV,
of diseases such as T.B., malaria, HIV,
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Každý rok milióny ľudí zomierajú
na choroby ako TBC, malária, HIV,
na choroby ako TBC, malária, HIV,
00:23
around the world
and even in the United States.
and even in the United States.
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po celom svete a dokonca aj v USA.
00:25
Every year, thousands of Americans
die of seasonal flu.
die of seasonal flu.
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Každý rok tisícky Američanov
zomierajú na sezónnu chrípku.
zomierajú na sezónnu chrípku.
00:29
Now of course, humans,
we are creative. Right?
we are creative. Right?
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Ale, samozrejme, my ľudia
sme kreatívni, však?
sme kreatívni, však?
00:31
We have come up with ways to protect
ourselves against these diseases.
ourselves against these diseases.
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Prišli sme na mnoho spôsobov,
ako sa ochrániť pred týmito chorobami.
ako sa ochrániť pred týmito chorobami.
00:34
We have drugs and vaccines.
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Máme lieky a vakcíny.
00:36
And we're conscious --
we learn from our experiences
we learn from our experiences
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A sme rozumní –
učíme sa z vlastných skúseností
učíme sa z vlastných skúseností
00:39
and come up with creative solutions.
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a prichádzame s kreatívnymi riešeniami.
00:41
We used to think we're alone in this,
but now we know we're not.
but now we know we're not.
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Mysleli sme si, že to len my sme takí,
ale teraz vieme, že nie.
ale teraz vieme, že nie.
00:44
We're not the only medical doctors.
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Nie sme jedinými lekármi.
00:46
Now we know that there's a lot of animals
out there that can do it too.
out there that can do it too.
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Teraz vieme, že je mnoho zvierat,
ktoré to tiež dokážu.
ktoré to tiež dokážu.
00:49
Most famous, perhaps, chimpanzees.
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Najznámejšie sú zrejme šimpanzy.
00:51
Not so much different from us,
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Príliš sa od nás nelíšia,
00:52
they can use plants
to treat their intestinal parasites.
to treat their intestinal parasites.
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vedia používať rastliny
na liečenie črevných parazitov.
na liečenie črevných parazitov.
00:55
But the last few decades have shown us
that other animals can do it too:
that other animals can do it too:
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Ale posledné desaťročia ukázali,
že to dokážu aj ďalšie zvieratá:
že to dokážu aj ďalšie zvieratá:
00:59
elephants, porcupines,
sheep, goats, you name it.
sheep, goats, you name it.
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slony, dikobrazy, ovce,
kozy, čo len chcete.
kozy, čo len chcete.
01:02
And even more interesting than that
is that recent discoveries are telling us
is that recent discoveries are telling us
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Čo je ešte zaujímavejšie,
nedávne objavy prezrádzajú,
nedávne objavy prezrádzajú,
01:06
that insects and other little animals with
smaller brains can use medication too.
smaller brains can use medication too.
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že hmyz a iné malé živočíchy
s menším mozgom sa tiež vedia liečiť.
s menším mozgom sa tiež vedia liečiť.
01:11
The problem with infectious diseases,
as we all know,
as we all know,
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Problém s infekčnými chorobami,
ako všetci vieme,
ako všetci vieme,
01:14
is that pathogens continue to evolve,
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je, že patogény sa neustále vyvíjajú,
01:16
and a lot of the drugs
that we have developed
that we have developed
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a mnoho liečiv, ktoré sme vyvinuli,
01:18
are losing their efficacy.
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stráca svoju účinnosť.
01:19
And therefore, there is this great need
to find new ways to discover drugs
to find new ways to discover drugs
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A preto potrebujeme nájsť nové spôsoby
hľadania liekov na naše choroby.
01:24
that we can use against our diseases.
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01:26
Now, I think that we
should look at these animals,
should look at these animals,
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Myslím si, že by sme sa mali pozrieť
na tieto zvieratá
na tieto zvieratá
01:28
and we can learn from them
how to treat our own diseases.
how to treat our own diseases.
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a od nich sa učiť,
ako liečiť naše vlastné choroby.
ako liečiť naše vlastné choroby.
01:32
As a biologist, I have been studying
monarch butterflies for the last 10 years.
monarch butterflies for the last 10 years.
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Ako biológ som 10 rokov
študoval monarchy sťahovavé.
študoval monarchy sťahovavé.
01:36
Now, monarchs are extremely famous
for their spectacular migrations
for their spectacular migrations
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Monarchy sú slávne
pre ich veľkolepé každoročné
pre ich veľkolepé každoročné
01:39
from the U.S. and Canada
down to Mexico every year,
down to Mexico every year,
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migrovanie z USA a Kanady až do Mexika,
01:43
where millions of them come together,
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kde sa ich stretnú milióny.
01:45
but it's not why I started studying them.
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Ale nie preto som ich začal skúmať.
01:47
I study monarchs because they get sick.
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Monarchy študujem preto,
že sú občas choré.
že sú občas choré.
01:50
They get sick like you.
They get sick like me.
They get sick like me.
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Ochorejú ako vy. Ochorejú ako ja.
01:52
And I think what they do
can tell us a lot about drugs
can tell us a lot about drugs
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A myslím, že to, čo robia,
nám môže povedať mnoho
nám môže povedať mnoho
01:55
that we can develop for humans.
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o tom, ako vyvinúť nové lieky pre ľudí.
01:57
Now, the parasites
that monarchs get infected with
that monarchs get infected with
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Parazity, ktoré napádajú monarchy,
sa nazývajú Ophryocystis elektroscirrha,
01:59
are called ophryocystis elektroscirrha --
a mouthful.
a mouthful.
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dlhý názov.
Produkujú spóry, milióny spór
na telách motýľov,
na telách motýľov,
02:03
What they do is they produce spores,
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02:05
millions of spores
on the outside of the butterfly
on the outside of the butterfly
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02:07
that are shown as little specks
in between the scales of the butterfly.
in between the scales of the butterfly.
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čo sa prejavuje ako škvrnky
medzi šupinkami na krídlach.
medzi šupinkami na krídlach.
02:11
And this is really detrimental
to the monarch.
to the monarch.
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A to má pre monarchy
veľmi škodlivé účinky.
veľmi škodlivé účinky.
02:13
It shortens their lifespan,
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Skracuje to ich dĺžku života,
02:15
it reduces their ability to fly,
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znižuje ich schopnosť lietať,
02:17
it can even kill them
before they're even adults.
before they're even adults.
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dokonca ich to môže zabiť, než dospejú.
02:19
Very detrimental parasite.
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Veľmi zákerný parazit.
02:21
As part of my job, I spend a lot of time
in the greenhouse growing plants,
in the greenhouse growing plants,
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V rámci svojej práce trávim
mnoho času v skleníkoch,
mnoho času v skleníkoch,
02:25
and the reason for this is that monarchs
are extremely picky eaters.
are extremely picky eaters.
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kde pestujem rastliny pre monarchy,
lebo tie sú extrémne vyberavé.
lebo tie sú extrémne vyberavé.
02:29
They only eat milkweed as larvae.
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Ako larvy sa živia iba glejovkou.
02:31
Luckily, there are several
species of milkweed that they can use,
species of milkweed that they can use,
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Našťastie sa živia
viacerými druhmi glejovky,
viacerými druhmi glejovky,
02:34
and all these milkweeds
have cardenolides in them.
have cardenolides in them.
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pretože všetky z nich
obsahujú kardenolidy.
obsahujú kardenolidy.
02:36
These are chemicals that are toxic.
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Sú to jedovaté chemikálie.
02:38
They're toxic to most animals,
but not to monarchs.
but not to monarchs.
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Jedovaté pre väčšinu zvierat,
ale nie pre monarchy.
ale nie pre monarchy.
02:41
In fact, monarchs
can take up the chemicals,
can take up the chemicals,
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Monarchy vedia tieto chemikálie prijať,
02:43
put it in their own bodies,
and it makes them toxic
and it makes them toxic
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uložiť ich vo svojom tele,
a potom sú samy jedovaté
a potom sú samy jedovaté
02:45
against their predators, such as birds.
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pre svojich predátorov, ako sú vtáky.
02:48
And what they do, then,
is advertise this toxicity
is advertise this toxicity
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Túto svoju jedovatosť potom oznamujú
02:50
through their beautiful
warning colorations
warning colorations
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svojím nádherným varovným zafarbením
02:52
with this orange, black and white.
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na oranžovo, čierno a bielo.
02:54
So what I did during my job
is grow plants in the greenhouse,
is grow plants in the greenhouse,
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Takže v rámci svojej práce
som pestoval v skleníku rastliny,
som pestoval v skleníku rastliny,
02:58
different ones, different milkweeds.
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rôzne druhy, rôzne glejovky.
03:00
Some were toxic, including
the tropical milkweed,
the tropical milkweed,
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Niektoré boli toxické,
vrátane tropickej glejovky,
vrátane tropickej glejovky,
03:02
with very high concentrations
of these cardenolides.
of these cardenolides.
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a mali vysoké koncentrácie
týchto kardenolidov.
týchto kardenolidov.
03:06
And some were not toxic.
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A iné toxické neboli.
03:07
And then I fed them to monarchs.
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Potom som nimi kŕmil monarchy.
03:09
Some of the monarchs were healthy.
They had no disease.
They had no disease.
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Niektoré boli zdravé, nemali choroby.
03:12
But some of the monarchs were sick,
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Ale niektoré z nich boli choré,
03:14
and what I found is that
some of these milkweeds are medicinal,
some of these milkweeds are medicinal,
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a zistil som,
že toxické glejovky sú liečivé,
že toxické glejovky sú liečivé,
03:17
meaning they reduce the disease symptoms
in the monarch butterflies,
in the monarch butterflies,
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čiže redukujú symptómy
chorôb u týchto motýľov,
chorôb u týchto motýľov,
03:20
meaning these monarchs can live longer
when they are infected
when they are infected
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teda monarchy môžu s infekciou dlhšie žiť,
03:23
when feeding on these medicinal plants.
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keď sa živia týmito liečivými rastlinami.
03:25
And when I found this, I had this idea,
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Keď som to zistil, dostal som nápad,
03:28
and a lot of people said
it was a crazy idea,
it was a crazy idea,
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a mnohí mi vraveli,
že je to bláznivý nápad,
že je to bláznivý nápad,
03:30
but I thought,
what if monarchs can use this?
what if monarchs can use this?
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ale čo ak monarchy toto vedia využiť?
03:32
What if they can use these plants
as their own form of medicine?
as their own form of medicine?
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Čo ak využívajú tieto rastliny
ako vlastnú formu medicíny?
ako vlastnú formu medicíny?
03:35
What if they can act as medical doctors?
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Čo ak pôsobia ako lekári?
Tak som so svojím tímom
začal robiť pokusy.
začal robiť pokusy.
03:38
So my team and I
started doing experiments.
started doing experiments.
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03:40
In the first types of experiments,
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Pri prvom type pokusov
03:42
we had caterpillars,
and gave them a choice:
and gave them a choice:
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sme mali húsenice a dali sme im na výber:
03:44
medicinal milkweed versus
non-medicinal milkweed.
non-medicinal milkweed.
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liečivé glejovky alebo neliečivé glejovky.
03:47
And then we measured how much they ate
of each species over their lifetime.
of each species over their lifetime.
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Potom sme merali, koľko z každého druhu
počas svojho života zjedli.
počas svojho života zjedli.
03:51
And the result, as so often
in science, was boring:
in science, was boring:
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Ako sa to vo vede stáva často,
výsledok bol nudný:
výsledok bol nudný:
03:54
Fifty percent of their food was medicinal.
Fifty percent was not.
Fifty percent was not.
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50 % ich stravy boli liečivé druhy,
50 % neboli.
50 % neboli.
03:58
These caterpillars didn't do
anything for their own welfare.
anything for their own welfare.
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Tieto húsenice nerobili
nič pre svoje vlastné blaho.
nič pre svoje vlastné blaho.
04:02
So then we moved on to adult butterflies,
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Tak sme prešli k dospelým motýľom
04:04
and we started asking the question
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a začali sme sa pýtať,
04:06
whether it's the mothers
that can medicate their offspring.
that can medicate their offspring.
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či svojich potomkov neliečia ich matky.
04:09
Can the mothers lay their eggs
on medicinal milkweed
on medicinal milkweed
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Môžu matky klásť vajíčka
na liečivé glejovky,
na liečivé glejovky,
04:12
that will make their
future offspring less sick?
future offspring less sick?
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vďaka ktorým ich potomstvo
bude menej choré?
bude menej choré?
04:15
We have done these experiments now
over several years,
over several years,
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Týmto pokusom sa venujeme niekoľko rokov
04:18
and always get the same results.
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a vždy dostaneme rovnaké výsledky.
04:20
What we do is we put
a monarch in a big cage,
a monarch in a big cage,
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Monarcha dáme do veľkej klietky –
04:22
a medicinal plant on one side,
a non-medicinal plant on the other side,
a non-medicinal plant on the other side,
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na jednej strane liečivá rastlina,
na druhej neliečivá –
na druhej neliečivá –
04:25
and then we measure the number of eggs
that the monarchs lay on each plant.
that the monarchs lay on each plant.
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a potom skúmame, koľko vajíčok
nakladie na ktorú rastlinu.
nakladie na ktorú rastlinu.
04:30
And what we find when we do that
is always the same.
is always the same.
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A stále zisťujeme to isté.
04:33
What we find is that the monarchs
strongly prefer the medicinal milkweed.
strongly prefer the medicinal milkweed.
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Zistíme, že monarchy
výrazne preferujú liečivé rastliny.
výrazne preferujú liečivé rastliny.
04:36
In other words,
what these females are doing
what these females are doing
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Inými slovami, tieto samičky kladú
04:39
is they're laying 68 percent
of their eggs in the medicinal milkweed.
of their eggs in the medicinal milkweed.
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68 % svojich vajíčok na liečivé glejovky.
04:42
Intriguingly, what they do
is they actually transmit the parasites
is they actually transmit the parasites
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Zaujímavé je, že pri kladení
prenášajú parazity na vajíčka.
prenášajú parazity na vajíčka.
04:46
when they're laying the eggs.
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04:48
They cannot prevent this.
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Tomu nevedia zamedziť.
04:49
They can also not medicate themselves.
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Nevedia sa ani samé liečiť.
04:51
But what these experiments tell us
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Ale tieto pokusy nám ukazujú,
04:53
is that these monarchs, these mothers,
can lay their eggs on medicinal milkweed
can lay their eggs on medicinal milkweed
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že motýlie matky môžu klásť
svoje vajíčka na liečivé glejovky
svoje vajíčka na liečivé glejovky
04:58
that will make their
future offspring less sick.
future offspring less sick.
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a ich potomstvo bude
vďaka tomu menej choré.
vďaka tomu menej choré.
05:03
Now, this is a really
important discovery, I think,
important discovery, I think,
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Myslím, že to je veľmi dôležitý objav,
05:05
not just because it tells us
something cool about nature,
something cool about nature,
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nielen preto, že nám
hovorí niečo super o prírode,
hovorí niečo super o prírode,
05:08
but also because it may tell us something
more about how we should find drugs.
more about how we should find drugs.
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ale aj preto, že nám ukazuje,
ako hľadať nové lieky.
ako hľadať nové lieky.
05:12
Now, these are animals that are very small
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Tieto zvieratá sú veľmi malé
05:14
and we tend to think of them
as very simple.
as very simple.
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a považujeme ich za veľmi jednoduché.
05:16
They have tiny little brains,
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Majú maličký mozog,
05:17
yet they can do this
very sophisticated medication.
very sophisticated medication.
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ale aj tak sa vedia
takto dômyselne liečiť.
takto dômyselne liečiť.
05:20
Now, we know that even today,
most of our drugs
most of our drugs
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Vieme, že aj dnes je väčšina našich liečiv
05:23
derive from natural products,
including plants,
including plants,
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vyrobená z prírodných produktov,
vrátane rastlín,
vrátane rastlín,
05:26
and in indigenous cultures,
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a v domorodých kultúrach
05:27
traditional healers often look
at animals to find new drugs.
at animals to find new drugs.
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sa liečitelia pri hľadaní liekov
inšpirujú zvieratami.
inšpirujú zvieratami.
05:30
In this way, elephants have told us
how to treat stomach upset,
how to treat stomach upset,
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Takto nám slony povedali,
ako liečiť nevoľnosť,
ako liečiť nevoľnosť,
05:34
and porcupines have told people
how to treat bloody diarrhea.
how to treat bloody diarrhea.
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a dikobrazy nám povedali,
ako liečiť krvavú hnačku.
ako liečiť krvavú hnačku.
05:37
What I think is important,
though, is to move beyond
though, is to move beyond
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Myslím si však, že je dôležité posunúť sa
05:39
these large-brained mammals
and give these guys more credit,
and give these guys more credit,
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za tieto cicavce s veľkými mozgami
a priznať zásluhy aj týmto malým tvorom,
05:43
these simple animals, these insects
that we tend to think of
that we tend to think of
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hmyzu, ktorý považujeme
za veľmi jednoduchý,
za veľmi jednoduchý,
05:46
as very, very simple
with tiny little brains.
with tiny little brains.
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s miniatúrnym mozgom.
05:49
The discovery that these animals
can also use medication
can also use medication
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Objav, že tieto zvieratá
tiež vedia využívať liečivá,
tiež vedia využívať liečivá,
05:53
opens up completely new avenues,
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nám otvára úplne nové oblasti
05:56
and I think that maybe one day,
we will be treating human diseases
we will be treating human diseases
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a myslím si, že raz
budeme liečiť ľudské choroby
budeme liečiť ľudské choroby
06:01
with drugs that were first
discovered by butterflies,
discovered by butterflies,
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liekmi, ktoré najprv objavili motýle,
06:04
and I think that is an amazing opportunity
worth pursuing.
worth pursuing.
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a myslím, že to je skvelá príležitosť
hodná nasledovania.
hodná nasledovania.
06:08
Thank you so much.
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Ďakujem pekne.
06:10
(Applause)
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(potlesk)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jaap de Roode - BiologistJaap de Roode studies the ecology and evolution of parasites, focusing on those that attack the monarch butterfly.
Why you should listen
At his lab at Emory University, Jaap de Roode and his team study parasites and their hosts. Some of the questions that intrigue them: If a parasite depends on its host's survival for its own well-being, why do so many of them cause harm? In what ways are hosts able to self-medicate in order to make themselves less desirable to parasites? And are the abilities to harm hosts — and the ability of hosts to self-medicate — favored by natural selection?
The De Roode Lab focuses on the monarch butterfly and its parasites. The team has made a fascinating discovery: that female butterflies infected by a parasite choose to lay their eggs on a specific variety of milkweed that helps their offspring avoid getting sick. De Roode hopes that this insight could lead to new approaches in medications for human beings in the future.
Jaap de Roode | Speaker | TED.com