ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Doris Kim Sung - Architect
Doris Kim Sung is a biology student turned architect interested in thermo-bimetals, smart materials that respond dynamically to temperature change.

Why you should listen

Architect Doris Kim Sung asks: Why can't building materials be more adaptable? Why can't they function more like clothing, or even human skin? Having studied biology at Princeton University intending to go to medical school, Sung applies principles of biology to her work as an assistant professor of architecture at the University of Southern California. She explores architecture as an extension of the body, challenging the notion that buildings ought to be static and climate-controlled. Rather, they should be able to adapt to their environment through self-ventilation. In November 2011, Sung exhibited her art installation "Bloom" in Silver Lake, Los Angeles. The installation is 20 feet tall and made with 14,000 completely unique pieces of thermo-bimetal, a smart material made of two different metals laminated together. This metal is dynamic and responsive, curling as air temperatures rise, resulting in a beautiful sculpture that breathes.

More profile about the speaker
Doris Kim Sung | Speaker | TED.com
TEDxUSC

Doris Kim Sung: Metal that breathes

Doris Kim Sung:可以呼吸的金属

Filmed:
1,255,735 views

现代建筑里从地板到天花板都镶嵌着玻璃窗。它可以给我们一个壮观的景色,但是它们也需要消耗很多的能量去降温。Doris Kim Sung 研究的热双金属和智能材料会动态地和感应地调节温度,就好似人的皮肤一样,并且可以为房间遮挡阳光和自我通风。
- Architect
Doris Kim Sung is a biology student turned architect interested in thermo-bimetals, smart materials that respond dynamically to temperature change. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:16
I was one of those kids孩子 that, every一切 time I got in the car汽车,
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我曾经是这样一个小孩,每当我进入一辆车里,
00:19
I basically基本上 had to roll down the window窗口.
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我基本上都要把车窗摇下来,
00:22
It was usually平时 too hot, too stuffy or just too smelly,
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因为通常车里面要么太热,要么太闷,或者是有很浓的味道,
00:27
and my father父亲 would not let us use the air空气 conditioner调节器.
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并且我父亲不允许我们用空调。
00:29
He said that it would overheat过热 the engine发动机.
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他说这样会让引擎过热。
00:32
And you might威力 remember记得, some of you,
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你或者你们中的某些人或许会记得
00:33
how the cars汽车 were back then, and it was
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当时的汽车是什么样子的,当时汽车
00:35
a common共同 problem问题 of overheating过热.
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的通病就是容易过热
00:38
But it was also the signal信号 that capped封顶 the use,
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而过热也是一种负额超载
00:42
or overuse过度使用, of energy-consuming耗能 devices设备.
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或者是过度使用高耗能的设备的表现
00:46
Things have changed now. We have cars汽车 that we take across横过 country国家.
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而现在这一切都变了。我们可以乘车跨越整个国家
00:49
We blast爆破 the air空气 conditioning空调 the entire整个 way,
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我们可以全程开空调
00:52
and we never experience经验 overheating过热.
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并且我们现在根本不会遇到过热的问题
00:54
So there's no more signal信号 for us to tell us to stop.
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所以现在已经没有告诉我们要停用汽车的信号了
00:57
Great, right? Well, we have similar类似 problems问题 in buildings房屋.
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很好吧 不是么? 我们的建筑其实有相似的问题
01:02
In the past过去, before air空气 conditioning空调, we had thick walls墙壁.
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在过去有空调之前 我们要砌一层很厚的墙
01:06
The thick walls墙壁 are great for insulation绝缘. It keeps保持 the interior室内
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厚墙是个很好的隔热材料 它可以保持墙的内部
01:09
very cool during the summertime夏令, and warm during the wintertime冬季,
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冬暖夏凉
01:12
and the small windows视窗 were also very good because
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这些小窗子也是个不错的设计
01:15
it limited有限 the amount of temperature温度 transfer转让
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因为它限制了热量在墙内与
01:17
between之间 the interior室内 and exterior外观.
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墙外之间传递
01:20
Then in about the 1930s, with the advent来临 of plate盘子 glass玻璃,
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然后到了大约20世纪30年代 随着平板玻璃的到来
01:23
rolled热轧 steel and mass production生产, we were able能够
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冷轧钢技术的出现及大规模的生产 我们可以
01:27
to make floor-to-ceiling从地板到天花板 windows视窗 and unobstructed通畅 views意见,
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从天花板到地板都是玻璃 没有任何阻挡视线的东西
01:30
and with that came来了 the irreversible不可逆转 reliance依赖 on
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还有我们逐渐依赖的
01:34
mechanical机械 air空气 conditioning空调 to cool our solar-heated太阳能加热 spaces空间.
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机电冷却系统来降低那些晒烫了的房间
01:41
Over time, the buildings房屋 got taller and bigger,
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随着时间的推移 房屋越建越高
01:44
our engineering工程 even better, so that the mechanical机械 systems系统
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我们的工程学应用更好了 所以这些机械系统
01:46
were massive大规模的. They require要求 a huge巨大 amount of energy能源.
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被大规模运用 而它们需要大量的能源去运转
01:50
They give off a lot of heat into the atmosphere大气层,
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它们向空气排出大量的热
01:53
and for some of you may可能 understand理解 the heat island effect影响
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所以你们中的某些人能够理解城市中的热岛效应
01:56
in cities城市, where the urban城市的 areas are much more warm
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就是城市的温度相比相比于附近的郊区和农村
02:00
than the adjacent rural乡村 areas,
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的要高的多
02:03
but we also have problems问题 that, when we lose失去 power功率,
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但是我们仍然有些问题 当我们失去了能源之后
02:06
we can't open打开 a window窗口 here, and so
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我们不能开窗 所以
02:09
the buildings房屋 are uninhabitable无法居住 and have to be made制作 vacant空的
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这些建筑将不再适合居住 所以必须空置出来
02:12
until直到 that air空气 conditioning空调 system系统 can start开始 up again.
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直到空调系统重新启动
02:15
Even worse更差, with our intention意向 of trying to make buildings房屋
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更差的是 当我们想要让这些建筑
02:19
move移动 towards a net-zero净零 energy能源 state, we can't do it
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变成一个没有能量流入或者流出的状态 我们
02:24
just by making制造 mechanical机械 systems系统 more and more efficient高效.
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无法通过提高系统运转效率而达到目的
02:27
We need to look for something else其他, and we've我们已经 gotten得到 ourselves我们自己 a little bit into a rut发情.
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我们需要寻找一些其他的东西 而我们之前有些作茧自缚了
02:30
So what do we do here? How do we pull ourselves我们自己 and dig us
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所以我们应该这么做呢? 我们怎么才能把自己
02:35
out of this hole that we've我们已经 dug?
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从自己挖的洞中救出来?
02:37
If we look at biology生物学, and many许多 of you probably大概 don't know,
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如果我们从生物学来看 或许你们当中很多人都不知道
02:40
I was a biology生物学 major重大的 before I went into architecture建筑,
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在我学建筑之前 我曾经主修生物,
02:44
the human人的 skin皮肤 is the organ器官 that naturally自然 regulates调整对象
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人体皮肤是一个可以自然调控
02:48
the temperature温度 in the body身体, and it's a fantastic奇妙 thing.
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身体温度的器官 这点非常神奇
02:52
That's the first line线 of defense防御 for the body身体.
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它还是人体第一道防线
02:54
It has pores毛孔, it has sweat glands腺体, it has all these things
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它具有小孔 它有汗腺 它让所有这些
02:58
that work together一起 very dynamically动态 and very efficiently有效率的,
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高效协作 分工细致的各种小东西
03:01
and so what I propose提出 is that our building建造 skins
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所以我想我们建筑的外表
03:04
should be more similar类似 to human人的 skin皮肤,
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应该也跟人体皮肤相似
03:07
and by doing so can be much more dynamic动态, responsive响应
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根据不同的地点, 做出更加动态
03:11
and differentiated分化, depending根据 on where it is.
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反应更加迅速 更加针对性的反馈
03:15
And this gets得到 me back to my research研究.
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然后再说回我的研究
03:17
What I proposed建议 first doing is looking at a different不同 material材料 palette调色板 to do that.
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我提出首先应该寻找一个不同于现在的材料面板去做
03:22
I presently目前, or currently目前, work with smart聪明 materials物料,
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我现在正在研究某些智能材料
03:25
and a smart聪明 thermo-bimetal热双金属.
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和一些只能热双金属
03:26
First of all, I guess猜测 we call it smart聪明 because it requires要求
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首先 我想我们称它为智能是因为它
03:29
no controls控制 and it requires要求 no energy能源,
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不需要控制或者能量
03:32
and that's a very big deal合同 for architecture建筑.
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这个是个建筑学里一件非常大的事情
03:35
What it is, it's a lamination层压 of two different不同 metals金属 together一起.
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它是什么? 它是由两种不同的金属薄膜组成的薄板
03:38
You can see that here by the different不同 reflection反射 on this side.
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你可以看见这一面不同的反射
03:41
And because it has two different不同 coefficients系数 of expansion扩张,
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因为它有两种不同系数的延展
03:45
when heated加热, one side will expand扩大 faster更快 than the other
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当他被加热的时候 一边会比另一边延展得快
03:48
and result结果 in a curling卷曲 action行动.
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然后变成有一个弯曲的效果
03:52
So in early prototypes原型 I built内置 these surfaces to try to see
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所以在早期的原型我建了些曲面来了解
03:55
how the curl卷曲 would react应对 to temperature温度 and possibly或者 allow允许
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卷曲会如何对温度作出反应 还有可能
04:00
air空气 to ventilate通风 through通过 the system系统,
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让空气在系统中循环通风
04:03
and in other prototypes原型 did surfaces where the multiplicity多重
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在其他原型中我做一种表面
04:06
of having these strips带子 together一起 can try to make
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能够让多块这些东西绑在一起 能够
04:08
bigger movement运动 happen发生 when also heated加热,
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在受热的情况下有更大的移动出现
04:13
and currently目前 have this installation安装 at the Materials物料 & Applications应用 gallery画廊
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现在我们把这个装置放在Silver Lake(银湖)材料以及应用展览馆里
04:17
in Silver Lake, close by, and it's there until直到 August八月, if you want to see it.
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非常近 而且它会在那里展览直到八月 你们可以去看一下。
04:20
It's called "Bloom盛开," and the surface表面 is made制作 completely全然
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它叫做“bloom”,它的表面全是
04:23
out of thermo-bimetal热双金属, and its intention意向 is to make this canopy华盖
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热双金属做的 它是让这个遮篷
04:27
that does two things. One, it's a sun-shading遮阳 device设备, so that
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做这两件事情:第一 做成一个遮太阳的装置
04:31
when the sun太阳 hits点击 the surface表面, it constricts收缩 the amount of sun太阳 passing通过 through通过,
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当太阳光射在它的表面时 它可以限制太阳光通过装置的量
04:35
and in other areas, it's a ventilating system系统,
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第二 它是一个通风系统
04:38
so that hot, trapped被困 air空气 underneath can actually其实
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这样被它困在下面的热空气可以
04:40
move移动 through通过 and out when necessary必要.
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在有需要的时候穿过或者离开这个装置
04:44
You can see here in this time-lapse时间推移 video视频 that the sun太阳,
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你可以在这个快进的视频中看到
04:48
as it moves移动 across横过 the surface表面, as well as the shade阴凉处,
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太阳光和阴影 印在这个材料表面
04:51
each of the tiles瓷砖 moves移动 individually个别地.
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每一片材料 在各自移动
04:54
Keep in mind心神, with the digital数字 technology技术 that we have today今天,
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记住 在我们现有的数字科技基础上
04:56
this thing was made制作 out of about 14,000 pieces
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这个材料是由大约1万4千片组成
04:59
and there's no two pieces alike一样 at all. Every一切 single one is different不同.
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并且没有两块是一样的 每一片都不同
05:04
And the great thing with that is the fact事实 that we can calibrate校准
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它还有一个巨大的优点 就是我们可以校正
05:06
each one to be very, very specific具体 to its location位置,
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每一片精确到它最理想的位置
05:10
to the angle角度 of the sun太阳, and also how the thing actually其实 curls卷发.
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它面向太阳的角度 和这个材料是怎么弯曲的都达到最佳
05:15
So this kind of proof证明 of concept概念 project项目
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所以这种概念项目被证明
05:18
has a lot of implications启示
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有深远的影响
05:20
to actual实际 future未来 application应用 in architecture建筑,
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对于未来建筑材料的应用
05:24
and in this case案件, here you see a house,
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还有就是在这件事一样 你看到的房子
05:26
that's for a developer开发人员 in China中国,
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这是一名在中国的开发者发明的
05:29
and it's actually其实 a four-story四层 glass玻璃 box.
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实际上它是一个四层的玻璃盒子
05:31
It's still with that glass玻璃 box because we still want that visual视觉 access访问,
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因为我们想要看到它的里面 所以它依然是一个玻璃框
05:35
but now it's sheathed护套 with this thermo-bimetal热双金属 layer,
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但现在它被热双金属层护套保护
05:39
it's a screen屏幕 that goes around it, and that layer can actually其实
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一个屏幕环绕 并且那层热双金属层可以
05:42
open打开 and close as that sun太阳 moves移动 around on that surface表面.
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根据太阳移动进行开关
05:46
In addition加成 to that, it can also screen屏幕 areas for privacy隐私,
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此外,他可以遮挡隐私区域,
05:50
so that it can differentiate区分 from some of the public上市 areas
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这样可以把私人空间和公共空间
05:53
in the space空间 during different不同 times of day.
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在一天不同的时间区别开来
05:55
And what it basically基本上 implies暗示 is that, in houses房屋 now,
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这就说明 就像这个房子
05:58
we don't need drapes窗帘 or shutters百叶窗 or blinds百叶窗 anymore
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我们不再需要窗帘和百叶窗了
06:02
because we can sheath the building建造 with these things,
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因为我们可以在这栋建筑上挡住一些东西
06:04
as well as control控制 the amount of air空气 conditioning空调 you need inside that building建造.
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并能管理室内的空气清新的状况
06:10
I'm also looking at trying to develop发展 some building建造 components组件 for the market市场,
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我一直也在创造一个市场需要的建筑组成元素
06:13
and so here you see a pretty漂亮 typical典型
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所以在这里你看到一个典型的
06:15
double-glazed双层玻璃 window窗口 panel面板, and in that panel面板,
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双层玻璃窗
06:20
between之间 those two pieces of glass玻璃, that double-glazing双层玻璃,
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在两层玻璃窗之间
06:23
I'm trying to work on making制造
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我打算做
06:25
a thermo-bimetal热双金属 pattern模式 system系统
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一个热双金属式的系统
06:27
so that when the sun太阳 hits点击 that outside layer
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这样当太阳光照射到外层时
06:30
and heats预赛 that interior室内 cavity空穴, that thermo-bimetal热双金属
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它会加热两层玻璃中间的空隙 然后热双金属
06:35
will begin开始 to curl卷曲, and what actually其实 will happen发生 then
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就会使其弯曲 然后
06:37
is it'll它会 start开始 to block out the sun太阳
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它会在这栋建筑的某些区域
06:40
in certain某些 areas of the building建造,
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如果必要的话
06:42
and totally完全, if necessary必要.
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挡住所有太阳光
06:44
And so you can imagine想像, even in this application应用, that
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你可以想象 在这款应用中,
06:46
in a high-rise高楼 building建造 where the panel面板 systems系统 go
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一栋高楼的大板体系
06:49
from floor地板 to floor地板 up to 30, 40 floors地板, the entire整个 surface表面
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从一楼一直到三四十楼 整栋建筑的表面
06:54
could be differentiated分化 at different不同 times of day
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可能会在一天的不同时间有不同温度
06:56
depending根据 on how that sun太阳 moves移动 across横过 and hits点击 that surface表面.
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这取决于有太阳光照射的频率
07:01
And these are some later后来 studies学习 that I'm working加工 on
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还有 这些是我现在在做的研究
07:04
right now that are on the boards, where you can see,
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把热双金属应用到 你可以看见
07:06
in the bottom底部 right-hand右手 corner, with the red, it's actually其实
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在右下角 有一些红色的 它实际上是
07:10
smaller pieces of thermometalthermometal, and it's actually其实 going to,
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小片的热双金属 并且它可以
07:12
we're trying to make it move移动 like cilia纤毛 or eyelashes睫毛.
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我们也在想办法让它像细菌的鞭毛或者我们的眼睫毛一样动
07:17
This last project项目 is also of components组件.
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最后一项也是组成部分中的一个
07:20
The influence影响 -- and if you have noticed注意到, one of my
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如果你注意到的话 我的专长之一就是生物学
07:23
spheres of influence影响 is biology生物学 -- is from a grasshopper蚱蜢.
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这个想法源于蚱蜢的身体构造
07:27
And grasshoppers蚱蜢 have a different不同 kind of breathing呼吸 system系统.
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蚱蜢有一套完全不同的呼吸系统
07:30
They breathe呼吸 through通过 holes in their sides双方 called spiracles气孔,
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它们通过身体侧面的呼吸孔来呼吸
07:33
and they bring带来 the air空气 through通过 and it moves移动 through通过 their system系统 to cool them down,
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这些呼吸孔让空气进入并且通过系统达到降温的目的
07:37
and so in this project项目, I'm trying to look at how we can
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所以在这个项目中 我尝试着怎么也把它
07:40
consider考虑 that in architecture建筑 too, how we can bring带来
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应用到建筑中去 我们怎样可以
07:42
air空气 through通过 holes in the sides双方 of a building建造.
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让空气从建筑的侧面进入到建筑内部
07:45
And so you see here some early studies学习 of blocks,
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你可以看到在早期对多层建筑的研究中发现
07:48
where those holes are actually其实 coming未来 through通过,
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这些孔实际上让空气进入的地方
07:50
and this is before the thermo-bimetal热双金属 is applied应用的,
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这是在使用热双金属之前
07:54
and this is after the bimetal双金属片 is applied应用的. Sorry, it's a little
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这是在使用热双金属之后 抱歉
07:57
hard to see, but on the surfaces, you can see these red arrows箭头.
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这个有点难看明白 不过在表面上你可以看见红色的箭头
08:00
On the left, it's when it's cold and the thermo-bimetal热双金属
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左边的图显示 当空气是冷的时候 热双金属是平的
08:03
is flat平面 so it will constrict压迫 air空气 from passing通过 through通过 the blocks,
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所以它将限制空气从每层中间穿过
08:07
and on the right, the thermo-bimetal热双金属 curls卷发
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而右图上显示热双金属弯曲
08:09
and allows允许 that air空气 to pass通过 through通过, so those are two different不同
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让空气从中穿过 这就是两个
08:12
components组件 that I'm working加工 on, and again,
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我正在做的项目 在这里我再次强调
08:14
it's a completely全然 different不同 thing, because you can imagine想像
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这是一个跟以往完全不同的东西 因为你可以想象
08:16
that air空气 could potentially可能 be coming未来 through通过 the walls墙壁
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空气可以在墙内流动
08:19
instead代替 of opening开盘 windows视窗.
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而不是打开窗户
08:22
So I want to leave离开 you with one last impression印象 about
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所以我想在最后再讲一点这个工程
08:25
the project项目, or this kind of work and using运用 smart聪明 materials物料.
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或者说这类智能材料
08:29
When you're tired of opening开盘 and closing关闭 those blinds百叶窗
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当你对开关百叶窗厌烦时
08:32
day after day, when you're on vacation假期
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尤其是一天又一天的重复 或者是你在度假时
08:35
and there's no one there on the weekends周末 to be turning车削 off and on the controls控制,
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没有人可以去控制百叶窗的开关
08:39
or when there's a power功率 outage停运, and you have
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或者在停电时
08:42
no electricity电力 to rely依靠 on, these thermo-bimetals热双金属
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和你没有可用的电力时 这些热双金属
08:45
will still be working加工 tirelessly孜孜不倦地, efficiently有效率的
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还是会继续高效工作
08:49
and endlessly不休. Thank you. (Applause掌声)
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直到永远 谢谢!(掌声)
08:52
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
Translated by Binglin Qi
Reviewed by Ralph Jin

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Doris Kim Sung - Architect
Doris Kim Sung is a biology student turned architect interested in thermo-bimetals, smart materials that respond dynamically to temperature change.

Why you should listen

Architect Doris Kim Sung asks: Why can't building materials be more adaptable? Why can't they function more like clothing, or even human skin? Having studied biology at Princeton University intending to go to medical school, Sung applies principles of biology to her work as an assistant professor of architecture at the University of Southern California. She explores architecture as an extension of the body, challenging the notion that buildings ought to be static and climate-controlled. Rather, they should be able to adapt to their environment through self-ventilation. In November 2011, Sung exhibited her art installation "Bloom" in Silver Lake, Los Angeles. The installation is 20 feet tall and made with 14,000 completely unique pieces of thermo-bimetal, a smart material made of two different metals laminated together. This metal is dynamic and responsive, curling as air temperatures rise, resulting in a beautiful sculpture that breathes.

More profile about the speaker
Doris Kim Sung | Speaker | TED.com