ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Diana Reiss - Cognitive psychologist
Diana Reiss studies animal cognition, and has found that bottlenose dolphins (and Asian elephants) can recognize themselves in the mirror.

Why you should listen

Diana Reiss’s research focuses on the cognition and communication of marine animals, with an emphasis on comparative animal cognition. Essentially, she studies the evolution of intelligence. Reiss pioneered the use of underwater keyboards with dolphins to investigate their communicative abilities and provide them with more degrees of choice and control. Reiss and her colleagues demonstrated that bottlenose dolphins and an Asian elephants possess the rare ability for mirror self-recognition previously thought to be restricted to humans and great apes. She wrote about this work in her recent book, The Dolphin in the Mirror.

Reiss' efforts also involve the rescue and rehabilitation of stranded marine mammals, including the successful rescue of Humphrey, the humpback whale, from San Francisco Bay waters. Her advocacy work in conservation and animal welfare includes the protection of dolphins in the tuna-fishing industry and efforts to bring an end to the killing of dolphins in the drive hunts in Japan. 

Reiss is a cognitive psychologist and professor in the Department of Psychology at Hunter College and the Biopsychology and Behavioral Neuroscience subprogram at the Graduate Center, CUNY. She directs a dolphin cognitive research program at the National Aquarium in Baltimore and is a research associate at the Smithsonian’s National Zoo in DC, where she investigates elephant cognition.

More profile about the speaker
Diana Reiss | Speaker | TED.com
Peter Gabriel - Musician, activist
Peter Gabriel writes incredible songs but, as the co-founder of WITNESS and TheElders.org, is also a powerful human rights advocate.

Why you should listen

Peter Gabriel was a founding member of the extraordinarily successful progressive rock band Genesis. He left the band in 1975 to go solo and, in 1980, set up the international arts festival WOMAD (which stands for World of Music, Arts and Dance) and the record label Real World, both to champion music and artistic innovation from all over the world. Gabriel's stop motion video for "Sledgehammer" has been named the most-played music video in the history of MTV.  

Gabriel is also very interested in human rights. In 1992, he co-founded WITNESS.org, an organization that helps human rights activists and citizen witnesses worldwide make change happen through the use of video. The organization not only distributes digital cameras to empower people to document human-rights abuses, but provides a platform for the spread of video that reveals what is really going on in places all over the globe.

In 2007, Gabriel also co-founded theElders.org with Richard Branson and Nelson Mandela, an independent group of global leaders working together for peace and human rights.

More profile about the speaker
Peter Gabriel | Speaker | TED.com
Neil Gershenfeld - Physicist, personal fab pioneer
As Director of MIT’s Center for Bits and Atoms, Neil Gershenfeld explores the boundaries between the digital and physical worlds.

Why you should listen

MIT's Neil Gershenfeld is redefining the boundaries between the digital and analog worlds. The digital revolution is over, Gershenfeld says. We won. What comes next? His Center for Bits and Atoms has developed quite a few answers, including Internet 0, a tiny web server that fits into lightbulbs and doorknobs, networking the physical world in previously unimaginable ways.

But Gershenfeld is best known as a pioneer in personal fabrication -- small-scale manufacturing enabled by digital technologies, which gives people the tools to build literally anything they can imagine. His famous Fab Lab is immensely popular among students at MIT, who crowd Gershenfeld's classes. But the concept is potentially life-altering in the developing world, where a Fab Lab with just $20,000 worth of laser cutters, milling machines and soldering irons can transform a community, helping people harness their creativity to build tools, replacement parts and essential products unavailable in the local market. Read more in Fab: The Coming Revolution on Your Desktop.

More profile about the speaker
Neil Gershenfeld | Speaker | TED.com
Vint Cerf - Computer scientist
Vint Cerf, now the chief Internet evangelist at Google, helped lay the foundations for the internet as we know it more than 30 years ago.

Why you should listen

TCP/IP. You may not know what it stands for, but you probably use it every day -- it's the set of communications protocols that allows data to flow from computer to computer across the internet. More than 30 years ago, while working at DARPA, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn developed TCP/IP, and in so doing, they gave rise to the modern Internet. In 2004, Cerf was the recipient of the ACM Alan M. Turing award (sometimes called the “Nobel Prize of Computer Science”), and in 2005 he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

Cerf is a vice president and chief Internet evangelist at Google, and chairman of the board of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), an organization he helped form; he was also recently elected president of the ACM Council. He served as founding president of the Internet Society from 1992 to 1995. He's an advocate for a truly free internet, speaking out in the face of increasing government demands to limit free speech and connection.

More profile about the speaker
Vint Cerf | Speaker | TED.com
TED2013

Diana Reiss, Peter Gabriel, Neil Gershenfeld and Vint Cerf: The interspecies internet? An idea in progress

黛安娜.瑞斯 (Diana Reiss)、彼得.蓋布瑞爾 (Peter Gabriel)、尼爾.格申斐德 (Neil Gershenfeld),與文頓.瑟夫 (Vint Cerf): 跨物種網絡?一個醞釀中的新點子

Filmed:
760,277 views

猩猩、海豚和大象是擁有高度溝通技巧的動物。網路能不能擴展到讓像牠們這些有感知的物種也都能使用?這是由海豚研究員黛安娜.瑞斯 (Diana Reiss)、音樂家彼得.蓋布瑞爾 (Peter Gabriel)、物聯網發想家尼爾.格申斐德 (Neil Gershenfeld),以及網路之父之一的文頓.瑟夫 (Vint Cerf) 等四位偉大思想家共同組成的專業小組,現在正蘊釀中的新點子。
- Cognitive psychologist
Diana Reiss studies animal cognition, and has found that bottlenose dolphins (and Asian elephants) can recognize themselves in the mirror. Full bio - Musician, activist
Peter Gabriel writes incredible songs but, as the co-founder of WITNESS and TheElders.org, is also a powerful human rights advocate. Full bio - Physicist, personal fab pioneer
As Director of MIT’s Center for Bits and Atoms, Neil Gershenfeld explores the boundaries between the digital and physical worlds. Full bio - Computer scientist
Vint Cerf, now the chief Internet evangelist at Google, helped lay the foundations for the internet as we know it more than 30 years ago. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
Diana戴安娜 Reiss賴斯: You may可能 think you're looking
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黛安娜.瑞斯 (Diana Reiss):
你可能會以為
00:14
through通過 a window窗口 at a dolphin海豚 spinning紡織 playfully開玩笑,
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你透過一扇窗,看一隻海豚在旋轉玩耍,
00:18
but what you're actually其實 looking through通過
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但是其實你看到的是
00:21
is a two-way雙向 mirror鏡子 at a dolphin海豚
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一面雙向鏡,
00:23
looking at itself本身 spinning紡織 playfully開玩笑.
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裡頭的海豚看著自己在旋轉玩耍。
00:26
This is a dolphin海豚 that is self-aware自我意識.
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這是有自我意識的海豚,
00:28
This dolphin海豚 has self-awareness自我意識.
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這隻海豚有自我意識。
00:30
It's a young年輕 dolphin海豚 named命名 Bayley貝利.
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這隻小海豚名叫貝利 (Bayley)。
00:32
I've been very interested有興趣 in understanding理解 the nature性質
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過去三十年來,
00:35
of the intelligence情報 of dolphins海豚 for the past過去 30 years年份.
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我對海豚有智能的天性很有興趣,
00:39
How do we explore探索 intelligence情報 in this animal動物
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我們怎麼發掘這種
和我們如此不同的動物
00:42
that's so different不同 from us?
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所具有的智能?
00:43
And what I've used is a very simple簡單 research研究 tool工具,
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我用的是非常簡單的研究工具:
00:46
a mirror鏡子, and we've我們已經 gained獲得 great information信息,
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一面鏡子,而且我們從中搜集到許多
00:49
reflections思考 of these animal動物 minds頭腦.
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這些動物的資訊和內心的反應。
00:52
Dolphins海豚 aren't the only animals動物, the only non-human非人類的 animals動物,
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海豚不是唯一一種不是人類,
00:56
to show顯示 mirror鏡子 self-recognition自我認知.
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卻能夠從鏡中辨識自我的動物。
00:58
We used to think this was a uniquely獨特地 human人的 ability能力,
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過去我們總以為這是人類獨特的技能,
01:01
but we learned學到了 that the great apes類人猿, our closest最近的 relatives親戚們,
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但是我們從人類的近親大猩猩身上,
01:04
also show顯示 this ability能力.
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也看到了這項能力。
01:06
Then we showed顯示 it in dolphins海豚,
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然後,我們在海豚和
01:08
and then later後來 in elephants大象.
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大象的身上也看到了,
01:10
We did this work in my lab實驗室 with the dolphins海豚 and elephants大象,
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我們在研究室中發現
海豚和大象都做到了。
01:12
and it's been recently最近 shown顯示 in the magpie.
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最近我們發現的還有鵲。
01:15
Now, it's interesting有趣, because we've我們已經 embraced擁抱
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這其中的奧妙在於
01:18
this Darwinian達爾文 view視圖 of a continuity連續性 in physical物理 evolution演化,
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一直以來,我們都遵循達爾文
在形體演化的連續理論,
01:22
this physical物理 continuity連續性.
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01:23
But we've我們已經 been much more reticent沉默的, much slower比較慢
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但是我們卻很晚才察覺
演化不僅僅發生在形體,
01:27
at recognizing認識 this continuity連續性 in cognition認識,
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其他的動物在認知、情感、知覺上,
01:30
in emotion情感, in consciousness意識 in other animals動物.
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也都有演化的連續性。
01:33
Other animals動物 are conscious意識.
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其他的動物是有知覺的,
01:36
They're emotional情緒化. They're aware知道的.
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牠們有感情、有意識。
01:39
There have been multitudes眾人 of studies學習 with many許多 species種類
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多年來,有許多不同物種的研究,
01:42
over the years年份 that have given特定 us exquisite精美 evidence證據
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提供了確切的證據,證明了其他動物
01:46
for thinking思維 and consciousness意識 in other animals動物,
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具有思考和知覺的能力,
01:49
other animals動物 that are quite相當 different不同 than we are in form形成.
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那些動物的形體和我們很不一樣。
01:52
We are not alone單獨.
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我們不是獨一無二的。
01:55
We are not alone單獨 in these abilities能力.
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我們並不是獨一無二
擁有這些能力的動物。
01:59
And I hope希望, and one of my biggest最大 dreams,
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我希望,我最大的夢想之一
02:02
is that, with our growing生長 awareness意識
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就是隨著更加認知到
02:05
about the consciousness意識 of others其他
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地球上其他動物具有知覺,
02:07
and our relationship關係 with the rest休息 of the animal動物 world世界,
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而我們和牠們的關係更緊密,
02:09
that we'll give them the respect尊重 and protection保護
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人類就能用更公平的方式
02:12
that they deserve值得.
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來尊敬與保護牠們。
02:13
So that's a wish希望 I'm throwing投擲 out here for everybody每個人,
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因此,今天我要把這個
願望分享給每一位,
02:15
and I hope希望 I can really engage從事 you in this idea理念.
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希望你們也可以認同這個想法。
02:19
Now, I want to return返回 to dolphins海豚,
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現在,讓我們回到海豚,
02:21
because these are the animals動物 that I feel like
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因為我覺得,牠們已經和我
02:23
I've been working加工 up closely密切 and personal個人 with
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一同親密共事了
02:26
for over 30 years年份.
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超過三十年。
02:27
And these are real真實 personalities個性.
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牠們都有真實的人格特質。
02:29
They are not persons, but they're personalities個性
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牠們不是人,但是牠們對不同的事情
02:32
in every一切 sense of the word.
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也會展現不同的人格特質。
02:34
And you can't get more alien外僑 than the dolphin海豚.
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你無法找到比海豚更獨特的生物了。
02:37
They are very different不同 from us in body身體 form形成.
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牠們和我們的體型大不相同,
02:39
They're radically根本 different不同. They come from a radically根本 different不同 environment環境.
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牠們生來就很特別,
在很特別的環境中生長。
02:42
In fact事實, we're separated分離 by 95 million百萬 years年份
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其實,我們早在九千五百萬年前
02:47
of divergent發散 evolution演化.
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就發生趨異演化,產生分歧。
02:49
Look at this body身體.
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看看這個身體。
02:51
And in every一切 sense of making製造 a pun雙關語 here,
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說句雙關語,
02:54
these are true真正 non-terrestrials非terrestrials.
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牠們真的都不是地球人/陸地生物
( non-terrestrials)。
02:59
I wondered想知道 how we might威力 interface接口 with these animals動物.
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我曾疑惑要怎麼和這些動物搭上線,
03:02
In the 1980s, I developed發達 an underwater水下 keyboard鍵盤.
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1980 年代時,我發明了一種水底按鍵板,
03:05
This was a custom-made定制 touch-screen觸摸屏 keyboard鍵盤.
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這是一種客製化的觸控式按鍵板。
03:08
What I wanted to do was give the dolphins海豚 choice選擇 and control控制.
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我想讓海豚能夠選擇和控制。
03:11
These are big brains大腦, highly高度 social社會 animals動物,
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這些是有較大的腦
和高度社交能力的動物。
03:13
and I thought, well, if we give them choice選擇 and control控制,
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我想,嗯,如果我們
給牠們一些選擇和控制,
03:16
if they can hit擊中 a symbol符號 on this keyboard鍵盤 --
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如果牠們可以按一下按鍵板上的符號——
03:18
and by the way, it was interfaced接口 by fiber纖維 optic視神經 cables電纜
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附帶一提,這是由惠普 (HP)
所製成的光纖電纜面板,
03:21
from Hewlett-Packard惠普 with an Apple蘋果 IIII computer電腦.
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透過 Apple II 電腦來操作。
03:24
This seems似乎 prehistoric史前 now,
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現在看起來很過時,
03:26
but this was where we were with technology技術.
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但那是我們當時僅有的技術。
03:28
So the dolphins海豚 could hit擊中 a key, a symbol符號,
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海豚能按符號按鈕,
03:31
they heard聽說 a computer-generated計算機生成的 whistle,
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牠們聽到電腦發出的哨音,
03:33
and they got an object目的 or activity活動.
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就能夠找到對應的物體或活動。
03:35
Now here's這裡的 a little video視頻.
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現在我們來看一小段影片,
03:36
This is Delphi德爾福 and Pan, and you're going to see Delphi德爾福
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這是德爾斐 (Delphi) 和潘 (Pan),
你會看到德爾斐按了一顆按鈕,
03:39
hitting a key, he hears就听 a computer-generated計算機生成的 whistle -- (Whistle) --
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牠聽到電腦發出的哨音,
(哨音)
03:43
and gets得到 a ball, so they can actually其實 ask for things they want.
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然後牠拿了球,因此牠們真的
可以要求牠們想要拿到的東西。
03:47
What was remarkable卓越 is, they explored探討 this keyboard鍵盤
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驚人的是,牠們是靠自己
學會用這塊按鍵板的,
03:51
on their own擁有. There was no intervention介入 on our part部分.
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我們完全沒有插手,
03:54
They explored探討 the keyboard鍵盤. They played發揮 around with it.
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牠們自己摸索按鍵板,繞著它玩耍。
03:56
They figured想通 out how it worked工作.
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牠們找出使用的方法,
03:58
And they started開始 to quickly很快 imitate模擬 the sounds聲音
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然後在短時間內就開始學著模仿
04:00
they were hearing聽力 on the keyboard鍵盤.
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牠們在按鍵板上聽到的聲音。
04:03
They imitated模仿 on their own擁有.
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牠們自己模仿。
04:05
Beyond that, though雖然, they started開始 learning學習
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這代表了牠們還開始學習
04:07
associations協會 between之間 the symbols符號, the sounds聲音
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符號、聲音和物體
04:10
and the objects對象.
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之間的關係。
04:13
What we saw was self-organized自組織 learning學習,
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我們看到的是
牠們有自主學習的能力,
04:16
and now I'm imagining想像, what can we do
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我開始想像,我們可以運用
04:19
with new technologies技術?
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什麼樣的新技術?
04:21
How can we create創建 interfaces接口, new windows視窗 into
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我們可以如何運用現有的科技
04:24
the minds頭腦 of animals動物, with the technologies技術 that exist存在 today今天?
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設計介面、開啟動物心靈的新視窗?
04:29
So I was thinking思維 about this, and then, one day,
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因此,我開始構想這件事,
04:32
I got a call from Peter彼得.
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然後有一天,我接到了彼得的電話。
04:38
Peter彼得 Gabriel加布里埃爾: I make noises噪音 for a living活的.
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彼得.蓋布瑞爾 (Peter Gabriel):
我靠製造噪音為生。
04:40
On a good day, it's music音樂,
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在好日子的時候,我做的就是音樂,
04:42
and I want to talk a little bit about
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我想談一點關於
04:44
the most amazing驚人 music-making音樂製作 experience經驗 I ever had.
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我曾經歷最美妙的音樂創作經驗。
04:48
I'm a farm農場 boy男孩. I grew成長 up surrounded包圍 by animals動物,
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我是農村男孩,
成長過程中被動物環繞,
04:51
and I would look in these eyes眼睛 and wonder奇蹟
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我會看著牠們的眼睛,疑惑著
04:53
what was going on there?
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裡頭發生了什麼事?
04:55
So as an adult成人, when I started開始 to read about
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長大後,我開始讀一些
有重大突破的驚人故事,
04:57
the amazing驚人 breakthroughs突破 with Penny一分錢 Patterson帕特森 and Koko科科,
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像是佩妮.帕特森博士 ( Penny Patterson)
和可可 (Koko)、
05:00
with Sue起訴 Savage-Rumbaugh野人魯博 and Kanzi坎茲, PanbanishaPanbanisha,
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休.薩瓦戈 - 魯姆博夫 (Sue Savage-Rumbaugh) 博士
和坎茲 (Kanzi)、潘班尼莎 (Panbanisha)、
05:04
Irene艾琳 Pepperberg佩珀堡特, Alex亞歷克斯 the parrot鸚鵡,
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艾琳.派波柏格 (Irene Pepperberg)、
鸚鵡亞歷克斯 (Alex),
05:06
I got all excited興奮.
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這些故事讓我非常興奮!
05:09
What was amazing驚人 to me also
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最讓我驚奇的是
05:10
was they seemed似乎 a lot more adept拿手
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牠們似乎非常擅於使用人類的語言,
05:14
at getting得到 a handle處理 on our language語言
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相較之下,我們對牠們的語言
05:17
than we were on getting得到 a handle處理 on theirs他們的.
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反而認識甚少。
05:21
I work with a lot of musicians音樂家 from around the world世界,
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我和世界上許多音樂家合作,
05:25
and often經常 we don't have any common共同 language語言 at all,
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通常我們沒有任何的共通語言,
05:28
but we sit down behind背後 our instruments儀器,
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但是當我們坐在自己的樂器後,
05:32
and suddenly突然 there's a way for us to connect and emote作表情.
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瞬間我們就能連結彼此、表達情感。
05:35
So I started開始 cold-calling上門推銷, and eventually終於 got through通過
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因此,我開始到處打電話詢問,
05:38
to Sue起訴 Savage-Rumbaugh野人魯博,
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終於我找到了休博士,
05:40
and she invited邀請 me down.
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她邀請我過去。
05:42
I went down, and the bonobos倭黑猩猩
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我到那裡時,矮黑猩猩已經會
05:46
had had access訪問 to percussion打擊樂器 instruments儀器,
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敲打樂器和音樂玩具,
05:49
musical音樂 toys玩具, but never before to a keyboard鍵盤.
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但是還沒用過鋼琴鍵盤。
05:52
At first they did what infants嬰兒 do,
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一開始,牠們就像小嬰兒一樣,
05:54
just bashed撞壞 it with their fists拳頭,
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用拳頭胡亂敲打。
05:56
and then I asked, through通過 Sue起訴,
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然後我透過休博士問
05:59
if PanbanishaPanbanisha could try with one finger手指 only.
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潘班尼莎能不能試著只用一根手指頭?
06:03
Sue起訴 Savage-Rumbaugh野人魯博: Can you play a grooming梳洗 song歌曲?
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休博士:你可以彈一首編排過的曲子嗎?
06:08
I want to hear a grooming梳洗 song歌曲.
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我想聽一首曲子,
06:10
Play a real真實 quiet安靜 grooming梳洗 song歌曲.
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彈一首不那麼吵的曲子。
06:16
PGPG: So groom馬夫 was the subject學科 of the piece.
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彼得:因此主題是編排過的曲子。
06:20
(Music音樂)
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(音樂)
06:37
So I'm just behind背後, jamming擁塞,
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我只是站在後頭,適時介入,
06:41
yeah, this is what we started開始 with.
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嗯,這是最初的作品,
06:46
Sue's蘇的 encouraging鼓舞人心的 her to continue繼續 a little more.
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休博士鼓勵牠多彈一點。
06:49
(Music音樂)
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(音樂)
07:38
She discovers發現的 a note注意 she likes喜歡,
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牠發現了喜歡的音符,
07:43
finds認定 the octave八度.
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牠找到了音階。
07:47
She'd never satSAT at a keyboard鍵盤 before.
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牠以前從來沒有坐在鍵盤前過。
07:58
Nice尼斯 triplets三胞胎.
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這個三連音不錯。
08:12
SSRSSR: You did good. That was very good.
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休博士:你做得很好,非常棒!
08:16
PGPG: She hit擊中 good.
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彼得:牠彈得很棒!
08:17
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
08:22
So that night, we began開始 to dream夢想,
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因此那天晚上,我們開始想像,
08:27
and we thought, perhaps也許 the most amazing驚人 tool工具
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也許人類最棒的發明
08:29
that man's男人的 created創建 is the Internet互聯網,
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是網路,
08:32
and what would happen發生 if we could somehow不知何故
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我們是否能夠
08:35
find new interfaces接口,
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找到新的介面,
08:37
visual-audio視音頻 interfaces接口 that would allow允許
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一種影音介面,
讓這些和我們共同居住
08:41
these remarkable卓越 sentient有情 beings眾生
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在地球上的非凡物種
08:43
that we share分享 the planet行星 with access訪問?
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能夠使用的?
08:46
And Sue起訴 Savage-Rumbaugh野人魯博 got excited興奮 about that,
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休博士對這件事很興奮,
08:50
called her friend朋友 Steve史蒂夫 Woodruff伍德拉夫,
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她撥電話給朋友
史提夫.伍德拉夫 (Steve Woodruff),
08:52
and we began開始 hustling忙亂 all sorts排序 of people
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然後,我們就開始找尋在這領域工作,
08:55
whose誰的 work related有關 or was inspiring鼓舞人心,
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並且從事相關的
激勵人心工作的朋友。
08:58
which哪一個 led us to Diana戴安娜,
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後來,我們找到了黛安娜,
09:00
and led us to Neil尼爾.
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認識了尼爾。
09:03
Neil尼爾 Gershenfeld格申費爾德: Thanks謝謝, Peter彼得.
PGPG: Thank you.
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尼爾.格申斐德 (Neil Gershenfeld):謝謝彼得。
彼得:謝謝!
09:05
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
09:09
NGNG: So Peter彼得 approached接近 me.
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尼爾:後來,彼得和我聯繫。
09:11
I lost丟失 it when I saw that clip.
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這個影片完全吸引了我的目光。
09:13
He approached接近 me with a vision視力 of doing these things
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他帶我進入新的視野,
做這些事不是為了人類,
09:17
not for people, for animals動物.
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而是為了動物。
09:18
And then I was struck來襲 in the history歷史 of the Internet互聯網.
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然後我開始研究起網路的歷史。
09:21
This is what the Internet互聯網 looked看著 like when it was born天生
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這是網路剛誕生時的模樣,
09:25
and you can call that the Internet互聯網
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你可以說
09:27
of middle-aged中年 white白色 men男人,
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網路就是白種的中年男子。
09:29
mostly大多 middle-aged中年 white白色 men男人.
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幾乎都是白種的中年男子。
09:30
Vint釀酒 Cerf瑟夫: (Laughs)
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文頓.瑟夫 (Vint Cerf):(大笑)
09:32
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
09:35
NGNG: Speaking請講 as one.
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尼爾:說中一個了。
09:37
Then, when I first came來了 to TEDTED,
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然後,在我第一次來 TED 的時候,
09:40
which哪一個 was where I met會見 Peter彼得, I showed顯示 this.
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我認識了彼得,我給他看了這個。
09:42
This is a $1 web捲筒紙 server服務器,
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這是一塊美金的網頁伺服器,
09:44
and at the time that was radical激進.
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這在那時候是很前衛的。
09:47
And the possibility可能性 of making製造 a web捲筒紙 server服務器 for a dollar美元
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以一塊錢做一個網頁伺服器的潛力無窮,
09:51
grew成長 into what became成為 known已知 as the Internet互聯網 of Things,
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這後來演變成眾所皆知的物聯網,
09:54
which哪一個 is literally按照字面 an industry行業 now with tremendous巨大 implications啟示
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現在大量運用在健康照護
09:57
for health健康 care關心, energy能源 efficiency效率.
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與節約能源兩大產業中。
10:00
And we were happy快樂 with ourselves我們自己.
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我們很自得其樂。
10:01
And then when Peter彼得 showed顯示 me that,
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當彼得給我看那個東西時,
10:03
I realized實現 we had missed錯過 something,
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我意識到,我們一定遺漏了什麼,
10:04
which哪一個 is the rest休息 of the planet行星.
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我們遺漏了地球的另一部分。
10:07
So we started開始 up this interspecies異種 Internet互聯網 project項目.
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因此,我們開始進行物種間的網絡計畫。
10:09
Now we started開始 talking with TEDTED
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後來,我們開始和 TED 討論,
10:11
about how you bring帶來 dolphins海豚 and great apes類人猿 and elephants大象
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要怎麼把海豚、大猩猩和大象帶來 TED,
10:13
to TEDTED, and we realized實現 that wouldn't不會 work.
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我們發現不可能,
10:16
So we're going to bring帶來 you to them.
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所以,我們要把你們帶到牠們面前。
10:18
So if we could switch開關 to the audio音頻 from this computer電腦,
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如果我們打開這台電腦的影音,
10:21
we've我們已經 been video視頻 conferencing會議 with cognitive認知 animals動物,
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就能和有認知能力的動物進行視訊會議,
10:24
and we're going to have each of them
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現在就讓牠們
10:25
just briefly簡要地 introduce介紹 them.
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一一簡短地自我介紹。
10:27
And so if we could also have this up, great.
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這個能投影到上面嗎?太好了。
10:29
So the first site現場 we're going to meet遇到
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首先,我們來到韋科 (Waco) 的
10:31
is Cameron卡梅倫 Park公園 Zoo動物園 in Waco韋科, with orangutans猩猩.
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卡梅倫動物園 (Cameron Park Zoo)
拜訪猩猩。
10:34
In the daytime白天 they live生活 outside. It's nighttime夜間 there now.
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白天牠們會在戶外,現在那邊是晚上。
10:37
So can you please go ahead?
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可以開始了嗎?
10:40
Terri特麗 Cox考克斯: Hi你好, I'm Terri特麗 Cox考克斯
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泰芮.柯克斯 (Terri Cox):
嗨,我是泰芮.柯克斯,
10:43
with the Cameron卡梅倫 Park公園 Zoo動物園 in Waco韋科, Texas德州,
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我在德州韋科的卡梅倫動物園,
10:45
and with me I have KeraJaanKeraJaan and Mei,
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在我身邊的是名叫
可拉.潔安 (KeraJaan) 和梅 (Mei)
10:49
two of our Bornean婆羅洲 orangutans猩猩.
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的婆羅洲猩猩 (Bornean orangutan) 。
10:51
During the day, they have a beautiful美麗, large outdoor戶外 habitat棲息地,
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白天,牠們可以待在戶外
一個很大、很美麗的棲息地裡;
10:56
and at night, they come into this habitat棲息地,
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晚上,牠們回到這裡,
10:59
into their night quarters住處,
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待在牠們的夜間宿舍,
11:00
where they can have a climate-controlled氣候控制
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牠們可以在受到溫溼度控制,
11:02
and secure安全 environment環境 to sleep睡覺 in.
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又安全的環境睡覺。
11:04
We participate參加 in the Apps應用 for Apes類人猿 program程序
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我們參加了紅毛猩猩外展組織
(Orangutan Outreach) 的
11:09
Orangutan猩猩 Outreach外展, and we use iPads解鎖iPhone和iPad
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猿猴專用 Apps 計劃,
11:12
to help stimulate刺激 and enrich豐富 the animals動物,
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我們用 iPad 來鼓勵和充實動物的生活。
11:14
and also help raise提高 awareness意識
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另外也協助提升一些
11:16
for these critically危重 endangered瀕危 animals動物.
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臨終動物的知覺。
11:18
And they share分享 97 percent百分 of our DNA脫氧核糖核酸
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牠們的 DNA 和人類有 97% 的相似度,
11:23
and are incredibly令人難以置信 intelligent智能,
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而且牠們非常聰明,
11:24
so it's so exciting扣人心弦 to think of all the opportunities機會
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想到有機會藉由科技和網路
11:28
that we have via通過 technology技術 and the Internet互聯網
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來豐富牠們的生活、拓展牠們的世界,
11:31
to really enrich豐富 their lives生活 and open打開 up their world世界.
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讓我非常興奮。
11:35
We're really excited興奮 about the possibility可能性
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我們很期待物種網絡
11:37
of an interspecies異種 Internet互聯網,
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實現的可能。
11:39
and K.J. has been enjoying享受 the conference會議 very much.
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可拉很喜歡今天的會議。
11:43
NGNG: That's great. When we were rehearsing排練 last night,
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尼爾:太好了!我們昨晚彩排的時候,
11:45
he had fun開玩笑 watching觀看 the elephants大象.
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牠見到大象時很開心。
11:47
Next下一個 user用戶 group are the dolphins海豚 at the National國民 Aquarium水族館.
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下一組使用的團體是在國家水族館的海豚。
11:51
Please go ahead.
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請開始。
11:53
Allison佳佳 Ginsburg金斯伯格: Good evening晚間.
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愛莉森.金斯伯格 (Allison Ginsburg):
午安!
11:54
Well, my name名稱 is Allison佳佳 Ginsburg金斯伯格,
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嗯,我的名字是愛莉森.金斯伯格,
11:55
and we're live生活 in Baltimore巴爾的摩 at the National國民 Aquarium水族館.
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我們現在國家水族館巴爾的摩分館。
11:58
Joining加盟 me are three of our eight Atlantic大西洋 bottlenose寬吻海豚 dolphins海豚:
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我身旁的是館內八隻寬吻海豚中的三隻:
12:02
20-year-old-歲 Chesapeake切薩皮克, who was our first dolphin海豚 born天生 here,
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二十歲的契沙比克 (Chesapeake),
是第一隻在這裡出生的海豚,
12:05
her four-year-old四十歲 daughter女兒 Bayley貝利,
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還有她四歲大的女兒貝里 (Bayley)、
12:08
and her half sister妹妹, 11-year-old-歲 Maya瑪雅.
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同父異母的十一歲妹妹瑪雅 (Maya)。
12:12
Now, here at the National國民 Aquarium水族館
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這裡是國家水族館,
12:13
we are committed提交 to excellence卓越 in animal動物 care關心,
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我們致力於優質的動物照顧、
12:16
to research研究, and to conservation保護.
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研究和保護。
12:19
The dolphins海豚 are pretty漂亮 intrigued好奇 as to what's going on here tonight今晚.
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海豚對今晚這裡發生的事很好奇,
12:22
They're not really used to having cameras相機 here
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牠們不太習慣晚上八點
12:24
at 8 o'clock at night.
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在這兒對著攝影機。
12:26
In addition加成, we are very committed提交 to doing
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另外,我們也致力於
12:28
different不同 types類型 of research研究.
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做各種不同種類的研究。
12:30
As Diana戴安娜 mentioned提到, our animals動物 are involved參與
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如同黛安娜所說的,我們的動物
12:33
in many許多 different不同 research研究 studies學習.
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參與了很多不同種類的研究。
12:46
NGNG: Those are for you.
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尼爾:這是為你們做的表演。
12:50
Okay, that's great, thank you.
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真好,謝謝你!
12:52
And the third第三 user用戶 group, in Thailand泰國,
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接下來第三組使用的團體是位在泰國的
12:55
is Think Elephants大象. Go ahead, Josh玩笑.
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關懷大象基金會 (Think Elephants),
喬許,請說。
12:59
Josh玩笑 PlotnikPlotnik: Hi你好, my name名稱 is Josh玩笑 PlotnikPlotnik,
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喬許.普拉尼克 (Josh Plotnik):
嗨!我是喬許.普拉尼克。
13:01
and I'm with Think Elephants大象 International國際,
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我和國際關懷大象基金會
(Think Elephants International)
13:04
and we're here in the Golden金色 Triangle三角形 of Thailand泰國
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在泰國的金三角,
13:06
with the Golden金色 Triangle三角形 Asian亞洲 Elephant Foundation基礎 elephants大象.
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我們和泰國的亞洲金三角大象基金會
(Golden Triangle Asian Elephant Foundation)
13:09
And we have 26 elephants大象 here,
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的大象在一起。
我們在這裡有二十六隻大象。
13:12
and our research研究 is focused重點 on the evolution演化 of intelligence情報 with elephants大象,
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我們的研究著重在大象的智能演化。
13:16
but our foundation基礎 Think Elephants大象 is focused重點
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但是我們所屬的關懷大象基金會著重在
13:18
on bringing使 elephants大象 into classrooms教室 around the world世界
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把大象帶進全世界的教室裡,
13:21
virtually實質上 like this and showing展示 people
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就像現在這樣,
13:23
how incredible難以置信 these animals動物 are.
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讓大家見識這些動物多麼驚人。
13:25
So we're able能夠 to bring帶來 the camera相機 right up to the elephant,
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我們可以把相機放在大象的上方,
13:28
put food餐飲 into the elephant's大象 mouth,
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餵大象吃東西,
13:30
show顯示 people what's going on inside their mouths嘴巴,
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讓大家看看牠們嘴巴裡的樣子,
13:32
and show顯示 everyone大家 around the world世界
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讓全世界的人見識
13:34
how incredible難以置信 these animals動物 really are.
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這些動物多麼驚人。
13:37
NGNG: Okay, that's great. Thanks謝謝 Josh玩笑.
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尼爾:太棒了!謝謝喬許。
13:40
And once一旦 again, we've我們已經 been building建造 great relationships關係
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同樣地,從彩排起,
13:42
among其中 them just since以來 we've我們已經 been rehearsing排練.
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我們就和牠們建立了良好的關係。
13:44
So at that point, if we can go back to the other computer電腦,
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在那一刻,如果我們
可以回到另一台電腦,
13:47
we were starting開始 to think about how you integrate整合
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我們開始設想
13:49
the rest休息 of the biomass生物質 of the planet行星 into the Internet互聯網,
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要如何在網路上結合
地球上的其他生物體。
13:52
and we went to the best最好 possible可能 person
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然後我們找到我腦海裡最好的人選,
13:55
I can think of, which哪一個 is Vint釀酒 Cerf瑟夫,
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文頓.瑟夫,
13:58
who is one of the founders創始人 who gave us the Internet互聯網. Vint釀酒?
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他是把網路帶到這個世界的
發明家之一,文頓?
14:01
VC虛電路: Thank you, Neil尼爾.
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文頓:謝謝你,尼爾。
14:03
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
14:07
A long time ago in a galaxy星系oops哎呀, wrong錯誤 script腳本.
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很久很久以前的銀河系裡
——噢噢,我唸錯稿了。
14:12
Forty四十 years年份 ago, Bob短發 Kahn卡恩 and I
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四十年前,鮑勃.卡恩 (Bob Kahn) 和我
14:14
did the design設計 of the Internet互聯網.
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發明了網路。
14:16
Thirty三十 years年份 ago, we turned轉身 it on.
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三十年前,我們讓它和世人見面。
14:18
Just last year, we turned轉身 on the production生產 Internet互聯網.
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去年,我們讓網路成品上市。
14:22
You've been using運用 the experimental試驗 version
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你們已經使用了
14:24
for the last 30 years年份.
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試用版三十年。
14:25
The production生產 version, it uses使用 IPIP version 6.
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成品要用網際網路通訊協定第六版 (IP version 6),
14:28
It has 3.4 times 10 to the 38th possible可能 terminations終端.
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它能有 3.4 乘上 10 的 38 次方個位址,
14:33
That's a number only that Congress國會 can appreciate欣賞.
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這種數字只有國會會讚賞。
14:37
But it leads引線 to what is coming未來 next下一個.
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但是它帶領我們進入了下一個階段。
14:41
When Bob短發 and I did this design設計,
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當年我和鮑勃設計時,
14:43
we thought we were building建造 a system系統 to connect computers電腦 together一起.
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我們以為只是架了一個系統,
能夠連結所有的電腦。
14:47
What we very quickly很快 discovered發現
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不久之後,我們發現,
14:49
is that this was a system系統 for connecting people together一起.
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其實我們設計的是連結人類的系統。
14:52
And what you've seen看到 tonight今晚
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而今晚你所見到的,
14:54
tells告訴 you that we should not restrict限制 this network網絡
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讓你知道,我們不該把網路
14:58
to one species種類,
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只侷限在一個物種裡,
15:01
that these other intelligent智能, sentient有情 species種類
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其他有智慧和感情的物種
15:04
should be part部分 of the system系統 too.
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也應該一同參與。
15:07
This is the system系統 as it looks容貌 today今天, by the way.
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這是現在網路的模樣,附帶一提,
15:09
This is what the Internet互聯網 looks容貌 like to a computer電腦
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這是電腦眼中網路的樣子,
15:12
that's trying to figure數字 out where the traffic交通
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要試著找出這些線路
15:15
is supposed應該 to go.
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應該連到哪裡去。
15:16
This is generated產生 by a program程序
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這張是由一個觀察網路連結情形,
15:19
that's looking at the connectivity連接 of the Internet互聯網,
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以及不同的網絡如何連結在一起的計畫
15:22
and how all the various各個 networks網絡 are connected連接的 together一起.
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所產出的圖片。
15:25
There are about 400,000 networks網絡, interconnected互聯,
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大概有四十萬條網絡相互連結,
15:28
run independently獨立地 by 400,000 different不同 operating操作 agencies機構,
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由四十萬台不同的電腦運作,
15:33
and the only reason原因 this works作品
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這件事可行的唯一原因是
15:34
is that they all use the same相同 standard標準 TCPTCP/IPIP protocols協議.
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他們都使用相同標準的 TCP/IP 通訊協定。
15:38
Well, you know where this is headed當家.
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嗯,你知道未來會怎麼發展。
15:41
The Internet互聯網 of Things tell us
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物聯網讓我們知道,
15:43
that a lot of computer-enabled計算機啟用 appliances家電 and devices設備
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許多能在電腦上使用的裝置和設備,
15:47
are going to become成為 part部分 of this system系統 too:
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像是我們在家裡、
15:50
appliances家電 that you use around the house,
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辦公室、車上,
15:52
that you use in your office辦公室,
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或是隨身帶著的裝置,
15:54
that you carry攜帶 around with yourself你自己 or in the car汽車.
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也都將成為系統的一部分。
15:57
That's the Internet互聯網 of Things that's coming未來.
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這就是即將來臨的物聯網。
15:59
Now, what's important重要 about what these people are doing
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現在,這些人做的事
所象徵的重要意義是:
16:02
is that they're beginning開始 to learn學習
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他們開始學習
16:04
how to communicate通信 with species種類
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如何和其他物種溝通,
16:07
that are not us
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而非人類,
16:09
but share分享 a common共同 sensory感覺的 environment環境.
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他們也和我們共享感觀世界,
16:12
We're beginning開始 to explore探索 what it means手段
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我們開始探索
16:14
to communicate通信 with something
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和非人類的物種溝通
16:16
that isn't just another另一個 person.
315
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代表了什麼意義。
16:18
Well, you can see what's coming未來 next下一個.
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2726
嗯,你可以看到接下來會發生什麼事。
16:21
All kinds of possible可能 sentient有情 beings眾生
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所有可能有感知的物種
16:24
may可能 be interconnected互聯 through通過 this system系統,
318
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都可能透過這個系統來互動,
16:25
and I can't wait to see these experiments實驗 unfold展開.
319
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3265
我等不及想體驗看看了。
16:29
What happens發生 after that?
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2015
在那之後會發生什麼事呢?
16:31
Well, let's see.
321
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2730
嗯,讓我們來看看。
16:33
There are machines that need to talk to machines
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我們需要有能夠彼此對話的機器,
16:37
and that we need to talk to, and so as time goes on,
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還有能夠和我們對話的機器,之後,
16:40
we're going to have to learn學習
324
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1819
我們就要學著
16:42
how to communicate通信 with computers電腦
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去和電腦溝通,
16:43
and how to get computers電腦 to communicate通信 with us
326
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2499
而且是用我們以往習慣的方式
16:46
in the way that we're accustomed慣常的 to,
327
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1819
讓電腦和我們溝通,
16:48
not with keyboards鍵盤, not with mice老鼠,
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2863
不是透過鍵盤、滑鼠,
16:51
but with speech言語 and gestures手勢
329
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2064
而是透過說話和手勢,
16:53
and all the natural自然 human人的 language語言 that we're accustomed慣常的 to.
330
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2984
以及所有我們慣用的自然人類語言。
16:56
So we'll need something like C3POPO
331
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2137
因此,我們需要像 C3PO 這樣的東西,
(C3PO:電影《星際大戰》中的機器人)
16:58
to become成為 a translator翻譯者 between之間 ourselves我們自己
332
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3448
來擔任我們和其它我們仰賴的機器
17:01
and some of the other machines we live生活 with.
333
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2142
之間的翻譯。
17:03
Now, there is a project項目 that's underway進行
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現在有一個進行中的計畫,
17:06
called the interplanetary星際 Internet互聯網.
335
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叫做星際網路 (interplanetary Internet)。
17:08
It's in operation手術 between之間 Earth地球 and Mars火星.
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2724
在地球和火星之間的
17:10
It's operating操作 on the International國際 Space空間 Station.
337
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國際太空站運行。
17:13
It's part部分 of the spacecraft宇宙飛船 that's in orbit軌道 around the Sun太陽
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3691
它屬於太空船的一部分,
在繞著太陽運行的軌道中,
17:17
that's rendezvoused約會 with two planets行星.
339
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1822
會與兩顆行星會合。
17:19
So the interplanetary星際 system系統 is on its way,
340
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2265
星際網路的系統正在進行中,
17:21
but there's a last project項目,
341
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1707
但是還有一個最終的計畫,
17:23
which哪一個 the Defense防禦 Advanced高級 Research研究 Projects項目 Agency機構,
342
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2796
國防高級研究計劃局
(Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)
17:26
which哪一個 funded資助 the original原版的 ARPANETARPANET,
343
1034126
1960
就是當時設計阿帕網路計畫 (ARPNET)、
17:28
funded資助 the Internet互聯網, funded資助 the interplanetary星際 architecture建築,
344
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3490
發明了網路、星際網路架構的單位,
17:31
is now funding資金 a project項目 to design設計 a spacecraft宇宙飛船
345
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3335
正在設計一艘能夠在一百年內
17:34
to get to the nearest最近的 star in 100 years'年份' time.
346
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4162
抵達最近的星球的太空船。
17:39
What that means手段 is that what we're learning學習
347
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2603
意義在於,
17:41
with these interactions互動 with other species種類
348
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2172
我們從和其他物種間的互動中所學到的,
17:43
will teach us, ultimately最終,
349
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2139
最終,也會讓我們學會
17:45
how we might威力 interact相互作用 with an alien外僑 from another另一個 world世界.
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3993
如何和其它星球的外星人互動。
17:49
I can hardly幾乎不 wait.
351
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我一刻也等不及了!
17:52
(Applause掌聲)
352
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7201
(鼓掌)
17:59
June六月 Cohen科恩: So first of all, thank you,
353
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978
茱恩.柯恩 (Jun Cohen):
首先,謝謝你們。
18:00
and I would like to acknowledge確認 that four people
354
1068809
2558
謝謝四位
18:03
who could talk to us for full充分 four days
355
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1913
分別用短短的四分鐘,
18:05
actually其實 managed管理 to stay to four minutes分鐘 each,
356
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2152
和我們分享本來
需要講上四天四夜的事,
18:07
and we thank you for that.
357
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1446
非常謝謝你們。
18:08
I have so many許多 questions問題,
358
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1279
我有很多問題,
18:10
but maybe a few少數 practical實際的 things that the audience聽眾 might威力 want to know.
359
1078157
2837
不過也許觀眾會想知道
一些較實務的經驗。
18:12
You're launching發射 this idea理念 here at TEDTED
PGPG: Today今天.
360
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3047
你在 TED 分享的這個理念,是從…
彼得:今天。
18:16
JCJC: Today今天. This is the first time you're talking about it.
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1196
茱恩:今天,這是第一次討論此事。
18:17
Tell me a little bit about where you're going to take the idea理念.
362
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2080
多告訴我們一點未來你會怎麼做?
18:19
What's next下一個?
363
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1977
下一步是什麼?
18:21
PGPG: I think we want to engage從事 as many許多 people
364
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3288
彼得:我們想要盡可能讓更多人參與,
18:24
here as possible可能 in helping幫助 us
365
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2060
來協助我們設計出
18:26
think of smart聰明 interfaces接口 that will make all this possible可能.
366
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4349
更智慧型的介面,讓這一切都能成真。
18:30
NGNG: And just mechanically機械,
367
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1366
尼爾:在機械方面,
18:32
there's a 501(c)(3) and web捲筒紙 infrastructure基礎設施
368
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2505
我們有一個非營利組織
和公共網頁,
18:34
and all of that, but it's not quite相當 ready準備 to turn on,
369
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2023
但是還在建置中,
18:36
so we'll roll that out, and contact聯繫 us
370
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2032
我們會完成它,
18:38
if you want the information信息 on it.
371
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1619
如果你想要相關資訊,請和我們聯絡。
18:40
The idea理念 is this will be -- much like the Internet互聯網 functions功能
372
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3132
這個概念是,它會變成像是網路的功能,
18:43
as a network網絡 of networks網絡,
373
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1005
變成許多網絡的網絡,
18:44
which哪一個 is Vint'sVint的的 core核心 contribution貢獻,
374
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1493
這是文頓貢獻的精髓,
18:46
this will be a wrapper包裝紙 around all of these initiatives倡議,
375
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2265
這將會成為這些行動的外包裝,
18:48
that are wonderful精彩 individually個別地, to link鏈接 them globally全球.
376
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2946
一個個完美地將全球連結在一起。
18:51
JCJC: Right, and do you have a web捲筒紙 address地址
377
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1564
茱恩:沒錯,你有網址能給我們
18:52
that we might威力 look for yet然而?
378
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1044
上網看看嗎?
18:53
NGNG: Shortly不久.
JCJC: Shortly不久. We will come back to you on that.
379
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2563
尼爾:馬上告訴你。
茱恩:馬上,我們回頭再問你。
18:56
And very quickly很快, just to clarify澄清.
380
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3500
快速地釐清一件事,
19:00
Some people might威力 have looked看著 at the video視頻 that you showed顯示
381
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2207
有些人看了你剛分享的影片,
19:02
and thought, well, that's just a webcam攝像頭.
382
1130255
1508
可能會想,嗯,只是網路攝影機,
19:03
What's special特別 about it?
383
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1071
有什麼特別?
19:04
If you could talk for just a moment時刻
384
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1386
你能不能和我們簡短談談
19:06
about how you want to go past過去 that?
385
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2046
你未來要如何超越它?
19:08
NGNG: So this is scalable可擴展性 video視頻 infrastructure基礎設施,
386
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3517
尼爾:這是可以擴展的公用設施,
19:11
not for a few少數 to a few少數 but many許多 to many許多,
387
1139783
2413
不是只提供給一些人,而是給許多人使用。
19:14
so that it scales to symmetrical對稱 video視頻 sharing分享
388
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3010
因此,它能擴展到讓影片對等地分享,
19:17
and content內容 sharing分享 across橫過 these sites網站 around the planet行星.
389
1145206
3138
並且能夠透過在全球的這些點來做分享。
19:20
So there's a lot of back-end後端 signal信號 processing處理,
390
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2688
所以會有很多後端的訊號處理,
19:23
not for one to many許多, but for many許多 to many許多.
391
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2618
不只是一個對多個,而是多個對多個。
19:25
JCJC: Right, and then on a practical實際的 level水平,
392
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1552
茱恩:沒錯。至於在實務層面,
19:27
which哪一個 technologies技術 are you looking at first?
393
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1711
你首要尋找的是什麼樣的科技?
19:28
I know you mentioned提到 that a keyboard鍵盤 is a really key part部分 of this.
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你提到按鍵板是很重要的一環。
19:32
DRDR: We're trying to develop發展 an interactive互動 touch觸摸 screen屏幕 for dolphins海豚.
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黛安娜:我們想為海豚
設計互動式的觸控面板,
19:35
This is sort分類 of a continuation延續 of some of the earlier work,
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這有點像是延續早期的一些工作,
19:37
and we just got our first seed種子 money today今天 towards that,
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今天只是從第一批種子得到回饋,
19:41
so it's our first project項目.
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那是我們的第一個計畫。
19:42
JCJC: Before the talk, even.
DRDR: Yeah.
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茱恩:早在這場演說前?
黛安娜:是的。
19:44
JCJC: Wow. Well doneDONE.
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茱恩:哇,真棒。
19:45
All right, well thank you all so much for joining加盟 us.
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好的,非常感謝你們的參與,
19:47
It's such這樣 a delight to have you on the stage階段.
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很榮幸能邀請各位上台分享。
19:50
DRDR: Thank you.
VC虛電路: Thank you.
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黛安娜:謝謝!
文頓:謝謝!
19:51
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by Marssi Draw
Reviewed by Geoff Chen

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ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Diana Reiss - Cognitive psychologist
Diana Reiss studies animal cognition, and has found that bottlenose dolphins (and Asian elephants) can recognize themselves in the mirror.

Why you should listen

Diana Reiss’s research focuses on the cognition and communication of marine animals, with an emphasis on comparative animal cognition. Essentially, she studies the evolution of intelligence. Reiss pioneered the use of underwater keyboards with dolphins to investigate their communicative abilities and provide them with more degrees of choice and control. Reiss and her colleagues demonstrated that bottlenose dolphins and an Asian elephants possess the rare ability for mirror self-recognition previously thought to be restricted to humans and great apes. She wrote about this work in her recent book, The Dolphin in the Mirror.

Reiss' efforts also involve the rescue and rehabilitation of stranded marine mammals, including the successful rescue of Humphrey, the humpback whale, from San Francisco Bay waters. Her advocacy work in conservation and animal welfare includes the protection of dolphins in the tuna-fishing industry and efforts to bring an end to the killing of dolphins in the drive hunts in Japan. 

Reiss is a cognitive psychologist and professor in the Department of Psychology at Hunter College and the Biopsychology and Behavioral Neuroscience subprogram at the Graduate Center, CUNY. She directs a dolphin cognitive research program at the National Aquarium in Baltimore and is a research associate at the Smithsonian’s National Zoo in DC, where she investigates elephant cognition.

More profile about the speaker
Diana Reiss | Speaker | TED.com
Peter Gabriel - Musician, activist
Peter Gabriel writes incredible songs but, as the co-founder of WITNESS and TheElders.org, is also a powerful human rights advocate.

Why you should listen

Peter Gabriel was a founding member of the extraordinarily successful progressive rock band Genesis. He left the band in 1975 to go solo and, in 1980, set up the international arts festival WOMAD (which stands for World of Music, Arts and Dance) and the record label Real World, both to champion music and artistic innovation from all over the world. Gabriel's stop motion video for "Sledgehammer" has been named the most-played music video in the history of MTV.  

Gabriel is also very interested in human rights. In 1992, he co-founded WITNESS.org, an organization that helps human rights activists and citizen witnesses worldwide make change happen through the use of video. The organization not only distributes digital cameras to empower people to document human-rights abuses, but provides a platform for the spread of video that reveals what is really going on in places all over the globe.

In 2007, Gabriel also co-founded theElders.org with Richard Branson and Nelson Mandela, an independent group of global leaders working together for peace and human rights.

More profile about the speaker
Peter Gabriel | Speaker | TED.com
Neil Gershenfeld - Physicist, personal fab pioneer
As Director of MIT’s Center for Bits and Atoms, Neil Gershenfeld explores the boundaries between the digital and physical worlds.

Why you should listen

MIT's Neil Gershenfeld is redefining the boundaries between the digital and analog worlds. The digital revolution is over, Gershenfeld says. We won. What comes next? His Center for Bits and Atoms has developed quite a few answers, including Internet 0, a tiny web server that fits into lightbulbs and doorknobs, networking the physical world in previously unimaginable ways.

But Gershenfeld is best known as a pioneer in personal fabrication -- small-scale manufacturing enabled by digital technologies, which gives people the tools to build literally anything they can imagine. His famous Fab Lab is immensely popular among students at MIT, who crowd Gershenfeld's classes. But the concept is potentially life-altering in the developing world, where a Fab Lab with just $20,000 worth of laser cutters, milling machines and soldering irons can transform a community, helping people harness their creativity to build tools, replacement parts and essential products unavailable in the local market. Read more in Fab: The Coming Revolution on Your Desktop.

More profile about the speaker
Neil Gershenfeld | Speaker | TED.com
Vint Cerf - Computer scientist
Vint Cerf, now the chief Internet evangelist at Google, helped lay the foundations for the internet as we know it more than 30 years ago.

Why you should listen

TCP/IP. You may not know what it stands for, but you probably use it every day -- it's the set of communications protocols that allows data to flow from computer to computer across the internet. More than 30 years ago, while working at DARPA, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn developed TCP/IP, and in so doing, they gave rise to the modern Internet. In 2004, Cerf was the recipient of the ACM Alan M. Turing award (sometimes called the “Nobel Prize of Computer Science”), and in 2005 he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

Cerf is a vice president and chief Internet evangelist at Google, and chairman of the board of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), an organization he helped form; he was also recently elected president of the ACM Council. He served as founding president of the Internet Society from 1992 to 1995. He's an advocate for a truly free internet, speaking out in the face of increasing government demands to limit free speech and connection.

More profile about the speaker
Vint Cerf | Speaker | TED.com